DOE/EIA-0035(2025/8)

August 2025
Monthly
Energy Review
[Link]/mer
Monthly Energy Review
The Monthly Energy Review (MER) is the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) primary report of recent and
historical U.S. energy statistics. Included are statistics on total energy production, consumption, stocks, trade, and energy
prices; overviews of petroleum, natural gas, coal, electricity, nuclear energy, and renewable energy; carbon dioxide
emissions; and data unit conversions.
Release of the MER is in keeping with responsibilities given to EIA in Public Law 95–91 (Department of Energy Organization
Act), which states, in part, in Section 205(a)(2):

“The Administrator shall be responsible for carrying out a central, comprehensive, and unified energy data and information
program which will collect, evaluate, assemble, analyze, and disseminate data and information…”

The MER is intended for use by members of Congress, federal and state agencies, energy analysts, and the general public.
EIA welcomes suggestions from readers regarding MER content and other EIA publications.

Related monthly publications: Other monthly EIA reports are Petroleum Supply Monthly, Petroleum Marketing Monthly,
Natural Gas Monthly, and Electric Power Monthly. For more information, contact EIA’s Office of Communications via email
at infoctr@[Link].

Important notes about the data

Data displayed: For tables beginning in 1949, annual data are usually displayed only in 5-year increments between 1950
and 2010 in the tables in Portable Document Format (PDF) files; however, all annual data are shown in the Excel files,
comma-separated values (CSV) files, application programming interface (API) files, and in the data browser. Also, only two
to three years of monthly data are displayed in the PDF files; however, for many series, monthly data beginning with
January 1973 are available in the Excel files, CSV files, API files, and in the data browser.

Comprehensive changes: Each month, most MER tables and figures present data for a new month. These data are usually
preliminary (and sometimes estimated or forecasted) and likely to be revised the following month. The first dissemination
of most annual data is also preliminary. It is often based on monthly estimates and is likely to be revised later that year
after final data are published from sources, according to source data revision policies and publication schedules. In
addition, EIA may revise historical data when a major revision in a source publication is needed, when new data sources
become available, or when estimation methodologies are improved. A record of current and historical changes to MER
data is available at [Link]

Annual data from 1949: In 2013, EIA expanded the MER to incorporate annual data as far back as 1949 in those data
tables that were previously published in both the Annual Energy Review and MER.

Electronic access
The MER is available on EIA’s website in various formats at [Link]

• Full report and report tables: PDF files

• Table data (unrounded): Excel files, CSV files, API files, and data browser
• Graphs: PDF files and data browser

Note: PDF files display selected annual and monthly data; Excel files, CSV files, API files, and data browser display all
available annual and monthly data, often with greater precision than the PDF files.

Timing of release: The MER is posted at [Link] no later than the last work day
of the month.

Released: August 26, 2025

 DOE/EIA-0035(2025/8)

Monthly Energy Review

August 2025

U.S. Energy Information Administration

Office of Energy Statistics
U.S. Department of Energy
Washington, DC 20585

This report was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical and analytical agency within the
U.S. Department of Energy. By law, EIA’s data, analyses, and forecasts are independent of approval by any other officer or employee
of the United States Government. The views in this report therefore should not be construed as representing those of the Department
of Energy or other federal agencies.
 Contacts
The Monthly Energy Review is prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Statistics, Office of
Energy Demand and Integrated Statistics, Integrated Statistics Team, under the direction of Ryan Repice, 202-586-5828
([Link]@[Link]). Questions and comments specifically related to the Monthly Energy Review may be addressed to Alexander
Sun, 202-287-5948 ([Link]@[Link]).

For assistance in acquiring data, please contact EIA’s Office of Communications at 202-586-8800 (infoctr@[Link]). Questions
about the collection, processing, or interpretation of the information may be directed to the following subject specialists:

Section 1. Energy Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eiainfototalenergy@[Link]

Section 2. Energy Consumption by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eiainfototalenergy@[Link]

Section 3. Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eiainfopetroleum@[Link]

Section 4. Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eiainfonaturalgas@[Link]

Section 5. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Resource Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . eiainfopetroleum@[Link]

Section 6. Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eiainfocoal@[Link]

Section 7. Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eiainfoelectric@[Link]

Section 8. Nuclear Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eiainfonuclear@[Link]

Section 9. Energy Prices

Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eiainfopetroleum@[Link]

Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . eiainfonaturalgas@[Link]

Average Prices of Electricity to Ultimate Customers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eiainfoelectric@[Link]

Cost of Fuel at Electric Generating Plants . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eiainfoelectric@[Link]

Section 10. Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eiainforenewable@[Link]

Section 11. Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eiainfoenvironment@[Link]

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

ii
 Contents
Page

Section 1. Energy Overview ...........................................................................................1

Section 2. Energy Consumption by Sector ...................................................................39
Section 3. Petroleum.....................................................................................................63
Section 4. Natural Gas ................................................................................................105
Section 5. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Resource Development ..................................115
Section 6. Coal ...........................................................................................................121
Section 7. Electricity ..................................................................................................131
Section 8. Nuclear Energy ..........................................................................................163
Section 9. Energy Prices .............................................................................................169
Section 10. Renewable Energy .....................................................................................189
Section 11. Environment ..............................................................................................213
Appendix A. British Thermal Unit Conversion Factors ..................................................227
Appendix B. Metric Conversion Factors, Metric Prefixes, and Other
Physical Conversion Factors......................................................................243
Appendix C. Population, U.S. Gross Domestic Product, and U.S. Gross Output ...........247
Appendix D. Estimated Primary Energy Consumption in the United States,
Selected Years, 1635–1945 .......................................................................249
Appendix E. Alternative Measures for the Energy Content of Noncombustible
Renewables ................................................................................................253
Appendix F. Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure ...................................................261

Glossary.........................................................................................................................................267

