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Modules for Math 0
(Mathematics for Engineering Science and Technology)

Module 4 (Fractions)

Time Allotment : 2 hrs lecture / 4 hrs lab

Presentation of the Lesson

4.1 Concept of a Fraction

An algebraic fraction, just like a numerical fraction, is composed of two members–the numerator and the denominator. Rules of
handling algebraic fractions are exactly the same as that of numerical fractions, since algebraic fractions may also be classified as similar,
dissimilar, or complex.
To evaluate problems on fractions, knowledge of special products and factoring will be very useful.
4.2 Definition of terms
Terms of a fraction − are the numerator and the denominator.
Proper fraction − is a fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator. Hence, the value of a proper fraction is less than 1.
Improper fraction − is a fraction whose numerator is equal to or more than the denominator. Hence, the value of an improper fraction
is equal to or greater than 1.
Similar fractions − are those which have the same denominator.
Mixed number − is the sum of a whole number and a proper fraction. A mixed expression is the sum of a polynomial (or monomial)
and a fraction.
Prime factors of a number − are one having no integral factors except itself and one.
Equivalent fractions – fractions having the same value.
4.3 Law of Fractions
A fraction may be changed into an equivalent fraction by multiplying or dividing both the numerator and the denominator by the same
number, except zero. This principle is used in reducing a fraction to its lowest term, i.e., when its numerator and denominator have no
common factor other than 1 or –1.
4.4 Signs of a Fraction:
A fraction may be regarded as having three signs: the sign of the numerator, the sign of the denominator, and the sign preceding the
fraction.
Any two of these signs may be changed without changing the value of the fraction. Thus
𝑛 −𝑛 +𝑛 −𝑛
=− =− =
𝑑 𝑑 −𝑑 −𝑑
4.5 Reduction of Fractions to Lowest Terms
A fraction is in its lowest terms if no other common factor exists in both numerator and denominator except 1. The process of reduction
of fractions to its lowest term is given below.
1. Determine the common factor present to both members of the fraction by investigation.
2. Divide both numerator and denominator by that common factor or apply cancellation to obtain the lowest term.
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 Example 1
𝑎2 −𝑥 2 (𝑎+𝑥)(𝑎−𝑥) 𝑎+𝑥
a. = =
𝑎3 −𝑥 3 (𝑎−𝑥)(𝑎2 +𝑎𝑥+𝑥 2 ) 𝑎2 +𝑎𝑥+𝑥 2

Notice that the common factor is not evident from the given expression, hence factoring of the members of the given fraction is needed.
2𝑚−2𝑛 2(𝑚−𝑛) 2
b. = =
𝑚2 −𝑛2 (𝑚+𝑛)(𝑚−𝑛) 𝑚+𝑛

2𝑐 2 𝑑−6 2(𝑐 2 𝑑−3) 2

c. = =
𝑐 4 𝑑 2 −6𝑐 2 𝑑+9 (𝑐 2 𝑑−3)(𝑐 2 𝑑−3) 𝑐 2 𝑑−3

𝑚2 −𝑥 2 (𝑚+𝑥)(𝑚−𝑥) −(𝑚+𝑥)(𝑚−𝑥) −(𝑚+𝑥)(𝑚−𝑥) −(𝑚+𝑥)

d. = = = =
𝑥 3 −𝑚3 (𝑥−𝑚)(𝑥 2 +𝑚𝑥+𝑚2 ) (−)(𝑥−𝑚)(𝑥 2 + 𝑚𝑥+𝑚2) (𝑚−𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 𝑚𝑥+𝑚2 ) 𝑥 2 +𝑚𝑥+𝑚2

Note that changing of signs is necessary before cancellation can be applied.

4.6 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions
Least Common Denominator (LCD)
The least common denominator (LCD) of a given set of fractions is the least or smallest numbers which can be divided by all the
denominators of the given fractions. The LCD of a given set of fractions can be determined by multiplying all different prime factors
used by taking maximum number of times it is used in any of the numbers.
Example 2
1 2 3
a. Find then LCD of , ,
3𝑥𝑦 9𝑥𝑦 3 12𝑥 2 𝑦 2

