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Modules for Math 0
(Mathematics for Engineering Science and Technology)

Module 6 (Linear Equations)

Time Allotment : 2 hrs lecture / 2 hrs lab

Presentation of the Lesson

6.1 Concept of Equations

An equation is a statement that two expressions are equal, the expression being called the members, or sides, of the
equation. These members will be called left or right accordingly as they precede or follow the sign = in the equation. An
equation ordinarily contains one or more literal quantities, which are called unknowns; and the object of the processes of
algebra is to find the values of these quantities. Thus,

3𝑥 – 5 = 7
is an equation in which the unknown is 𝑥.
6.2 Definition of Terms
Transposition – is the process of transferring a term from one side of an equation to the other side and changing its sign.
Conditional Equation – is an equation which is satisfied only by particular values of the unknown.
Identical Equation – is an equation which is satisfied by all values of the unknown.
Equivalent Equations – are equations that have identical solution sets.
Linear Equation – is one having the unknown value raised to the first power only or, if it contains fractions, the unknown does not
appear in the denominator.
Fractional Equation – is one which contains the unknown in one or more of the denominators.
Literal equation – is one in which letters other than the unknown quantity are present.
Radical Equation – is an equation in which one or more of the terms contain radicals.
Solution of an Equation – a set of values of the unknown which satisfies the equation. When only one unknown is involved in the
equation, a solution is called a root of the equation.
6.3 Identical or Conditional Equations
An equation whose members are equal for all admissible values of the unknown or unknowns which it contains is an identical
equation, or an identity.

An equation whose members are equal for certain values (or possibly for no values), of the unknown or unknowns which it contains,
but not for all admissible values, is a conditional equation. The word “equation”, when used without a modifier, will ordinarily be
interpreted to mean “conditional equation.”

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 If an equation contains only one unknown, any number which, when substituted for the unknown makes the members of the equation
equal to each other, is called a root, or solution, of the equation, and is said to satisfy the equation. If an equation contains more than
one unknown, any set of numbers which, when substituted for the unknowns makes the members equal to each other, is a solution.

The equations

2(𝑥 – 3) = 2𝑥 – 6

(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2

𝑥 2 +2 3
=𝑥+1+
𝑥−1 𝑥−1

are identities, being satisfied by all admissible values of the unknowns.

Note: In the last identity, 1 is not an admissible value for 𝑥; the members are not defined for 𝑥 = 1, since this value would involve
division by zero.

The equation 3𝑥 – 5 = 7, on the other hand, is a conditional equation, since it is satisfied only by 𝑥 = 4. An identity is often
written with the sign≡ instead of = to emphasize that it is an identity rather than a conditional equation. Thus

3(𝑥 – 5)  3𝑥 – 15
6.4 Equivalent Equations
Two equations are equivalent if they have exactly the same solutions. Thus, the equations

2𝑥 − 10 = 0 and 𝑥−5=0

are equivalent; each has the solution 𝑥 = 5 and no other.

6.5 Operations Yielding Equivalent Equations

The following operations on an equation will always lead to an equivalent equation:

1. Adding the same number or expression to both sides or subtracting the same number or expression from both sides.

2. Multiplying or dividing both sides by the same number or expression, provided that this number or expression is not zero and does
not contain an unknown.

𝟏
Note: Dividing by 𝒑 is just multiplying by , if 𝒑 ≠ 𝟎 and also
𝒑

Subtracting 1 is just adding –1

In equation form, these statements are as follows:
𝑎 = 𝑏 is equivalent to 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 for every 𝑐

𝑎 = 𝑏 is equivalent to 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐 for every 𝑐  0

Example 1

a. Solve the equation 𝑥 – 3 = 5

Solution

𝑥– 3 = 5 ` Given

𝑥 = 8 Adding 3

b. Solve the equation 3𝑥 – 5 = 7

Solution
3𝑥 – 5 = 7 Given

3𝑥 = 12 Adding 5

𝑥 = 4 Dividing by 3

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 c. Solve the equation 3𝑥 = 5𝑥 – 7
Solution
3𝑥 = 5𝑥 – 7 Given

3𝑥 – 5𝑥 = – 7 Adding – 5x

– 2𝑥 = – 7 Combining similar terms

7
𝑥 = Dividing by – 2
2
d. Solve the equation 3𝑥 + 5 = 7𝑥 – 3
Solution
3𝑥 + 5 = 7𝑥 – 3 Given