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

iii
Tables
Page
Section 1. Energy Overview
1.1 Primary Energy Overview ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.2 Primary Energy Production by Source ..................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Primary Energy Consumption by Source ................................................................................................. 7
1.4a Primary Energy Imports by Source ........................................................................................................ ..9
1.4b Primary Energy Exports by Source ........................................................................................................ 11
1.4c Primary Energy Net Imports by Source ................................................................................................. 13
1.5 Merchandise Trade Value ...................................................................................................................... 15
1.6 Cost of Fuels to End Users in Real (1982–1984) Dollars ...................................................................... 17
1.7 Primary Energy Consumption, Energy Expenditures, and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Indicators ........ 19
1.8 Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Economy ........................................................... 21
1.9 Light-Duty Vehicle Average Miles Traveled by Technology Type ....................................................... 22
1.10 Electric and Fuel Cell Electric Light-Duty Vehicles Overview ............................................................. 23
1.11 Heating Degree Days by Census Division ............................................................................................. 24
1.12 Cooling Degree Days by Census Division ............................................................................................. 25
1.13a Non-Combustion Use of Fossil Fuels in Physical Units ........................................................................ 26
1.13b Heat Content of Non-Combustion Use of Fossil Fuels .......................................................................... 27

Section 2. Energy Consumption by Sector

2.1a Energy Consumption: Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Sectors................................................ 42
2.1b Energy Consumption: Transportation Sector, Total End-Use Sectors, and Electric Power Sector ........ 43
2.2 Residential Sector Energy Consumption................................................................................................ 45
2.3 Commercial Sector Energy Consumption .............................................................................................. 47
2.4 Industrial Sector Energy Consumption .................................................................................................. 49
2.5 Transportation Sector Energy Consumption .......................................................................................... 51
2.6 Electric Power Sector Energy Consumption .......................................................................................... 53
2.7 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency, Fiscal Years ......................................................... 54
2.8 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Source, Fiscal Years .......................................................... 55

Section 3. Petroleum
3.1 Petroleum Overview............................................................................................................................... 65
3.2 Refinery and Blender Net Inputs and Net Production ............................................................................ 67
3.3 Petroleum Trade
3.3a Overview.................................................................................................................................. 69
3.3b Imports by Type....................................................................................................................... 71
3.3c Imports From OPEC Countries ................................................................................................ 72
3.3d Imports From Non-OPEC Countries........................................................................................ 73
3.3e Exports by Type ....................................................................................................................... 74
3.3f Exports by Country of Destination .......................................................................................... 75
3.4 Petroleum Stocks.................................................................................................................................... 77
3.5 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type ................................................................................................... 79
3.6 Heat Content of Petroleum Products Supplied by Type ......................................................................... 81
3.7 Petroleum Consumption
3.7a Residential and Commercial Sectors ....................................................................................... 83
3.7b Industrial Sector ....................................................................................................................... 84
3.7c Transportation and Electric Power Sectors .............................................................................. 85
3.8 Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption
3.8a Residential and Commercial Sectors ....................................................................................... 88
3.8b Industrial Sector ....................................................................................................................... 89
3.8c Transportation and Electric Power Sectors .............................................................................. 90

Section 4. Natural Gas

4.1 Natural Gas Overview ........................................................................................................................... 107
4.2a Natural Gas Imports by Country ........................................................................................................... 108
4.2b Natural Gas Exports by Country ........................................................................................................... 109

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

iv
Tables
Page

4.3 Natural Gas Consumption by Sector .................................................................................................. .110

4.4 Natural Gas in Underground Storage .................................................................................................. .111

Section 5. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Resource Development

5.1 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Activity Measurements ............................................................... 117
5.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Wells and Footage Drilled ........................................................................ 119

Section 6. Coal
6.1 Coal Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 123
6.2 Coal Consumption by Sector................................................................................................................ 124
6.3 Coal Stocks by Sector .......................................................................................................................... 125

Section 7. Electricity
7.1 Electricity Overview ............................................................................................................................ 133
7.2 Electricity Net Generation
7.2a Total (All Sectors) ................................................................................................................. 135
7.2b Electric Power Sector............................................................................................................. 136
7.2c Commercial and Industrial Sectors ........................................................................................ 137
7.3 Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation
7.3a Total (All Sectors) ................................................................................................................. 139
7.3b Electric Power Sector............................................................................................................. 140
7.3c Commercial and Industrial Sectors (Selected Fuels) ............................................................. 141
7.4 Consumption of Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output
7.4a Total (All Sectors) ................................................................................................................. 143
7.4b Electric Power Sector............................................................................................................. 144
7.4c Commercial and Industrial Sectors (Selected Fuels) ............................................................. 145
7.5 Stocks of Coal and Petroleum: Electric Power Sector ........................................................................ 147
7.6 Electricity End Use and Electric Vehicle Use ..................................................................................... 149
7.7 Electric Net Summer Capacity
7.7a Total (All Sectors) ................................................................................................................. 150
7.7b Electric Power Sector............................................................................................................. 151
7.7c Commercial Sector ................................................................................................................ 152
7.7d Industrial Sector ..................................................................................................................... 153
7.8 Capacity Factors and Usage Factors at Electric Generators
7.8a Total (All Sectors) ................................................................................................................. 154
7.8b Electric Power Sector............................................................................................................. 155
7.8c Commercial Sector ................................................................................................................ 156
7.8d Industrial Sector ..................................................................................................................... 157

Section 8. Nuclear Energy

8.1 Nuclear Energy Overview .................................................................................................................... 165
8.2 Uranium Overview ............................................................................................................................... 167