Prime Factors: 3𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑦

9𝑥𝑦 3 = 3 . 3 . 𝑥 . 𝑦 3 = 32 . 𝑥 . 𝑦 3
12𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 2 . 2 . 3 . 𝑥 2 . 𝑦 2 = 22 . 3 . 𝑥 2 . 𝑦 2
𝐿𝐶𝐷 = 22 32 𝑥 2 𝑦 3
= 36𝑥 2 𝑦 3
1 1
b. Find the 𝐿𝐶𝐷 of ,
𝑥(𝑥+1) 𝑥 2 (𝑥−1)

𝐿𝐶𝐷 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
4 𝑥 𝑥+1
c. Find the 𝐿𝐶𝐷 of , ,
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2 𝑥+𝑦

Prime Factors: 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 𝑦)2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝐿𝐶𝐷 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)2
Fractions are classified as similar or dissimilar. When adding and/or subtracting dissimilar fractions, skills in finding the LCD will
be very useful.
1. Determine the least common denominator (LCD) of the given fractions.
2. Solve for the equivalent fractions. To do so, divide the LCD by the given denominators; then multiply each quotient by its original
numerator. The equivalent fraction of each fractional term is the new numerator divided by the LCD.
3. Combine all new numerators; then divide the answer by the LCD.
4. Apply cancellation if feasible, to simplify the answer.
Example 3
𝑥−1 𝑥 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)−𝑥(𝑥)
a. − =
𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥(𝑥+1)

𝑥 2 −1−𝑥 2
=
𝑥(𝑥+1)
−1
=
𝑥(𝑥+1)
4𝑎 3 4𝑎 3
b. + = +
𝑎−𝑏 𝑎2 −𝑏 2 𝑎−𝑏 (𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎−𝑏)

4𝑎(𝑎+𝑏)+3
=
(𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎−𝑏)

4𝑎2 +4𝑎𝑏+3
=
(𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎−𝑏)

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 2𝑥 3𝑥 2𝑥(𝑥+2)+3𝑥(𝑥−2)
c. + =
𝑥−2 𝑥+2 (𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)

2𝑥 2 +4𝑥+3𝑥 2 −6𝑥
=
(𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)

5𝑥 2 −2𝑥
=
(𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)
𝑥(5𝑥−2)
=
(𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)
3𝑥 2 1 3𝑥 2 1
d. + + = + +
𝑥 2 −2𝑎𝑥+𝑎2 𝑥+𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 (𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑎) 𝑥+𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

3𝑥(𝑥+𝑎)+2(𝑥−𝑎)2 +1(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥+𝑎)
= (𝑥−𝑎)2 (𝑥+𝑎)

3𝑥 2 +3𝑎𝑥+2𝑥 2 −4𝑎𝑥+2𝑎2 +𝑥 2 −𝑎2

= (𝑥−𝑎)2 (𝑥+𝑎)

6𝑥 2 −𝑎𝑥+𝑎2
= (𝑥−𝑎)2
(𝑥+𝑎)

Take note that fractional bars also act as grouping symbols.

4.7 Mixed Expressions
To reduce a mixed expression to a fraction, write the integral part (i.e., the non–fractional part) as a fraction with denominator 1 and
proceed as in adding fractions.
Example 4
𝑏
Reduce to a fraction: 2𝑎 +
3𝑐

Solution
𝑏 2𝑎 𝑏
2𝑎 + = +
3𝑐 1 3𝑐
6𝑎𝑐+𝑏
=
3𝑐

Example 5
3
Reduce to a fraction: 𝑥 – 2 +
𝑥+4

Solution
𝑥−2 3 (𝑥−2)(𝑥+4)+3
+ =
1 𝑥+4 𝑥+4
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−8+3
=
𝑥+4
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−5
=
𝑥+4

4.8 Improper Fractions

An improper fraction is reduced to a mixed expression by dividing the numerator by the denominator.
Example 6
12𝑥 2 −7𝑥−20
Reduce to a mixed expression
3𝑥−4

4𝑥 + 3
Solution: 3𝑥 − 4√12𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 20
12𝑥 2 − 16𝑥
9𝑥 − 20
9𝑥 − 12
−8
8
Answer: 4𝑥 + 3 −
3𝑥−4

4.9 Multiplication of Fractions

The product of two or more fractions is determined by multiplying all the given numerators and dividing its product by the product of all
the given denominators. Apply cancellation to the resulting fraction, if possible, to simplify results.
Steps in multiplication of fractions
1. Simplify/factor all members of the given fractions, if necessary.
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 2. Cancel all sets of common factors present to both numerator and denominator.
3. Gather and multiply all remaining factors in the numerator and divide the result by the product of the remaining factors in the
denominator.
Example 7
𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎2 −𝑏 2 𝑎2 𝑏 (𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎−𝑏) 𝑎−𝑏
a. ∙ = ∙ =
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎3 𝑏 2 −𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎2 𝑏(𝑎𝑏−1) 𝑎𝑏−1

