Jafri 1

Density Lab

Nyle Jafri

SCH3UH

Mrs. Kolodziejcyzk

March 19, 2024

Raw Quantitative Data:

Table 1: The Volume and Mass of the Unknown Liquid at Three Different Trials

Set Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Volume Mass Volume Mass Volume Mass

± 0.5 mL ± 0.01 g ± 0.5 mL ± 0.01 g ± 0.5 mL ± 0.01 g

1 20.1 20.64 20.0 19.70 19.9 18.92

2 39.9 39.58 40.0 40.25 40.1 39.60

3 59.9 59.77 59.9 59.02 59.9 59.08

4 80.0 79.98 79.8 78.56 80.1 80.19

5 99.9 99.13 99.8 97.69 99.9 98.25

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Qualitative Data:

Table 2: Qualitative Observations

Set Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Overall - The liquid was clear and transparent

- The liquid had a low viscosity.

- The liquid had no odour.

1 - The graduated - The graduated cylinder - The graduated cylinder

cylinder had no had some liquid droplets had many liquid droplets

liquid droplets on the on the inner walls of its on the inner walls of its

inner walls of its container. container

container; it was - No liquid spilled onto the - No liquid spilled onto

fully dry. scale during this trial. the scale during this trial.

- No liquid spilled

onto the scale during

this trial.

2 - The graduated - The graduated cylinder - The graduated cylinder

cylinder had few had some liquid droplets many liquid droplets on

liquid drops on its on the inner walls of its the inner walls of its

inner walls. container. container

- No liquid spilled - No liquid spilled onto the - None of the liquid

onto the scale during scale during this trial spilled onto the scale

this trial. during this trial

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3 - The graduated - The graduated cylinder - The graduated cylinder

cylinder had few had many liquid droplets had many liquid droplets

liquid drops on its on the inner walls of its on the inner walls of its

inner walls. container container.

- No liquid spilled - No liquid spilled onto the - Some liquid droplets

onto the scale during scale during this trial. spilled onto the scale

this trial. during this trial

4 - The graduated - The graduated cylinder - The graduated cylinder

cylinder had few had many liquid droplets had many liquid droplets

liquid drops on its on the inner walls of its on the inner walls of its

inner walls. container container

- Some liquid - Some droplets of the - Some droplets of liquid

droplets spilled onto liquid spilled onto the spilled onto the scale

the scale during this scale during this trial. during this trial.

trial.

5 - The graduated - The graduated cylinder - The graduated cylinder

cylinder had few had many liquid droplets had many liquid droplets

liquid drops on its on the inner walls of its on the inner walls of its

inner walls. container container

- No liquid spilled - Some droplets of the - No liquid spilled onto

onto the scale during liquid spilled onto the the scale during this trial.

this trial. scale during this trial.

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Calculating Average Mass for Set 1

Average mass can be found by finding the sum of all masses and dividing by the number of

values. This is a sample calculation for Set 1 and the same method of calculation is applied to

each of the other sets 2 through 5, inclusive.

Calculation of Average Mass in grams (g) for Set 1

mavg = (m1 + m2 + m3) / 3

mavg = (20.64 g + 19.70 g + 18.92 g) / 3

mavg = 19.753 g

mavg ≐19.75 g

Calculation of Absolute Uncertainty in Average Mass in grams (g) for Set 1

Uncertainty = (0.01 g + 0.01 g + 0.01 g) / 3

= 0.01 g

Final Average Mass in grams (g)

Vavg 1 = 19.75 ± 0.01 g

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Calculating Average Volume for Set 1

Average volumes can be calculated by finding the sum of all volumes and dividing by the

number of values. This is a sample calculation for set 1 and the same method of calculation is

then applied to each of the other sets 2 through 5, inclusive.