Section 9. Energy Prices

9.1 Crude Oil Price Summary .................................................................................................................... 171
9.2 F.O.B. Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries .............................................................. 172
9.3 Landed Costs of Crude Oil Imports From Selected Countries ............................................................. 173
9.4 Retail Motor Gasoline and On-Highway Diesel Fuel Prices ................................................................ 174
9.5 Refiner Prices of Residual Fuel Oil ...................................................................................................... 175
9.6 Refiner Prices of Petroleum Products for Resale ................................................................................. 176
9.7 Refiner Prices of Petroleum Products to End Users ............................................................................. 177
9.8 Average Prices of Electricity to Ultimate Customers ........................................................................... 179
9.9 Cost of Fossil-Fuel Receipts at Electric Generating Plants .................................................................. 181
9.10 Natural Gas Prices ................................................................................................................................ 183

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

v
Tables
Page
Section 10. Renewable Energy
10.1 Renewable Energy Production and Consumption by Source ............................................................... 191
10.2 Renewable Energy Consumption
10.2a Residential and Commercial Sectors ..................................................................................... 192
10.2b Industrial Sector .................................................................................................................... 193
10.2c Transportation and Electric Power Sectors ............................................................................ 194
10.3 Fuel Ethanol Overview ........................................................................................................................ 195
10.4a Biodiesel Overview .............................................................................................................................. 196
10.4b Renewable Diesel Fuel Overview......................................................................................................... 197
10.4c Other Biofuels Overview ...................................................................................................................... 198
10.5 Solar Energy Consumption ................................................................................................................... 199
10.6 Solar Electricity Net Generation ........................................................................................................... 200

Section 11. Environment

11.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Source ..................................................... 215
11.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption: Residential Sector ...................................... 217
11.3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption: Commercial Sector .................................... 218
11.4 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption: Industrial Sector ......................................... 219
11.5 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption: Transportation Sector................................. 220
11.6 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption: Electric Power Sector ................................ 221
11.7 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Biomass Energy Consumption........................................................ 222

Appendix A. British Thermal Unit Conversion Factors

A1 Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum and Biofuels ....................................................................... 228
A2 Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Production, Imports, and Exports ....................................... 229
A3 Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption and Fuel Ethanol .......................................... 230
A4 Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas .......................................................................................... 231
A5 Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke ............................................................................. 232
A6 Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity, and Heat Content of Electricity ........................................... 233

Appendix B. Metric Conversion Factors, Metric Prefixes, and Other Physical Conversion Factors
B1 Metric Conversion Factors ................................................................................................................... 245
B2 Metric Prefixes ..................................................................................................................................... 246
B3 Other Physical Conversion Factors ...................................................................................................... 246

Appendix C. Population, U.S. Gross Domestic Product, and U.S. Gross Output
C1 Population, U.S. Gross Domestic Product, and U.S. Gross Output ..................................................... 248

Appendix D. Estimated Primary Energy Consumption in the United States, Selected Years, 1635–1945
D1 Estimated Primary Energy Consumption in the United States, Selected Years, 1635–1945 ............... 250

Appendix E. Alternative Measures for the Energy Content of Noncombustible Renewables

E1 Primary Energy Overview, Fossil Fuel Equivalency Approach ........................................................... 256
E2 Primary Energy Production by Source, Fossil Fuel Equivalency Approach ........................................ 257
E3 Primary Energy Consumption by Source, Fossil Fuel Equivalency Approach .................................... 258
E4 Renewable Energy Production and Consumption by Source, Fossil Fuel Equivalency Approach ...... 259

Appendix F. Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

F1 Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure ............................................................................................. 262

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

vi
Figures

Page
Section 1. Energy Overview
1.1 Primary Energy Overview ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.2 Primary Energy Production ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Primary Energy Consumption .................................................................................................................. 6
1.4a Primary Energy Imports ........................................................................................................................... 8
1.4b Primary Energy Exports ......................................................................................................................... 10
1.4c Primary Energy Net Imports .................................................................................................................. 12
1.5 Merchandise Trade Value ...................................................................................................................... 14
1.6 Cost of Fuels to End Users in Real (1982–1984) Dollars ...................................................................... 16
1.7 Primary Energy Consumption and Energy Expenditures Indicators ...................................................... 18
1.8 Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Economy, 1949–2023 ....................................... 20
1.9 Annual Average Vehicle Miles Traveled and Vehicle Stock Distribution by Vintage for Select
Technology Types, 2022 .................................................................................................................... 29

Section 2. Energy Consumption by Sector

2.1a Energy Consumption by Sector, 1949–2024 .......................................................................................... 40
2.1b Energy Consumption by Sector, Monthly .............................................................................................. 41
2.2 Residential Sector Energy Consumption ................................................................................................ 44
2.3 Commercial Sector Energy Consumption .............................................................................................. 46
2.4 Industrial Sector Energy Consumption .................................................................................................. 48
2.5 Transportation Sector Energy Consumption .......................................................................................... 50
2.6 Electric Power Sector Energy Consumption .......................................................................................... 52

Section 3. Petroleum
3.1 Petroleum Overview............................................................................................................................... 64
3.2 Refinery and Blender Net Inputs and Net Production ............................................................................ 66
3.3 Petroleum Trade
3.3a Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 68
3.3b Imports and Exports by Type ...................................................................................................... 70
3.4 Petroleum Stocks.................................................................................................................................... 76
3.5 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type ................................................................................................... 78
3.6 Heat Content of Petroleum Products Supplied by Type ......................................................................... 80
3.7 Petroleum Consumption by Sector ......................................................................................................... 82
3.8a Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption by End-User Sector, 1949–2024 .......................................... 86
3.8b Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption by End-User Sector, Monthly............................................... 87

Section 4. Natural Gas

4.1 Natural Gas .......................................................................................................................................... 106

Section 5. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Resource Development

5.1 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Activity Measurements ............................................................... 116
5.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Wells and Footage Drilled ........................................................................ 118