𝑚−1 (𝑚+1)2 𝑚−1 (𝑚+1)(𝑚+1) 𝑚+1

b. ∙ = ∙ =
5𝑚2 −𝑚 𝑚2 −1 𝑚(5𝑚−1) (𝑚+1)(𝑚−1) 𝑚(5𝑚−1)

𝑐 2 −2𝑐𝑑+𝑑 2 𝑐 2 +𝑐𝑑+𝑑 2 (𝑐−𝑑)(𝑐−𝑑) 𝑐 2 +𝑐𝑑+𝑑 2 1

c. ∙ = (𝑐−𝑑)(𝑐 2 ∙ =
𝑐 3 −𝑑 3 𝑐 2 −𝑑 2 +𝑐𝑑+𝑑 2 ) (𝑐−𝑑)(𝑐+𝑑) (𝑐+𝑑)

3𝑥 2 𝑥 2 −6𝑥−7 3𝑥(𝑥) (𝑥−7)(𝑥+1) 𝑥

d. ∙ = ∙ =
𝑥 2 −1 3𝑥 2 −21𝑥 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) 3𝑥(𝑥−7) 𝑥−1

4.10 Power of Fractions

The power of a fraction is equal to the power of its numerator divided by the power of its denominator.
𝑛 2 𝑛2
Example 8 [ ] =
𝑑 𝑑2

4.11 Division of Fractions

In division of fractions, the quotient is determined by multiplying the fractional dividend by the reciprocal of the fractional divisor. The
simplification used in multiplication of fractions shall be applied to simplify the quotient. The following steps will be helpful in performing
division of fractions:
1. Simplify all expressions given as numerators and denominators.
2. Multiply the fractional dividend by the reciprocal (inverse) of the fractional divisor.
3. Apply cancellation to common expressions in the numerator and denominator.
4. Gather and multiply all remaining factors in the numerator then divide it by the product of all remaining factors of the denominator.
Once the reciprocal of the fractional divisor is taken, disregard the original operation, i.e., division, then proceed as in multiplication.
Example 9
𝑥 𝑥 2 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥−6
a. ÷ = ∙
𝑥−3 2𝑥−6 𝑥−3 𝑥 2 −𝑥
𝑥 2(𝑥−3)
= ∙
𝑥−3 𝑥(𝑥−1)
2
=
𝑥−1
5𝑎−10𝑏 5𝑎−20𝑏 5𝑎−10𝑏 2(𝑎+𝑏)2
b. ÷ = ∙
(𝑎+𝑏)2 2(𝑎+𝑏)2 (𝑎+𝑏)2 5𝑎−20𝑏

5(𝑎−2𝑏) 2(𝑎+𝑏)2
= (𝑎+𝑏)2
∙
5(𝑎−4𝑏)
2(𝑎−2𝑏)
=
(𝑎−4𝑏)

𝑧 2 −1 𝑧 2 −1 1
c. ÷ 𝑧3 − 1 = ∙
𝑧 2 +2𝑧+1 𝑧 2 +2𝑧+1 𝑧 3 −1
(𝑧+1)(𝑧−1) 1
= ∙
(𝑧+1)(𝑧+1) (𝑧−1)(𝑧 2 +𝑧+1)
1
=
(𝑧+1)(𝑧 2 +𝑧+1)

4.12 Complex Fractions

A complex fraction is a fraction whose numerator and/or denominator is composed of a whole number or a fraction. Whole numbers
can be easily transformed to fractions by dividing them by one (1).
The main objective of simplifying a complex fraction is to reduce the given fractional numerator and denominator to a single fraction.
Approach to complex fractions is two–fold: either multiply each term (member) by the LCD of all fractions, or simplify each member
one at a time, usually starting at the bottom.
Example 10
1 𝑥−1
1−
a. 𝑥
1 = 𝑥
𝑥2−1
𝑥−
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥−1 𝑥
= ∙
𝑥 𝑥 2 −1

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 𝑥−1 𝑥
= ∙
𝑥 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
1
=
𝑥+1
1 𝑎 𝑏+𝑎
+ 𝑏+𝑎 𝑎𝑏
b. 𝑎 𝑏
1 1 = 𝑎𝑏
𝑏−𝑎 = ∙
− 𝑎𝑏 𝑏−𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎𝑏

𝑏+𝑎
=
𝑏−𝑎
4𝑏 2𝑎(3𝑥)+4𝑏
2𝑎+
c. 3𝑥
2𝑏 = 3𝑥
𝑎(3𝑥)+2𝑏
𝑎+
3𝑥 3𝑥

2𝑎(3𝑥)+4𝑏 3𝑥
= ∙
3𝑥 𝑎(3𝑥)+2𝑏
6𝑎𝑥+4𝑏
=
3𝑎𝑥+2𝑏
2(3𝑎𝑥+2𝑏)
=
3𝑎𝑥+2𝑏

=2
𝑚+1 𝑚+1 (𝑚+1)(𝑚−1)+(𝑚+1)(𝑚−2)
+ (𝑚−2)(𝑚−1)
d. 𝑚−2 𝑚−1
𝑚+2 = 𝑚+2
𝑚−2 𝑚−2

(𝑚+1)(𝑚−1)+(𝑚+1)(𝑚−2) 𝑚−2
= ∙
(𝑚−2)(𝑚−1) 𝑚+2
(𝑚+1)[(𝑚−1)+(𝑚−2)]
=
(𝑚−1)(𝑚+2)
(𝑚+1)(2𝑚−3)
=
(𝑚−1)(𝑚+2)

Exercise 5.1
I. Determine the LCM and GCF of the following sets of expressions:
1. 12, 8, 16
2. 60, 140,80
3. 3xy, 5𝑥 2
4. 2𝑎2 , 4𝑎
5. 2𝑥, 16𝑥 2
6. 8𝑥 3 −𝑦 3 , 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
7. 𝑥 + 6, 6 − 𝑥, 𝑥 2 − 36
8. 8𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 , 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
9. 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6, 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
10. 𝑥 𝑛+1 , 𝑥 𝑛
II. Find the LCM of the following:
1 6
1. ,
(𝑥−2)(𝑥+3) (𝑥+3)2
𝑎+3 9
2. ,
𝑦 𝑎𝑦
𝑥+𝑦 7
3. ,
(𝑎+𝑏) 𝑎2 −𝑏 2
46 17
4. ,
𝑥 2 −9 𝑥 3 −27
11 1
5. ,
𝑦 2 +10𝑦+25 𝑦 2 −25

9𝑥(𝑦−𝑧)2 9𝑥(𝑦−𝑧)
6. ,
𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +4𝑥𝑦+3𝑦 2

2𝑦 2 +5𝑥𝑦−3𝑥 2 𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2
7. ,
𝑥 2 −5𝑥𝑦+6𝑦 2 𝑥 2 −4𝑥𝑦+3𝑦 2
3𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
8. ,
4𝑎2 −11𝑎𝑏−3𝑏 2 𝑎2 −4𝑎𝑏+3𝑏 2
𝑥 2 −𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 −𝑧 2 −2𝑥𝑦
9. ,
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 +2𝑦𝑧−𝑧 2 𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑦

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 10. 𝑎 + 1. 𝑎4 − 𝑎3 + 𝑎 − 12
III. Simplify the following expressions:
6𝑥(𝑥−6)
1.
2𝑥−12
(𝑠−3)(𝑠 2 +𝑠)
2.
3𝑠(𝑠+1)

(𝑡 2 +4𝑡)(𝑡−5)
3.
(𝑡−5)(−𝑡)
4𝑥+2𝑦
4.
4𝑥 2−𝑦
𝑟 2 −4𝑟+3
5.
𝑟 2 −𝑟−6
(3𝑝−2)(𝑝2 −1)
6.
(𝑝+1)(6𝑝−4)
(2𝑤+1)(2𝑤−5)
7.
2𝑤−5)(𝑤−3)

(𝑢−2𝑣)(𝑢2 −𝑣 2
8. (4𝑣−2𝑢)(𝑢𝑣+𝑣 2 )
(𝑏−3)(𝑏−2)(1−𝑏)
9.
(2−𝑏)(𝑏+1)(3−𝑏)

(2𝑐 2 −5𝑐𝑑−3𝑑 2 )(𝑐+𝑑)

10.
(2𝑐 2 −𝑐𝑑−𝑑 2 )(𝑐−3𝑑)