Calculation of Average Volume in milliliters (mL) for Set 1

VAvg = (V1 + V2 + V3) / 3

VAvg = (20.1 mL + 20.0 mL + 19.9 mL) / 3

V1 = 20.0 mL

Calculation of Absolute Uncertainty in Average Volume in milliliters (mL) for Set 1

Uncertainty = (0.5 mL + 0.5 mL + 0.5 mL) / 3

= 0.5 mL

Final Average Volume in milliliters (mL)

Vavg 1 = 20.0 ± 0.5 mL

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Table 3: The Average Mass and Average Volume of Unknown Liquid for Sets 1-5

Unrounded Rounded Average Unrounded Average Rounded Average

Set Average Mass (g) Mass ± 0.01 (g) Volume (mL) Volume ± 0.5 (mL)

1 19.753 19.75 20.0 20.0

2 39.810 39.81 40.0 40.0

3 59.29 59.29 59.9 59.9

4 79.577 79.58 79.97 80.0

5 98.357 98.36 99.87 99.9

Calculating Average Density for Set 1

Calculating density is taken by dividing the volume from the mass. In these calculations, we will

be using the average values for our density calculations. Our uncertainties will be shown as

absolutes but percent uncertainties will be used to calculate this. The densities for sets 2 through

5, inclusive, can be replicated using the same methodology.

Average Density of Unknown Liquid in g/mL for Set 1

Davg = mAvg / VAvg

Davg = 19.753 g / 20.0 mL

Davg = 0.9877 g/mL

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D1 ≐ 0.99 g/mL

Uncertainty in Average Density of Liquid in g/mL for Set 1

Percentage Uncertainty of Average Mass:

% Uncertainty = (Absolute Uncertainty / m) x 100%

% U = (0.01 g / 19.753 g) x 100%

% U = 0.05062

Percentage Uncertainty of Average Volume:

% Uncertainty = (Absolute Uncertainty / m) x 100%

% U = (0.5 / 20.0 mL) x 100%

% U = 2.5%

Percentage Uncertainty of Average Density:

= % Uncertainty of Mass + % Uncertainty of Volume

= 0.0506% + 2.5%

= 2.551%

Absolute Uncertainty of Average Density

= (% Uncertainty of Average Density / 100%) * Average Density

= (2.551% / 100%) * 0.9877 g/mL

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= 0.025 g/mL

Table 4: Average Densities for Each of Sets 1-5

Set Rounded Average Density (g/mL) Rounded Percent Uncertainty (%)

1 0.9877 2.5551

2 0.9953 1.2751

3 0.9898 0.8516

4 0.9951 0.6378

5 0.9849 0.5108

Calculating Final Average Density

Average Density Final of Liquid in g/mL

DF = (D1 + D 2 + D3 + D4 + D5) / 5

DF = [(0.9877 + 0.9953 + 0.9898 + 0.9951 + 0.9849) g/mL] / 5

DF = 0.9905 g/mL

DF = 0.99 g/mL
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Uncertainty of Average Density Final of Liquid in g/mL

Percentage Uncertainty of Final Average Density:

= (2.5551% + 1.2751% + 0.8516% + 0.6378 + 0.5108%) / 5

= 1.6152%

Absolute Uncertainty of Final Average Density

= (% Uncertainty / 100%) x 0.9905 g/mL

= (1.6152% / 100%) x 0.9905 g/mL

= 0.0115 g/mL

= 0.01 g/mL

Final Average Density

D1 = 0.99 ± 0.01 g/mL

Table 5: Average Calculated Densities Sets 1-5

Set Final Average Density (g/mL) Absolute Uncertainty (g/mL)

1 0.99 0.03

2 1.0 0.01

3 0.990 0.008
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4 0.995 0.006

5 0.985 0.005

[Figure 1 Average Volume (mL) vs Average Mass (g)]

Extension (Evaluation)

The literature density value for the unknown liquid is 1.00 g/mL. The uncertainty that we found

was 0.99 ± 0.01 g/mL and that means the literature value is within the range. We can calculate

the percent error to determine the accuracy of the experiment and our values. A low percentage

error value means that the results were highly accurate.

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Percentage Error Calculation

Percentage Error (%)

% error = (|literature value - experimental value| / literature value) x 100%

% error = (|1.00 g/mL - 0.9905 g/mL| / 1.00 g/mL) x 100%

% error = 0.95%

As our percentage error is 0.95% which is very low it shows that the results of the experiment

are highly accurate with very little error. After analyzing the quantitative data, it's evident that

there are distinct values for the measured mass corresponding to each respective volume across

trials. This variation suggests a moderate level of precision, indicating that random errors are

likely the main sources of discrepancies. Random and inconsistent movements could likely occur

which would affect the readings of the scales. A systematic error would be the angle at which the

experimenters looked at the cylinder as this would also affect the readings of the volume of the

liquid in the cylinder.