Note :
Just follow the order below and prepare it, hardly take 5-6 hrs. (this sheet is enough
for your preparation)
❖ You should read OOPs concepts first(very very imp.)
❖ You should be able to explain your projects.
❖ Revise basic coding problems shared in this sheet.
❖ Then read DBMS problems shared here.
❖ Data structures theory only just definitions.
❖ Operating systems
❖ Networks.
❖ Previously asked questions in the past.
OOPs concepts -
What are the main features of OOPs?
What are access specifiers and what is their significance?
What are the various types of inheritance? Explain.
What is meant by polymorphism? Write its types.
What is the difference between overloading and overriding?
What is data abstraction?
What is an abstract class?
What is a class? What is an object?
What is encapsulation?
What is a constructor?
What are the various types of constructors?
What is a copy constructor?
What is a destructor?
What is the difference between a structure and a class in C++?
What are friend functions?
What is the virtual function and pure virtual function?
C++ static data members (Explain).
What is enumeration?
What is this pointer?
What is dynamic binding (late binding) vs static binding?
What is multiple inheritance
What are interfaces (pure abstract classes) in C++?
What is the difference between deep copy and shallow copy?
Basic coding problems-
String Problems
● Reverse a string
● Check for palindrome
● Count frequency of each character in a string
● Find first non-repeating character
● Remove all white spaces from a string
Check if a string contains only digits
Number Problems
● Sum of digits
● Fibonacci nth term
● Leap year check
● Factorial of a number
● Check if a number is prime
● Find GCD / HCF of two numbers
● Reverse a number
● Armstrong number / Strong number check
Array Problems
● Find maximum element
● Second largest element
● Find minimum element in array
● Find sum / average of array elements
● Sort an array without using built-in sort
● Merge two sorted arrays
● Find duplicates in an array
● Count even and odd numbers in array
Pattern Printing / Loops
● Print a pyramid or triangle pattern using *
● Print Floyd’s triangle
● Print Pascal’s triangle
Miscellaneous
● Check if two strings are anagrams (already have)
● Check if two arrays are equal
● Swap two numbers without using a third variable
● Find the largest of three numbers
● Transpose of a matrix
● Matrix addition
DBMS
Basic SQL Clauses
1. What is the difference between WHERE and HAVING?
2. What is the purpose of the GROUP BY clause in SQL?
3. What is the DISTINCT keyword in SQL?
4. What is Pattern Matching in SQL? (Wildcards)
Joins
5. Explain INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL OUTER JOIN.
Queries
6. Write a query to fetch the second highest salary from a table. (Using Subquery /
LIMIT-OFFSET / RANK)
7. Write a query to fetch top 3 highest-paid employees. (Using LIMIT-OFFSET / RANK)
8. Find the number of employees in each department.
9. Find employees who earn more than the average salary.
Keys & Constraints
10.What are keys in DBMS? (Primary Key, Candidate Key, Alternate Key, Foreign Key,
Composite Key, Super Key)
11. What are PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE constraints?
Database Objects
12.What is a VIEW in SQL?
13.What are Indexes? What is the difference between a Clustered Index and
Non-Clustered Index?
Transactions
14.What are ACID properties in a transaction?
15.Difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP.
Data Modeling
16.What is an Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)?
17.What is Normalization? Why is it important? What are the various forms of
Normalization?
18.Explain different types of relationships amongst tables in a DBMS.
19.What are tuples and attributes in DBMS?
Set Operations
20.Difference between UNION and UNION ALL.
DBMS Types
21.What are the differences between OLTP and OLAP?
SQL Command Categories
22. DDL (Data Definition Language): CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE
23.DML (Data Manipulation Language): SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
24.DCL (Data Control Language): GRANT, REVOKE
25.TCL (Transaction Control Language): COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT
Data structures
Basics
1. What is a linear and non-linear data structure?
2. What is an array data structure?
Stack & Queue
3. What is a stack data structure? What are the operations available on stack?
4. What is a queue data structure? What are the operations available on queue?
5. What is a priority queue?
Linked List
6. What is a linked list and its types?
7. What are the advantages of a linked list over an array? In which scenarios do we use
Linked List and when Array?
8. What is the time complexity of linked list operations (insertion, deletion, search,
traversal)?
Hashing
9. What is a hashmap in data structure and its time complexity?
10.What is hashing? What are the different techniques of hashing?
11. What is the time complexity of search, insert, and delete operations in a Hash Table?
Trees
12.What is a binary tree data structure?
13.What is a binary search tree (BST) data structure?
14.What are tree traversals? (Inorder, Preorder, Postorder)
15.What is an AVL tree data structure?
16.Define Red-Black Tree.