IV. Perform the indicated operations. Simplify your answers:

4 3
1. −
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥
21 3
2. +
12 12
17 21
3. +
21 21
6 6
4. −
𝑛 𝑛
4 2
5. −
3𝑚 3𝑚
5𝑛 𝑛−8
6. −
𝑛+2 𝑛+2
1 5 1
7. (2 + 1 ) − (4 + )
5 6 30
7 2 3
8. + (− − )
2 7 14
𝑥 3𝑥
9. +
4 7
4 9
10. −
2𝑎+8 5𝑎+20
𝑢−5 𝑢+3
11. +
2𝑢+4 3𝑢−6
𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
12. + −
2𝑎−1 2𝑎+1 4𝑎2 −1
2𝑦+1 2 1
13. + −
9−𝑦 2 𝑦−3 𝑦+3
9 3
14. −
𝑞 2 −4𝑞−5 2𝑞 2 −13𝑞+15
5𝑡 3 2
15. − −
𝑡 2 −16 4−𝑡 4+𝑡
4 𝑥−2
16. −
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+4 𝑥+2
5𝑥−30 3𝑥−4
17. +
𝑥 2 −30𝑥+45 𝑥 2 +4𝑥−21
3 5𝑡−1 6𝑡+7
18. − −
8𝑡 3 6𝑡 2 +18𝑡 𝑡 2 −5𝑡−24
35 2𝑎 𝑞
19. − −
3𝑎2 𝑎2 −9 4𝑎−12
2𝑦+5 7𝑦 11
20. + −
𝑦 2 +6𝑦+9 𝑦 2 −9 8𝑦 2 −24𝑦

V. Multiply the given fractions; then simplify:

27 16
1. ∙
61 3

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 4 3
2. ∙
𝑎 7𝑎𝑏
3 4
3. ∙
𝑥𝑦 5𝑥
7 3
4. ∙
2𝑎𝑏 2𝑏
3𝑟𝑠 4𝑟𝑡
5. ∙
2𝑡 2 5𝑠 2
52 86
6. ∙
19 12
12𝑝𝑞 49𝑞𝑟
7. ∙
7𝑟 3 14𝑝2

𝑥2 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−8
8. ∙
𝑥 2 −4 𝑥 2 −4𝑥
2𝑎+4 𝑎2 −9
9. ∙
𝑎−3 𝑎2 +5𝑎+6
𝑎2 −𝑎−12 𝑏 2 +𝑏−6
10. ∙
2𝑏 2 +𝑏−15 12+𝑎−𝑎2
𝑥 2 +𝑥−2 1
11. ∙
3𝑥 2 +9𝑥+6 𝑥−1
4𝑥 2 −9 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−15
12. ∙
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−10 2𝑥 2 +5𝑥+3
12𝑝𝑞 49𝑞𝑟
13. ∙
7𝑟 3 14𝑝2

𝑚2 −𝑚 𝑚2 −2 𝑚2 −9𝑚+20
14. ∙ ∙
𝑚2 −6𝑚+8 𝑚2 5𝑛 5𝑚
13𝑥 2 𝑦 4 35𝑎3 𝑏𝑐 2
15. ∙
42𝑎4 𝑏 3 39𝑎𝑐 5
15𝑏−6𝑏 2 15𝑏 3
16. ∙
10𝑏 2 35−14𝑏
𝑡 2 −2𝑡−8 5𝑡 2
17. ∙
6𝑡−24 𝑡 2 −3𝑡−10
5𝑥 2 𝑦−𝑦 3 3𝑥 2 −12𝑦 2
18. ∙
9𝑥𝑦+18𝑦 2 𝑥 2 −7𝑥𝑦+10𝑦 2

ℎ2 −ℎ−6 ℎ2 +6ℎ+5
19. ∙
ℎ2 +2ℎ−15 ℎ2 −4
𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑐+𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑑 𝑐 2 −2𝑐𝑑+𝑑 2
20. ∙
𝑎𝑐−𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐+𝑏𝑑 𝑎2 +2𝑎𝑏+𝑏 2

VI. Express each quotient in its simplest form:

𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 (𝑥−𝑦)2
1. ÷
𝑥−𝑦 (𝑥+𝑦)2

3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 9𝑥 3 𝑦 2
2. ÷
15 30
𝑐 6
3. ÷
𝑐+4 3𝑐+12
4𝑟−6 6𝑟−9
4. ÷
5 25
(𝑎+𝑏)2
5. (𝑎 + 𝑏) ÷
(𝑦)2