Section 6. Coal
6.1 Coal ...................................................................................................................................................... 122

Section 7. Electricity
7.1 Electricity Overview ............................................................................................................................ 132
7.2 Electricity Net Generation .................................................................................................................... 134
7.3 Consumption of Selected Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation ............................................. 138
7.4 Consumption of Selected Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and
Useful Thermal Output..................................................................................................................... 142

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 vii

Figures
Page

7.5 Stocks of Coal and Petroleum: Electric Power Sector ........................................................................ 146
7.6 Electricity End Use .............................................................................................................................. 148

Section 8. Nuclear Energy

8.1 Nuclear Energy Overview .................................................................................................................... 164
8.2 Uranium Overview ............................................................................................................................... 166

Section 9. Energy Prices

9.1 Petroleum Prices .................................................................................................................................. 170
9.2 Average Prices of Electricity to Ultimate Customers........................................................................... 178
9.3 Cost of Fossil-Fuel Receipts at Electric Generating Plants .................................................................. 180
9.4 Natural Gas Prices ................................................................................................................................ 182

Section 10. Renewable Energy

10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption ......................................................................................................... 190

Section 11. Environment

11.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Source ..................................................... 214
11.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector ...................................................... 216

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

viii
1. Energy
Overview
Figure 1.1 Primary Energy Overview
(Quadrillion Btu)

Overview, 1949–2024
120

Consumption
100

80

Production
60

40 Imports

20
Exports

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Overview, Monthly
12

10
Production

Consumption
6

4
Exports

2
Imports

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

Overview, May 2025 Net Imports, January–May

10 0.0
9.043

8 7.404 -1.0

6 -2.0

4 -3.0
-3.019
2.577

1.735 -3.626
2 -4.0
-4.256

0 -5.0
Production Imports Exports Consumption 2023 2024 2025

Web Page: [Link]

Source: Table 1.1.

2 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 3
Figure 1.2 Primary Energy Production
(Quadrillion Btu)

By Source, 1949–2024
50

40
Natural Gas

30

Coal

20
Crude Oil and NGPL [a]

10 Nuclear Electric Power

Renewable Energy
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

By Source, Monthly
4

Natural Gas

3
Crude Oil and NGPL [a]

1 Coal
Renewable Energy
Nuclear Electric Power

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

Total, January–May By Source, May 2025

50
43.667 Natural Gas
42.072 42.407 3.450

40
Crude Oil and NGPL [a] 3.207

30

Coal 0.953

20

Renewable Energy 0.782

10

Nuclear Electric Power 0.650

0
2023 2024 2025 0 1 2 3 4

[a] Natural gas plant liquids.

Web Page: [Link]
Source: Table 1.2.

4 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 5
Figure 1.3 Primary Energy Consumption
(Quadrillion Btu)

By Source, [a] 1949–2024

45

Petroleum

30
Natural Gas

15 Coal

Nuclear Electric Power

Renewable Energy
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

By Source, [a] Monthly

5

Petroleum
3

Natural Gas
2

Nuclear Electric Power

Coal
1 Renewable Energy

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

Total, January–May By Source, [a] May 2025

50
Petroleum 3.025
39.087 40.118
38.683
40
Natural Gas 2.390

30

Renewable Energy 0.749

20

Nuclear Electric Power 0.650

10

Coal 0.586

0
2023 2024 2025 0 1 2 3 4

[a] Small quantities of net imports of coal coke and electricity are not shown.
Web Page: [Link]
Source: Table 1.3.

6 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 7
Figure 1.4a Primary Energy Imports
(Quadrillion Btu)

By Source, 1949–2024
25
Crude Oil [a]

20

15

10
Petroleum Products [b]

5
Natural Gas
Other [c]
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

By Source, Monthly
1.5

Crude Oil [a]

1.0

0.5
Petroleum Products [b]

Natural Gas
Other [c]
0.0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

Total, January–May Total, Monthly

10 3
8.953 9.050
8.528

8
2

4 1

2 2023 2024 2025

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0
2023 2024 2025

[a] Crude oil and lease condensate, includes imports into the Strategic [c] Coal, coal coke, biomass, and electricity.
Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. Web Page: [Link]
[b] Petroleum products, unfinished oils, natural gasoline, and gasoline Source: Table 1.4a.
blending components. Does not include biofuels.

8 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 9
Figure 1.4b Primary Energy Exports
(Quadrillion Btu)

By Source, 1949–2024
14

12

Petroleum Products [b]

10
Crude Oil [a]
8

6 Natural Gas

4
Coal [c]
2
Other [d]
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

By Source, Monthly
1.2

Petroleum Products [b]

0.8 Crude Oil [a]

Natural Gas

0.4
Coal [c]

Other [d]
0.0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

Total, January–May
Total, Monthly
15
3.0
12.676 12.784
11.971
12 2.5

2.0
9
1.5

6 1.0

0.5
3 2023 2024 2025

0.0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0
2023 2024 2025

[a] Crude oil and lease condensate. [d] Biomass and electricity
[b] Petroleum products, unfinished oils, natural gasoline, and gasoline Web Page: [Link]
blending components. Does not include biofuels. Source: Table 1.4b.
[c] Includes coal coke.

10 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 11
Figure 1.4c Primary Energy Net Imports
(Quadrillion Btu)

Total, 1949–2024
40

30

20

10

-10

-20
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

By Major Source, 1949–2024

24 Crude Oil [a]

16

Petroleum Products [b]

Natural Gas

0
Coal [c]

-8
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Total, Monthly
By Major Source, Monthly
0.00
1.0

-0.25
0.5
Crude Oil [a]
-0.50

0.0
-0.75 Coal [c]

-0.5 Natural Gas

-1.00
Petroleum Products [b]

-1.25 -1.0
J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND
2023 2024 2025 2023 2024 2025

[a] Crude oil and lease condensate. Includes imports into the Strategic [c] Includes coal coke.
Petroleum Reserve, which began in 1977. Web Page: [Link]
[b] Petroleum products, unfinished oils, natural gasoline, and gasoline Source: Table 1.4c.
blending components. Does not include biofuels.