17.What is a heap data structure?
Graphs
18.What is a graph data structure and its representations?
19.What is the difference between Breadth First Search (BFS) and Depth First Search
(DFS)?
20.What approach would you take to find the shortest route between two locations?
(Dijkstra's algorithm)
Algorithms & Complexity
21.What is an asymptotic analysis of an algorithm?
22.Which sorting algorithm is considered the fastest? Why?
23.Learn best case, average case, worst case time complexity of:
● Bubble Sort
● Selection Sort
● Insertion Sort
● Merge Sort
● Quick Sort
24.What is merge sort? How does it work?
25.What are the advantages of binary search over linear search?
26.What is the time complexity of binary search?
27.What is the time complexity to search in an unsorted and sorted array?
Recursion
28.What is recursion?
Operating system
Basics
1. What is a bootstrap program in OS?
2. What is the difference between main memory and secondary memory?
Memory Management
3. What is thrashing in OS?
4. What is the difference between paging and segmentation?
5. What is the difference between internal fragmentation and external fragmentation?
6. What is virtual memory?
7. Explain demand paging.
8. What do you mean by Belady’s Anomaly?
Processes & Threads
9. What is a thread in OS?
10.What is a process? What are the different states of a process?
11. What is the difference between a process and a thread?
12.What are various sections of a process?
Scheduling & Synchronization
13.What is a Scheduling Algorithm? Explain different types of scheduling algorithms.
Which algorithm gives best throughput?
14.What do you mean by process synchronization? Explain process synchronization
techniques.
15.What is the critical section?
16.What is preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling?
Kernel, Semaphores, Mutex
17.What is a Kernel in OS?
18.What do you mean by Semaphore in OS? What are its types?
19.Explain the difference between Semaphore and Mutex.
Context Switching & Deadlocks
20.What is Context Switching?
21.What is a deadlock in OS? What are the necessary conditions for a deadlock?
22.What is starvation and how is it different from deadlock?
Networks
Network Basics & Topology
1. Define different types of network topology.
2. What is DNS?
3. What is the use of a router and how is it different from a gateway?
4. What is the SMTP protocol?
OSI Model & Protocols
5. Define the 7 different layers of the OSI Reference Model. Explain protocols associated
with each layer.
6. What are the HTTP and the HTTPS protocols?
7. What is the TCP and UDP protocol? Compare.
8. What is the ICMP protocol?
9. What is the ARP protocol?
Addressing
10.What is the MAC address and IP address? Compare.
11. What is a port number? What is a socket?
12.What is subnetting?
13.Compare Hub vs Switch.
14.What is a firewall?
15.What are the different classes of IPv4?
16.What are unicasting, multicasting, broadcasting, and anycasting?
IP Address Practice
17.Identify the Class, Network IP Address, Direct Broadcast Address, and Limited
Broadcast Address of each IP Address:
● [Link]
● [Link]
Application Layer Protocols
18.Which protocols work with the Application Layer?
Subnetting & Hosts
19.How many hosts will be in a /29 subnet?
Previously asked problems -
● Tell me about yourself.
● Can you elaborate on the projects listed in your resume?
● How do you measure the effectiveness of your client advocacy efforts?
● What is a class and a method?
● Write a for loop to print elements.
● What are the roles & responsibilities of a System Engineer at Infosys?
● What are global and local variables?
● How have you addressed security concerns in your project?
● Explain your last project.
● What aspects of your resume would you like to highlight?
● What is C?
● Tell me about Java.
● Tell me about your education.
● Tell me about your past experience.
●
● What is the process for reversing a number?
● What is cloud computing?
● Explain the difference between for and while loops and do while loop.
● . What is a tuple, and how does it differ from a list?
● Write a DBMS query to retrieve student records using a nested query.
● What is the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC)?
● What is a pointer in programming?
● What SQL statement would you use to update a record in the database?
● Write a query to join two tables and display the top 5 employees.
● . Explain arrays.
● What are neural networks?
● Write a program to sort a list.
● What are the different data types available in C?
● Write code to generate a specific star pattern.
● Tell me about classes and objects.
● What is a list in Python?
● Given an array of integers, find the maximum value in the array.
● Given an array of integers, find the third largest element in the array.
● What are the differences between C++ and Java?
● Describe the different phases of the DevOps lifecycle and their importance
● Write queries to update, alter, and create tables.
● How are arrays passed to functions? Explain pass by value vs. pass by reference
● What is an anonymous function, and how is it useful in Python?
● What are the key features of C++ that are not present in C?
● Write a C++ program to determine whether a given number is odd or even.
● What is the purpose of a default case in a switch statement?
● Explain the difference between C and Python.