3𝑥 – 7𝑥 = – 3 – 5 Adding (– 7𝑥 – 5)

– 4𝑥 = – 8 Combining similar terms

𝑥 = 2 Dividing by – 4

𝑥 2 3𝑥 1
e. Solve the equation − = +
2 3 4 12

Solution
𝑥 2 3𝑥 1
− = + Given
2 3 4 12

𝑥 2 3𝑥 1
12 ( − ) = 12 ( + ) Multiplying by the LCD = 12
2 3 4 12

6𝑥 – 8 = 9𝑥 + 1 Distributive axiom

6𝑥 – 9𝑥 = 1 + 8 Adding 8 – 9x

– 3𝑥 = 9 Combining similar terms

𝑥 =– 3 Dividing by – 3

𝑥 5 5𝑥 3
f. Solve the equation + = +
𝑥+1 8 2(𝑥+1) 4

Solution
𝑥 5 5𝑥 3
+ = + Given
𝑥+1 8 2(𝑥+1) 4

𝑥 5 5𝑥 3
8(𝑥 + 1) ( + ) = 8(𝑥 + 1) ( + ) Multiplying by the LCD = 8(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥+1 8 2(𝑥+1) 4

8𝑥 + 5(𝑥 + 1) = 4(5𝑥) + 6(𝑥 + 1) Removing common factors from each term

8𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 5 = 20𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 6 Adding (– 26𝑥 – 5)

– 13𝑥 = 1 Combining terms

1
𝑥 = Dividing by – 13
− 13
2𝑥 6
g. Solve the equation = 1+
𝑥−3 𝑥−3

Solution
2𝑥 6
= 1+ Given
𝑥−3 𝑥−3

2𝑥 = 1(𝑥 – 3) + 6 Multiplying by the LCD = 𝑥 – 3, 𝑥  3

2𝑥 = 𝑥 – 3 + 6 Distributive axiom
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 2𝑥 – 𝑥 = – 3 + 6 Subtracting 𝑥

𝑥 = 3 Combining terms

The number 3 in this example is called an extraneous root of the given equation because it is not a root of the given equation,
although it is a root of a subsequent nonequivalent equation.

Remember: Do not multiply each side of the equation by 0 in any form.

Where we assume 𝑥  5 and 𝑥  2

2 5 7
h. Solve + =
𝑥−5 𝑥−2 (𝑥−2)(𝑥−5

Solution
2 5 7
+ = Given
𝑥−5 𝑥−2 (𝑥−2)(𝑥−5

2(𝑥 – 2) + 5(𝑥 – 5) = 7 Multiplying by the LCD = (𝑥 – 5)(𝑥 – 2)

2𝑥 – 4 + 5𝑥 – 25 = 7 Distributive axiom

7𝑥 – 29 = 7 Combining terms

7𝑥 = 36 Adding 29

36
𝑥 = Dividing by 7
7

6.6 Linear Equations in One Unknown

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0 → General Form of linear equation in the unknown 𝑥
(or linear equation in 𝑥) if 𝑥  0
“to solve an equation” means to find all of its solutions.
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0 Given
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 – 𝑏 = 0 – 𝑏 Adding – 𝑏 to both sides
𝑎𝑥 = – 𝑏 Combining terms

Dividing by 𝑎 since 𝑎  0
𝑎𝑥 −𝑏
=
𝑎 𝑎
−𝑏
𝑥=
𝑎

6.7 Solution of a Linear Equation in One Unknown

1. If fractions appear, multiply both sides of the equation by the least common denominator and combine like terms.
2. Transpose all terms having an unknown on one side and all other terms on the other side of the equation.
3. Reduce the resulting equation to the form 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏.
𝑏
4. Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of the unknown (i.e., by an equation 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏) resulting to 𝑥 = .
𝑎

5. To check, substitute the result in the original equation.

Example 2
Solve the following equations
a. 3𝑥 – 4 = 𝑥 + 4
Solution
3𝑥 – 4 = 𝑥 + 4 Given
2𝑥 = 8 Adding (−𝑥 + 4)
𝑥 = 4 Dividing by 2
2𝑥
b. −1=𝑥+5
3