12 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 13
Figure 1.5 Merchandise Trade Value
(Billion Dollars[a])

Imports and Exports, 1974–2024 Imports and Exports, Monthly

3,500 400

350
3,000

300 Total Imports

Total Imports
2,500

250

2,000
200
Total Exports

1,500
150

1,000 Total Exports 100

50
500 Energy Imports Energy Exports

Energy Imports
Energy Exports 0
J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND
0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2023 2024 2025

Trade Balance, 1974–2024 Trade Balance, Monthly

200 25
Non-Energy
Energy

0 0
Energy

-200 -25

-50
-400

-75
-600 Total

-100
Non-Energy
-800
Total
-125
-1000

-150
-1200

-175
J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND
-1400
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2023 2024 2025

[a] Prices are not adjusted for inflation. See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary.
Web Page: [Link]
Source: Table 1.5.

14 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 15
Figure 1.6 Cost of Fuels to End Users In Real (1982–1984) Dollars

Costs, 1960–2024
30

25
Dollars per Million Btu

Residential Electricity [a]

20

15

10
Motor Gasoline [a]

5 Residential Heating Oil [b]

Residential Natural Gas [a]

0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Costs, May 2025 Residential Electricity, [a] Monthly

18 6
15.93

15
Cents per Kilowatthour
Dollars per Million Btu

12 4

8.91
9

5.74 2
6

3 2023 2024 2025

0
0 J F M A M J J A S O N D
Residential Motor Residential Natural
Electricity [a] Gasoline [a] Gas [a]

Motor Gasoline, [a] Monthly Residential Natural Gas, [a] Monthly

1.50 10
Dollars per Thousand Cubic Feet

8
Dollars per Gallon

1.00
6

4
0.50

2
2023 2024 2025 2023 2024 2025

0.00 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D

[a] Includes Taxes. Web Page: [Link]

[b] Excludes Taxes. Source: Tables 1.6.
Note: See “Real Dollars” in Glossary.

16 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 17
Figure 1.7 Primary Energy Consumption and Energy Expenditures Indicators

Energy Consumption per Capita, 1949–2024

400

300
Million Btu

200

100

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Primary Energy Consumption per Real Dollar [a] of Gross Domestic Product, 1949–2024
15
Thousand Btu per Chaned (2012) Dollar[a]

10

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Energy Expenditures as Share of Gross Domestic Product and Gross Output,[b] 1970–2023
16

Share of GDP

12
Percent

8 Share of Gross Output

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

[a] See “Chained Dollars” and “Real Dollars” in Glossary. Web Page: [Link]
[b] Gross output is the value of gross domestic product (GDP) plus the value Source: Table 1.7.
of intermediate inputs used to produce GDP.

18 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 19
Figure 1.8 Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Economy, 1949–2023

Mileage
40
Thousand Miles per Vehicle

30
Heavy Duty Trucks [c]

20

Light Duty Vehicles, Long Wheelbase [b]

10
Light Duty Vehicles, Short Wheelbase [a]

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Fuel Consumption
5 Heavy Duty Trucks [c]
Thousand Gallons per Vehicle

1 Light Duty Vehicles - Long Wheelbase [b]

Light Duty Vehicles - Short Wheelbase [a]

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Fuel Economy
30

25
Light Duty Vehicles, Short Wheelbase [a]
Miles per Gallon

20

15 Light Duty Vehicles, Long Wheelbase [b]

10

5
Heavy Duty Trucks [c]

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

[a] Through 1989, data are for passenger cars and motorcycles. For 1990–2006, passenger cars. For 1966–2006 data are for single-unit truck with 2 axles and
data are for passenger cars only. Beginning in 2007, data are for light-duty 6 or more tires, and combination trucks. Beginning in 2007, data are for
vehicles (passenger cars, light trucks, vans, and sport utility vehicles) with a single-unit trucks with 2 axles and 6 or more tires (or a gross vehicle weight
wheelbase less than or equal to 121 inches. rating exceeding 10,000 pounds), and combination trucks.
[b] For 1966–2000, data are for vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles. Note: Through 1965, “Light-Duty Vehicles, Long Wheelbase” data are
Beginning in 2007, data are for light-duty vehicles (passenger cars, light trucks, included in “Heavy-Duty Trucks.”
Web Page: [Link]
vans, and sport utility vehicles) with a wheelbase greater than 121 inches.
Source: Table 1.8.
[c] For 1949–1965, data are for single-unit trucks with 2 axles and 6 or more tires,
combination trucks, and other vehicles with 2 axles and 4 tires that are not

20 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 21
22 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 23
24 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 25
26 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 27
Energy Overview
Note 1. Merchandise Trade Value. Imports data presented are based on the customs values. Those values do not
include insurance and freight and are consequently lower than the cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) values, which are
also reported by the Bureau of the Census. All exports data, and imports data through 1980, are on a free alongside ship
(f.a.s.) basis.

“Balance” is exports minus imports; a positive balance indicates a surplus trade value and a negative balance indicates a
deficit trade value. “Energy” includes mineral fuels, lubricants, and related material. “Non-Energy Balance” and “Total
Merchandise” include foreign exports (i.e., re-exports) and nonmonetary gold and U.S. Department of Defense Grant-
Aid shipments. The “Non-Energy Balance” is calculated by subtracting the “Energy” from the “Total Merchandise
Balance.”