3𝑦 2 +11𝑦+6 3𝑦 2 −𝑦−2
6. ÷
4𝑦 2 +16𝑦+7 2𝑦 2 −𝑦−28

3𝑦 2 +14𝑦+8 3𝑦 2 +20𝑦+12
7. ÷
2𝑦 2 +9𝑦−5 2𝑦 2 +11𝑦−6

8𝑥 2 −3𝑥𝑦−10𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦−15𝑦 2
8. ÷
𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑦+2𝑦 2 𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑦−3𝑦 2

𝑦 3 −4𝑦 2𝑥−6 5𝑥−15

9. ÷[ ÷ ]
5𝑦 2 −20 2𝑦 2 +8 (𝑦+4)2

𝑥 4𝑎 −𝑦 6𝑎 𝑥 4𝑎 −2𝑥 2𝑎 𝑦 3𝑎 +𝑦 6𝑎
10. ÷
𝑥 𝑎+2 −𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 2 −1

VII. Simplify the following:

3 1
+
1. 5 2
1
−3
4
4
𝑥−
𝑦
2. 8
𝑥𝑦

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 𝑥
6+
3. 𝑥
2
7−
3
𝑎+𝑏
4. 𝑥+1
𝑎+𝑏
20𝑦 2
5. 𝑦2 −1
𝑦−1

1 3 1
− +
𝑚 𝑛 𝑝
6. 5 2 1
− +
𝑚 𝑛𝑝 𝑚𝑝

6 9 6
(1− + 2 )(2− )
9 𝑦 𝑦+3
7. 9−𝑦2
𝑦

1
𝑦
𝑦− 1
2+𝑦
8. 1
4−𝑦
𝑦− 1
2+𝑦

𝑥 2𝑥
−
9. 𝑥−1 𝑥−2
2𝑥 3𝑥
−
𝑥−2 𝑥−3
1
10. 𝑥 + 1
𝑥+ 1
𝑥+ 1
𝑥+𝑥

4.13 Key Concept

Be certain that you understand and can use each of the following words, ideas, and indicated procedures:
Cancellation Law of fractions Proper fraction
Complex fraction Least common denominator Quotient of fractions
Denominator Mixed Number Signs of fractions
Dissimilar fractions Numerator Similar fractions
Equivalent fraction Prime factors
Improper fraction Product of fractions

References and Learning Materials

Alexander, Daniel C. and Geralyn M. Koeberlain. (2015). Elementary Geometry for College Students. 6th ed. Australia:
Cenkage Learning.
Carpio,Joy N, and Jaymie M. Guillermo (2015) College Algebra. Mandaluyong City.
Karr, Rosemary M, Marilyn B. Massey and R. David Gustafson. (2015). B–eginning Algebra: A Guided Approach. 10th Ed.
Australia: Cenkage Learning.
Poole, David. (2015). Linear Algebra: A Modern Introduction. 4th Ed. Australia: Cenkage Learning.
Sato, Matsuo, et al. (2016). Matrix and Linear Algebra. New York: Magnum Publishing.
Sirug, Winston S. (2015). Analytical Geometry. Manila: Mindshapers.
Young, (2015). Algebra and Trigonometry. Quezon City: Maxcor Publishing House, Inc.

Course Outline No. of Hours

Part I: Algebra
1. Polynomials: Four Fundamental Operations 9 hours
2. Special Products 3 hours
3. Factoring 6 hours
4. Fractions 6 hours
5. Exponents and Radicals 6 hours
6. Linear Equations 4 hours
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 7. Systems of Linear Equations 3 hours
8. Quadratic Equations 3 hours
9. Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 3 hours (Midterm Examination)
Part II: Trigonometry
1. Circular & Trigonometric Functions 4 hours
2. Solution of Right Triangles & Applications 3 hours
3. Solution of Oblique Triangles 3 hours
4. Trigonometric Identities 3 hours
Part III: Analytic Geometry
1. The Rectangular Coordinate System 7 hours
2. The Straight Line 7 hours
Part IV: Solid Mensuration
1. Plane Figures 3 hours
2. Solids for Which Volume = Bh 3 hours
3. Solids for Which Volume = 1/3 Bh 3 hours (Pre – Final Examination)
4. The Sphere and Hemisphere 5 hours (Final Examination)

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Cell No: 09338577007
Tel No: 5234099
sotomil_ninfas@[Link]