Solution
2𝑥
−1 =𝑥+5 Given
3

2𝑥
3[ − 1] = (𝑥 + 5)3 Multiply by the LCD = 3
3
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 2𝑥 – 3 = 3𝑥 + 15 Distributive law
– 𝑥 = 18 Combining similar terms
𝑥 = – 18 Multiply by (– 1)
𝑥 𝑥+3
c. =
3𝑥+3 3𝑥+6

Solution
𝑥 𝑥+3
= Given
3𝑥+3 3𝑥+6
𝑥 𝑥+3
= Factor the denominator to determine the LCD
3(𝑥+1) 3(𝑥+2)
𝑥(𝑥 + 2) = (𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 + 1) Multiply by the LCD = 3(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 Distributive law
2 2
𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 = 3 Transpose and combine similar terms
– 2𝑥 = 3 Add (−𝑥 2 − 4𝑥)

−3 −1
𝑥 = Multiply by
2 2

6.8 Translating Word Statements into Algebraic Expressions

1. Five more than 𝑥 5 + 𝑥
2. Eight decreased by 𝑎 8– 𝑎
3. The product of 3 and 𝑏 3𝑏
𝑥
4. The quotient of 𝑥 and 𝑦
𝑦

5. Three more than twice 𝑥 2𝑥 + 3

6. The sum of 3 and 𝑟 3+𝑟
7. The difference of 𝑐 and four 𝑐−4
8. The square of the hypotenuse ℎ ℎ2
9. The cube of the side 𝑠 𝑠3
10. The square root of 5 √5
11. The quantity 3 less than 𝑐 (𝑐 − 3)
12. Eleven multiplied by the quantity 𝑥 + 27 11(𝑥 + 27)
13. Ella was 𝑥 years old four years ago 𝑥 + 10
Represent her age six years from now
14. If John can walk 𝑘 kilometers in ℎ hours,
ℎ𝑑
How long will it take him to walk 𝑑 kilometers?
𝑘

15. 𝑥 increased by seven equals thirteen Equation: 𝑥 + 7 = 13

16. 𝑎 is equal to the difference of 𝑥 and five Equation: 𝑎 = 𝑥– 5
17. A number 𝑛 increased by five gives ten Equation: 𝑛 + 5 = 10
2
18. Two thirds of a number 𝑛 is 20 Equation: 𝑛 = 20
3

19. 𝑥 is 45 more than 𝑦 Equation: 𝑥 = 45 + 𝑦

𝑥 is greater than 𝑦 by 45 𝑥 – 𝑦 = 45
21. the value of 𝑥 decreased by 45 is 𝑦 Equation: 𝑥 – 45 = 𝑦
𝑦 is 45 less than 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 – 45
22. The sum of 𝑥 and 𝑦 is 357 Equation: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 357
𝑦 is 357 diminished by 𝑥 𝑦 = 357 – 𝑥
The values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 total 357 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 357
23. The sum of four consecutive integers is 178Equation: 𝑥 + (𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 + 2) + (𝑥 + 3) = 178,
where 𝑥 is the smallest of the four integers.
24. 𝑥 is twice 𝑦 Equation: 𝑥 = 2𝑦
𝑥
𝑦 is half of 𝑥 𝑦=
2
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 25. Chum’s age is 3 more than twice Equation: 𝑥 = 3 + 2(𝑥 – 10)
what it was 10 years ago

6.9 Applications of Linear Equations in One Unknown

A stated problem, or word problem, is a description of a situation that involves both known and unknown quantities and relationships
between them. A problem involving only one unknown can be solved by the use of a single equation.

Procedure

1. Read the problem carefully and make sure the situation is thoroughly understood.
2. Identify the quantities, both known and unknown, that are involved in the problem.
3. Select one of the unknown quantities and represent it by a variable (letter), and then express any other unknown in terms of this
variable, if possible.
4. Search the problem for information that tells what quantities or combinations of them are equal.
5. Often, making a sketch helps to carry out step 4.
6. Write an equation using an algebraic expression found in step 5. Carrying through the calculations with an initial guess sometimes
help to clarify the relationship between variables.
7. Solve the equation obtained in step 6.
Check the solution in the original problem. This step is critical since we want a solution of the stated problem rather than of the
equation that we write.