“Imports” consist of government and nongovernment shipments of merchandise into the 50 states, the District of
Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the U.S. Foreign Trade Zones. They reflect the total arrival from
foreign countries of merchandise that immediately entered consumption channels, warehouses, the Foreign Trade
Zones, or the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. They exclude shipments between the United States, Puerto Rico, and U.S.
possessions, shipments to U.S. Armed Forces and diplomatic missions abroad for their own use, U.S. goods returned to
the United States by its Armed Forces, and in-transit shipments.

Note 2. Light-Duty Vehicle Average Annual Miles Traveled by Technology Type. The average annual light-duty vehicle
miles traveled (VMT) by technology type is a stock-weighted estimate using the average VMT by vintage and the number
of vehicles (stock) by vintage to determine the overall average VMT by technology type. The top-level model is defined
as:

∑25
𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑡=1 𝑉𝑀𝑇𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑡,𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ ∗ 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑡,𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ
𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑉𝑀𝑇𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ =
∑25
𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑡=1 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑡,𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ

where 𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑉𝑀𝑇𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ is the average annual VMT by technology type; 𝑉𝑀𝑇𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑡,𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ is the average annual VMT by vintage
and technology type; 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑡,𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ is the total number of on-road light-duty vehicles by vintage and technology type;
𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑡 is the vintage of the vehicle, ranging from 1 to 25 years; and 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ is the vehicle technology type—motor gasoline
vehicles, diesel vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles (BEV), or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV).
The vintage of the vehicle relates the model year of the vehicle with the year being analyzed. For example, a model year
2024 vehicle in 2024 would have a vintage equal to one and a model year 2020 vehicle in 2024 would have a vintage
equal to five. The maximum vintage EIA uses is 25, resulting in all vehicles 25 years or older be grouped in vintage 25, so
a model year 1990 vehicle in 2024 would have a vintage equal to 25.

In general, newer vehicles are driven more than older vehicles. However, the average annual VMT for vintage one
vehicles is typically the lowest newer vintage VMT because many of these vehicles are not owned for an entire year
resulting in a lower average annual VMT for the first model year. The average annual VMT increases for the first few
vintages until it reaches the highest VMT by vintage, which occurs around seven years old. After the highest VMT by
vintage is reached, the average annual VMT decreases as the vintage increases.

While the general pattern for travel by vintage is relatively consistent across technology types, the distribution of the
stock by vintage is not consistent across technology types. For example, in 2022, nearly half of the motor gasoline
vehicles were over 10 years old while only 3% of PHEVs and 1% of BEVs were over 10 years old. This implies that the
average annual VMT for motor gasoline vehicles is more impacted by older vehicles than the average annual VMT for
BEVs and PHEVs. If the average annual VMT were calculated for 2022 using the first 10 vintages instead of all 25
vintages, the average annual VMT would increase by almost 11% for motor gasoline vehicles and change by less than 1%
for BEVs and PHEVs. When all vintages are included in the average annual VMT, the difference between motor gasoline
vehicles and BEV VMT is almost 3,000 miles per year in 2022. However, when only the first 10 years are included in the
average annual VMT calculation the difference increases to almost 4,000 miles per year. Similarly, the average annual
VMT difference between motor gasoline vehicles and PHEVs increases in 2022 from over 1,000 miles per year when all
25 vintages are included to over 2,000 miles per year when only the first 10 vintages are included.
28 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
Comparing the average annual VMT calculated using the first 10 vintages shows that BEVs and PHEVs have further to go
to reach annual average VMT parity with motor gasoline vehicles than what is implied using all 25 vintages. When year-
over-year growth in BEV and PHEV registrations slows down, their stock by vintage distribution will more closely
resemble that of the motor gasoline stock by vintage distribution, the more consistent comparison can be made using all
25 vintages. However, if high growth in new vehicle registrations continues for BEVs and PHEVs resulting in the vast
majority of electric vehicles (EVs) being less than or equal to 10 years old, then a more consistent comparison can be
made using a subset of vintages.

Note 3. Non-Combustion Use of Fossil Fuels. Most fossil fuels consumed in the United States and elsewhere are
combusted to produce heat and power. However, some are used directly for non-combustion use as construction
materials, chemical feedstocks, lubricants, solvents, and waxes. For example, coal tars from coal coke manufacturing are
used as feedstock in the chemical industry, for metallurgical work, and in anti-dandruff shampoos; natural gas is used to
make nitrogenous fertilizers and as chemical feedstocks; asphalt and road oil are used for roofing and paving;
hydrocarbon gas liquids are used to create intermediate products that are used in making plastics; lubricants, including
motor oil and greases, are used in vehicles and various industrial processes; petrochemical feedstocks are used to make
plastics, synthetic fabrics, and related products.

Coal
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) assumes all non-combustion use of coal comes from the process of
manufacturing coal coke in the industrial sector. Among the byproducts of the process are "coal tars" or "coal liquids,"
which typically are rich in aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, and are used as chemical feedstock. EIA estimates
non-combustion use ratios of coal tar for 1973 forward. Prior to 1998, estimate ratios are based on coal tar production
data from the United States International Trade Commission's Synthetic Organic Chemicals. For 1998 forward, coal tar
production is estimated using chemicals industry coal, coke, and breeze nonfuel use data from EIA, Form EIA-846,
“Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey” (MECS). For Table 1.13b, coal tar values in Table 1.13a are multiplied by
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 29
32.0067 million Btu/short ton, which is the product of 4.95 barrels/short ton (the density of coal tar) and 6.466 million
Btu/barrel (the approximate heat content of coal tar).

Natural Gas
EIA assumes that all non‐combustion use of natural gas takes place in the industrial sector. EIA estimates non‐
combustion ratios of natural gas using total natural gas nonfuel use data from MECS, and natural gas used as feedstock
for hydrogen production data from EIA, Form EIA-820, “Annual Refinery Report.” For Table 1.13b, natural gas values in
Table 1.13a are multiplied by the heat content factors for natural gas end-use sectors consumption shown in Table A4.

Asphalt and Road Oil

EIA assumes all asphalt and road oil consumption is for non-combustion use. For Table 1.13b, asphalt and road oil values
in Table 1.13a are multiplied by 6.636 million Btu/ barrel (the approximate heat content of asphalt and road oil) and the
number of days in the period.

Distillate Fuel Oil

EIA assumes that all non‐combustion use of distillate fuel oil occurs in the industrial sector. EIA estimates non‐
combustion ratios of distillate fuel oil using total distillate fuel oil nonfuel use data from MECS. Ratios prior to 1985 are
assumed to be equal to the 1985 ratio. For Table 1.13b, distillate fuel oil values in Table 1.13a are multiplied by the heat
content factors for distillate fuel oil consumption shown in Table A3 and the number of days in the period. Distillate fuel
oil is included in "other" petroleum products.

Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL)

EIA estimates non-combustion ratios of hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL), which include ethane, propane, normal butane,
isobutane, natural gasoline (pentanes plus), and refinery olefins (ethylene, propylene, butylene, and isobutylene). EIA
assumes that 100% of ethane, ethylene, and propylene consumption is for non-combustion use; 85% of normal butane,
butylene, isobutane, and isobutylene consumption is for non-combustion use; and 50% of natural gasoline consumption
is for non-combustion use. Non-combustion use of propane in the industrial sector is estimated using data from the
American Petroleum Institute (API), the Propane Education & Research Council (PERC), and EIA’s Petroleum Supply
Annual (PSA). For 1984 through 2009, propane non-combustion ratios are estimated using API propane and propylene
chemical industry sales data. Propane non-combustion ratios prior to 1984 are assumed to be equal to the 1984 ratio.
For 2010 through 2016, propane non-combustion ratios are estimated by subtracting API data for total odorized
propane sales from PSA data for total propane product supplied. Beginning in 2017, propane non-combustion ratios are
estimated by subtracting PERC data for total odorized propane sales from PSA data for total propane product supplied.
For Table 1.13b, HGL component values are multiplied by the appropriate heat content factors in Table A1 and the
number of days in the period.

Lubricants
EIA assumes all lubricants consumption is for non-combustion use. For Table 1.13b, lubricants values in Table 1.13a are
multiplied by 6.065 million Btu/barrel (the approximate heat content of lubricants) and the number of days in the
period.

Petrochemical Feedstocks, Naphtha

EIA assumes all naphtha for petrochemical feedstocks is for non-combustion use. For Table 1.13b, naphtha
petrochemical feedstock values in 1.13a are multiplied by 5.248 million Btu/barrel (the approximate heat content of
naphtha for petrochemical feedstocks) and the number of days in the period.

Petrochemical Feedstocks, Other Oils

EIA assumes all other oils for petrochemical feedstocks are for non-combustion use. For Table 1.13b, other oils
petrochemical feedstock values in 1.13a are multiplied by 5.825 million Btu/barrel (the approximate heat content of
other oils for petrochemical feedstocks) and the number of days in the period.

Petrochemical Feedstocks, Still Gas

EIA assumes all still gas not burned as refinery fuel or for pipeline gas supplies is for non-combustion use. EIA estimates
non-combustion ratios of still gas by subtracting data for all known fuel uses (refinery fuel use from the PSA, and
30 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
pipeline gas supplies from EIA's Natural Gas Annual) from the products supplied values in the PSA. The remainder is
assumed to be dispatched to chemical plants as a feedstock for non-combustion use. For Table 1.13b, still gas for
petrochemical feedstock values in 1.13a are multiplied by the still gas heat content factors (through 2015, the still gas
heat content factor is 6.000 million Btu per fuel oil equivalent barrel; beginning in 2016, the still gas heat content factor
is 6.287 million Btu per residual fuel oil equivalent barrel) and the number of days in the period.

Petroleum Coke
EIA assumes all non-combustion use of petroleum coke occurs in the industrial sector. Examples include petroleum coke
used in the production of chemicals and metals. EIA estimates non‐combustion ratios of petroleum coke by first
subtracting data for petroleum coke consumed at refineries (from EIA, Form EIA-820, “Annual Refinery Report”) from
industrial sector petroleum coke consumption (from MER Table 3.7b), and then multiplying that amount by the nonfuel
share of non-refinery petroleum coke consumption (from MECS). Non‐combustion ratios prior to 1994 are assumed to
be equal to the 1994 ratio. For Table 1.13b, petroleum coke values in 1.13a are multiplied by 5.719 million Btu/barrel
(the approximate heat content of marketable petroleum coke) and the number of days in the period.

Residual Fuel Oil

EIA assumes that all non‐combustion use of residual fuel oil occurs in the industrial sector. EIA estimates non‐
combustion ratios of residual fuel oil using total minus chemicals industry residual fuel oil nonfuel use data from MECS.
Ratios prior to 1994 are assumed to be equal to the 1994 ratio. For Table 1.13b, residual fuel oil values in Table 1.13a are
multiplied by 6.287 million Btu/barrel (the approximate heat content of residual fuel oil) and the number of days in the
period. Residual fuel oil is included in "other" petroleum products.

Special Naphthas
EIA assumes all special naphthas consumption is for non- combustion use. For Table 1.13b, special naphthas values in
Table 1.13a are multiplied by 5.248 million Btu/barrel (the approximate heat content of special naphthas) and the
number of days in the period.

Waxes
EIA assumes all waxes consumption is for non-combustion use. For Table 1.13b, waxes values in Table 1.13a are
multiplied by 5.537 million Btu/barrel (the approximate heat content of waxes) and the number of days in the period.
Waxes are included in "other" petroleum products.