6.9.1 Number Problems

Example 3
a. A number is twice another number and their sum is 15. What is the number?
Solution
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = one number
2𝑥 = the other number
𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 15 The required equation
3𝑥 = 15 Combining terms
15
𝑥= Dividing by 3
3

𝑥 =5 The required number

b. The sum of three numbers is 27. The second number is 2 less than twice the first number, and the third number is 5 greater
than 3 times the first. Find the three numbers.
Solution
Let 𝑥 = the first number
2𝑥 – 2 = the second number
3𝑥 + 5 = the third number
𝑥 + 2𝑥 – 2 + 3𝑥 + 5 = 27 The required equation
6𝑥 = 24 Combining similar terms
24
𝑥= Dividing by 6
6
𝑥 = 4 The first number
2𝑥 – 2 = 6 The second number
3𝑥 + 5 = 17 The third number
c. One number exceeds three times a second number by 3. Half of the larger number exceeds one–fifth of the smaller number by
8. Find these numbers.
Solution
Let 𝑥 = the smaller number
3𝑥 + 3 = the larger number
1 1
(3𝑥 + 3) − (𝑥) = 8 The required equation
2 5
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 5(3𝑥 + 3) – 2(𝑥) = 80 Multiply by the LCD = 10
15𝑥 + 15 – 2𝑥 = 80 Distributive Law
13𝑥 = 65 Adding – 15 and combining similar terms
65 1
𝑥 = Multiply by
13 13

𝑥 = 5 The smaller number

3𝑥 + 3 = 18 The larger number

d. Separate 357 into 2 parts such that if the larger is divided by the smaller, the quotient is 15 and the remainder is 5.
Solution
Let 𝑥 = the smaller number
357 – 𝑥 = the larger number
357−𝑥 5
= 15 + The required equation
𝑥 𝑥

357 – 𝑥 = 15𝑥 + 5 Multiplying by 𝑥; → 𝑥 0

352 = 16𝑥 Combining similar terms

16𝑥 = 352 Add (– 16𝑥 – 352) and multiply by – 1

352 1
𝑥 = Multiplying by
16 16
𝑥 = 22 The smaller number
357 – 𝑥 = 335 The larger number
e. The unit’s digit of a two digits number is 2 greater than the ten’s digit. If the number is divided by the sum of the digits, the
quotient is 4 and the remainder is 9. Find the number.
Solution
Let 𝑥 = the ten’s digit
𝑥 + 2 = the unit’s digit
10 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2 = the number
11𝑥+2 9
=4+ The required equation
2𝑥+2 2𝑥+2

11𝑥 + 2 = 4(2𝑥 + 2) + 9 Multiplying by 2𝑥 + 2

11𝑥 + 2 = 8𝑥 + 8 + 9 Distributive law
3𝑥 = 15 Combining similar terms
1
𝑥 = 5 Multiplying by
3

𝑥 = 5 The ten’s digit

𝑥 + 2 = 7 The unit’s digit
6.9.2 Age Problems
Example 4
a. Mama Em is four times as old as Xerxelle. Twenty years from now, Mama Em will be only twice as old as Xerxelle. What are
their ages now?
Solution:
Let 𝑥 = the present age of Xerxelle
4𝑥 = the present age of Mama Em

Present Future
Xerxelle 𝑥 𝑥 + 20
Mama Em 4𝑥 4𝑥 + 20

4𝑥 + 20 = 2(𝑥 + 20) The required equation

4𝑥 + 20 = 2𝑥 + 40 Distributive law
2𝑥 = 20 Add (– 2𝑥 – 20)

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 20 1
𝑥= Multiply by
2 2

 𝑥 = 10 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 The present age of Xerxelle

4𝑥 = 40 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 The present age of Mama Em
b. Chum's age is 3 more than twice what it was 10 years ago. What is her age now?
Solution:
Let 𝑥 = Chum's age now
𝑥 – 10 = her age 10 years ago
Past Present
Chum 𝑥 – 10 𝑥

𝑥 = 3 + 2(𝑥 – 10) The required equation

𝑥 = 3 + 2𝑥 – 20 Distributive law
𝑥 – 2𝑥 = 3 – 20 Add – 2𝑥
– 𝑥 = – 17 Combining terms
𝑥 = 17 Multiply by – 1
 𝑥 = 17 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 Chum's age now
c. I am 20 years old. My mom was as old as I am now when I was one fourth of her age now. How old is my mom?
Solution:
Let 𝑥 = Mom's age now

Past Present
1
Me 4
𝑥 20
Mom 20 𝑥

1
20 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 20 The required equation
4
80 – 𝑥 = 4𝑥 – 80 Multiply both sides by 4
−5𝑥 = – 160 Add (– 4𝑥 – 80)
−160 −1
𝑥= Multiply by
−5 −5
∴ 𝑥 = 32 Mom’s age now

2. Ella's age is four–fifths of that of Marie's. In three years, the former will be as old as the latter is now. How old are they?
Solution
Let 𝑥 = Marie's age
Present Future
Marie 𝑥 𝑥+ 3
4
𝑥 𝑥
Ella 5
4
𝑥 − 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 3) − 𝑥 The equation
5

5𝑥 − 4𝑥 = 5(𝑥 + 3) − 5𝑥 Multiply both sides by 5

𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 15 − 5𝑥 Remove symbols of grouping
𝑥 = 15 Combine similar terms
∴ 𝑥 = 15 Marie's age
2 7
3. Jan Marphy is as old as his sister Xerxelle. 20 years hence he will be as old. How old is each now?
3 8

Solution
Let 𝑥 = Xerxelle's present age
2
𝑥 = Jan Marphy’s present age
3

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 Present Future
Xerxelle 𝑥 𝑥 + 20
2 2
Jan Marphy 𝑥 𝑥 + 20
3 3
2 7
𝑥 + 20 = (𝑥 + 20) The required equation
3 8

16𝑥 + (24) (20) = 21 (𝑥 + 20) Multiply by the 𝐿𝐶𝐷 = 24

16𝑥 + 480 = 21𝑥 + 420 Distributive law
5𝑥 = 60 Combining similar terms
60 1
𝑥 = Multiply by
5 5

∴ 𝑥 = 12 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 Xerxelle’s present age

2
𝑥 = 8 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 Jan Marphy’s present age
3

6.9.3 Work Problems

1
If a man could finish a job in 𝑥 days, then in one day he could finish only of the job.
𝑥
If both 𝑥 and 𝑦 are the number of days each man work alone, then if they work together, they could finish it in “𝑡” days.
1 1 1
+ =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑡

Example 6
1. Jack can paint a house in 10 days while Erick can paint the same house in 15 days. How many days will be required for the
painting?
Solution
Let 𝑥 = number of days required to paint the house if they work together.
1
= part of the house that can be painted in 1 day by the two.
𝑥
1
= part of the house that can be painted in 1 day by Jack.
10
1
= part of the house that can be painted in 1 day by Erick.
15
1 1 1
+ = The required equation
10 15 𝑥

3𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 30 Multiply by the 𝐿𝐶𝐷 = 30𝑥 → 𝑥 0

5𝑥 = 30 Combine similar terms

1
𝑥 = 6 Multiply by
5
 𝑥 = 6 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 Number of days required for Jack and Erick to paint the house
2. Ka Peter can plow a field in 4 days by using a tractor. Mang Pedro can plow the same field in 6 days by using a smaller
tractor. How many days will be required for the plowing if they work together?
Solution
Let 𝑥 = number of days required to plow the field working together.
1
= the part plowed in 1 day by the two of them
𝑥
1
= the part plowed in 1 day by Ka Peter
4
1
= the part plowed in 1 day by Mang Pedro
6
1 1 1
+ = The required equation
4 6 𝑥
1 1 1
12𝑥 ( + ) = 12𝑥 ( ) Multiplying by the 𝐿𝐶𝐷 = 12𝑥
4 6 𝑥

3𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 12 By distributive axiom
5𝑥 = 12 Combine similar terms
12 1
𝑥= Multiply by
5 5
12
∴𝑥= Number of days required for Ka Peter and Mang Pedro to finish
5

plowing the field

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3. If, in example 6.2, Mang Pedro worked 1 day with the smaller tractor and then was joined by Ka Peter using the larger tractor,
how many days were required for them to finish plowing?
Solution
Since Mang Pedro plowed one–sixth of the field in 1 day, five–sixths remained unplowed.
Let 𝑥 = number of days required for the two to finish the job
𝑥
= the part plowed by Ka Peter
4
𝑥
= the part plowed by Mang Pedro
6
𝑥 𝑥 5
+ = The required equation
4 6 6
𝑥 𝑥 5
12𝑥 ( + ) = 12𝑥 ( ) Multiplying by the 𝐿𝐶𝐷 = 12
4 6 6

3𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 10 By distributive axiom
5𝑥 = 10 Combine similar terms
10 1
𝑥= Multiply by
5 5

 𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 Number of days required for Ka Peter and Mang Pedro to finish
plowing the field
4. A tank is attached to an intake pipe that will fill it in 4 hours and an outlet pipe that will empty it in 12 hours. If both pipes are
left open, how long will it take to fill the empty tank?
Solution
Let 𝑥 = number of hours required to fill the empty tank using two pipes
1
= part of the tank filled in 1 hour if two pipes are left open
𝑥
1
= part of the tank filled in 1 hour using the intake pipe
4
1
= part of the tank emptied in 1 hour using the outlet pipe
12
1 1 1
− = The required equation
4 12 𝑥
1 1 1
12𝑥 ( − ) = 12𝑥 ( ) Multiplying by the 𝐿𝐶𝐷 = 12𝑥
4 12 𝑥

3𝑥 − 𝑥 = 12 By distributive axiom
2𝑥 = 12 Combine similar terms
12 1
𝑥= Multiply by
2 2

∴𝑥=6 Number of hours required to fill an empty tank if two pipes were left
open
1
5. A tank is attached to 2 pipes. The first pipe can fill the tank in 10 hours. But after it has been opened for 3 hours, the
3

second pipe is opened and the tank is filled up in 4 hours more. How long would it take the second pipe alone to fill the tank?
The two pipes have different diameters.
Solution
Let 𝑥 = number of hours required for the second pipe to fill the tank alone
1
= part of the tank filled in 1 hour using the second pipe
𝑥
1
= part of the tank filled in 1 hour using the first pipe
10
1 1 1 1
(3 ) ( ) + ( + )4 = 1 The required equation
3 10 10 𝑥
1 4 4
+ + =1 By distributive axiom
3 10 𝑥

10𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 120 = 30𝑥 Multiplying by the 𝐿𝐶𝐷 = 30𝑥

– 8𝑥 = – 120 Add (– 30𝑥 – 120)
𝑥 = 15 Multiply by – 1
 𝑥 = 15 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 Number of hours required for the second pipe to fill the tank alone

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Exercise 6.1
1. Five times a certain number equals 120. Find the number.
2. Two numbers are in the ratio 4:3. Find the numbers if their sum is 84.
3. The numerator of a fraction is 3 less than the denominator. If the numerator and denominator are each increased by 1, the value of
3
the fraction becomes . What is the original fraction?
4

4. Find three consecutive integers whose sum is 27.

5. Find two consecutive odd integers whose sum is 44.
6. One number is 6 more than a second number. The sum of the two numbers is sixteen. Find the numbers.
7. Five hundred tickets for a benefit show netted Php 3,355. Balcony tickets are sold at Php 7.50 each and Orchestra tickets at Php 2.50
each. How many tickets of each kind were sold?
8. The difference of the squares of two consecutive even integers is 92. Find the numbers.
9. The denominator of a fraction exceeds its numerator by 2. If the numerator is decreased by 1 and the denominator is increased by 3,
1
the value of the resulting fraction is . Find the fraction.
2

10. A man sold half an egg more than half his eggs. He then sold half an egg more than half his remaining eggs. He did the same a third
time, and then had 7 eggs left. How many eggs had he at first?
Exercise 6.2

1. Five years ago, Mon was twice as old as Ara. In 6 years, the sum of their ages will be 40 years. What is the present age of each?
7 8
2. Raph’s age is of Vance’s age. In four years, Raph’s age will be of Vance’s age. How old is Raph now?
10 11

3. I am 20 years old. My aunt was as old as I am now when I was one-fourth her age now. How old is my aunt?
4. Rosenni’s age is four–fifths of that of Angelie’s. In three years, the former will be as old as the latter is now. How old are they?
5. Ella is 24 years old. Ella is twice as old as Marie was when Ella was as old as Marie is now. How old is Marie now?
6. Ram is 15 years older than his brother Mon. However, "𝑦" years ago, Ram was twice as old as Mon. If Mon is now "𝑏" years old and
𝑏 > 𝑦, find the value of (𝑏– 𝑦).
7. Ninna is three times as old as Isabelle. Three years ago, Ninna was four times as old as Isabelle. What is the sum of their ages?
8. A girl is one–third as old as her brother and 8 years younger than her sister. The sum of their ages is 38. How old is the girl?
9. Pauline is now 18 years old and her colleague Maui is 14 years old. How many years ago was Pauline twice as old as Maui?
10. Ramon tells his son, "I was your age now when you were born." If Ramon is now 38 years old, how old was his son 2 years ago?
Exercise 6.3
1. Farmer A can plow a field in 4 days. Farmer B can plow the same field in 6 days. How many days will be required for the plowing if
they work together?
2. A motor can pump out water from a tank in 11 hours. Another motor can pump out water from the same tank in 20 hours. How long
will it take both motors to pump out the water in the tank?
3. A 400–mm  pipe can fill the tank alone in 5 hours and another 600–mm  pipe can fill the tank alone in 4 hours. A drain pipe 300–
mm  can empty the tank in 20 hours. With all the three pipes open, how long will it take to fill the tank?
4. A tank is filled with an intake pipe in 2 hours and emptied by an outlet pipe in 4 hours. If both pipes are opened, how long will it take to
fill the empty tank?
5. A tank can be filled in 9 hours by one pipe, 12 hours by a second pipe, and can be drained when full by a third pipe in 15 hours. How
long will it take to fill an empty tank with all pipes in operation?
6. Ram, Mon and Jay can mow the lawn in 4, 6, and 7 hours respectively. What fraction of the yard can they mow in 1 hour if they work
together?
7. Crew No. 1 can finish installation of an antenna tower in 200 man–hours while Crew No. 2 can finish the same job in 300 man–hours.
How long will it take both crews to finish the same job, working together?
8. Carl can paint a house in 9 hours while Louie can paint the same house in 16 hours. They work together for 4 hours. After 4 hours,
Louie left and Carl finished the job alone. How many more hours did it take Carl to finish the job?

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Cell No: 09338577007
Tel No: 5234099
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 9. A pipe can fill the tank in 10 hours. A second pipe can fill the tank in 40 hours. If both pipes are left open, determine the time to fill the
tank.
10. Aldrin can finish a job in 4 days. Bart can finish the same job in 6 days. If Aldrin and Bart plus Carding can finish the job in 2 days, how
long will it take for Carding to finish the job alone?

References and Learning Materials

Alexander, Daniel C. and Geralyn M. Koeberlain. (2015). Elementary Geometry for College Students. 6th ed. Australia:
Cenkage Learning.
Carpio,Joy N, and Jaymie M. Guillermo (2015) College Algebra. Mandaluyong City.
Karr, Rosemary M, Marilyn B. Massey and R. David Gustafson. (2015). B–eginning Algebra: A Guided Approach. 10th Ed.
Australia: Cenkage Learning.
Poole, David. (2015). Linear Algebra: A Modern Introduction. 4th Ed. Australia: Cenkage Learning.
Sato, Matsuo, et al. (2016). Matrix and Linear Algebra. New York: Magnum Publishing.
Sirug, Winston S. (2015). Analytical Geometry. Manila: Mindshapers.
Young, (2015). Algebra and Trigonometry. Quezon City: Maxcor Publishing House, Inc.

Course Outline No. of Hours

Part I: Algebra
1. Polynomials: Four Fundamental Operations 9 hours
2. Special Products 3 hours
3. Factoring 6 hours
4. Fractions 6 hours
5. Exponents and Radicals 6 hours
6. Linear Equations 4 hours
7. Systems of Linear Equations 3 hours
8. Quadratic Equations 3 hours
9. Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 3 hours (Midterm Examination)
Part II: Trigonometry
1. Circular & Trigonometric Functions 4 hours
2. Solution of Right Triangles & Applications 3 hours
3. Solution of Oblique Triangles 3 hours
4. Trigonometric Identities 3 hours
Part III: Analytic Geometry
1. The Rectangular Coordinate System 7 hours
2. The Straight Line 7 hours
Part IV: Solid Mensuration
1. Plane Figures 3 hours
2. Solids for Which Volume = Bh 3 hours
3. Solids for Which Volume = 1/3 Bh 3 hours (Pre – Final Examination)
4. The Sphere and Hemisphere 5 hours (Final Examination)

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Cell No: 09338577007
Tel No: 5234099
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