Miscellaneous Petroleum Products

Miscellaneous products include all finished petroleum products not classified elsewhere. EIA assumes all miscellaneous
petroleum products consumption is for non-combustion use. For Table 1.13b, miscellaneous petroleum products values
in Table 1.13a are multiplied by 5.796 million Btu/barrel (the approximate heat content of miscellaneous petroleum
products) and the number of days in the period. Miscellaneous petroleum products are included in "other" petroleum
products.

Table 1.2 Sources

Coal
1949–1988: Coal production data from Table 6.1 are converted to Btu by multiplying by the coal production heat
content factors in Table A5.

1989 forward: Coal production data from Table 6.1 are converted to Btu by multiplying by the coal production heat
content factors in Table A5. Waste coal supplied data from Table 6.1 are converted to Btu by multiplying by the waste
coal supplied heat content factors in Table A5. Coal production (including waste coal supplied) is equal to coal
production plus waste coal supplied.

Natural Gas (Dry)

1949 forward: Natural gas (dry) production data from Table 4.1 are converted to Btu by multiplying by the natural gas
(dry) production heat content factors in Table A4.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 31

Crude Oil
1949 forward: Crude oil (including lease condensate) production data from Table 3.1 are converted to Btu by multiplying
by the crude oil (including lease condensate) production heat content factors in Table A2.

NGPL
1949 forward: Natural gas plant liquids (NGPL) production data from Table 3.1 are converted to Btu by multiplying by
the NGPL production heat content factors in Table A2.

Fossil Fuels Total

1949 forward: Total fossil fuels production is the sum of the production values for coal, natural gas (dry), crude oil, and
NGPL.

Nuclear Electric Power

1949 forward: Nuclear electricity net generation data from Table 7.2a are converted to Btu by multiplying by the nuclear
heat rate factors in Table A6.

Renewable Energy
1949 forward: Table 10.1.

Total Primary Energy Production

1949 forward: Total primary energy production is the sum of the production values for fossil fuels, nuclear electric
power, and renewable energy.

Table 1.3 Sources

Coal
1949 forward: Coal consumption data from Table 6.1 are converted to Btu by multiplying by the total coal consumption
heat content factors in Table A5.

Natural Gas
1949–1979: Natural gas (including supplemental gaseous fuels) consumption data from Table 4.1 are converted to Btu
by multiplying by the total natural gas consumption heat content factors in Table A4.

1980 forward: Natural gas (including supplemental gaseous fuels) consumption data from Table 4.1 are converted to Btu
by multiplying by the total natural gas consumption heat content factors in Table A4. Supplemental gaseous fuels data in
Btu are estimated using the method described in Note 3, “Supplemental Gaseous Fuels,” at the end of Section 4. Natural
gas (excluding supplemental gaseous fuels) consumption is equal to natural gas (including supplemental gaseous fuels)
consumption minus supplemental gaseous fuels.

Petroleum
1949–1992: Petroleum (excluding biofuels) consumption is equal to total petroleum products supplied from Table 3.6.

1993–2008: Petroleum (excluding biofuels) consumption is equal to total petroleum products supplied from Table 3.6
minus fuel ethanol consumption from Table 10.3.

2009–2011: Petroleum (excluding biofuels) consumption is equal to: total petroleum products supplied from Table 3.6;
minus fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption from Table 10.3; minus biodiesel consumption, calculated using
biodiesel data from U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), EIA‐22M, "Monthly Biodiesel Production Survey"; and
biomass‐based diesel fuel data from EIA‐810, "Monthly Refinery Report," EIA‐812, "Monthly Product Pipeline Report,"
and EIA‐815, "Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report” (the data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the biodiesel
heat content factor in Table A1); minus renewable diesel fuel and other biofuels refinery and blender net inputs,
calculated using “other renewable diesel fuel” and “other renewable fuels” data from EIA‐810, “Monthly Refinery
Report,” and EIA‐815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report” (the data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the
heat content factors for renewable diesel fuel and other biofuels in Table A1).

32 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

2012–2020: Petroleum (excluding biofuels) consumption is equal to: total petroleum products supplied from Table 3.6;
minus fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption from Table 10.3; minus biodiesel consumption from Table 10.4a;
minus renewable diesel fuel and other biofuels refinery and blender net inputs, calculated using “other renewable diesel
fuel” and “other renewable fuels” data from EIA‐810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” and EIA‐815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal
and Blender Report” (the data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the heat content factors for renewable diesel fuel
and other biofuels in Table A1).

2021 forward: Petroleum (excluding biofuels) consumption is equal to: total petroleum products supplied from Table
3.6; minus fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption from Table 10.3; minus biodiesel, renewable diesel fuel, and
other biofuels refinery and blender net inputs and products supplied calculated using “biofuels except fuel ethanol“
refinery and blender net inputs and products supplied from U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum
Supply Annual and Petroleum Supply Monthly (data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the appropriate heat content
factors in Table A1).

Coal Coke Net Imports

1949 forward: Table 1.4c.

Fossil Fuels Total

1949 forward: Total fossil fuels consumption is the sum of the consumption values for coal, natural gas, and petroleum,
plus coal coke net imports.

Nuclear Electric Power

1949 forward: Nuclear electricity net generation data from Table 7.2a are converted to Btu by multiplying by the nuclear
heat rate factors in Table A6.

Renewable Energy
1949 forward: Table 10.1.

Electricity Net Imports

1949 forward: Table 1.4c.

Total Primary Energy Consumption

1949 forward: Total primary energy consumption is the sum of the consumption values for fossil fuels, nuclear electric
power, and renewable energy, plus electricity net imports.

Table 1.4a Sources

Coal
1949 forward: Coal imports data from Table 6.1 are converted to Btu by multiplying by the coal imports heat content
factors in Table A5.

Coal Coke
1949 forward: Coal coke imports data from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Monthly Report IM
145, are converted to Btu by multiplying by the coal coke imports heat content factor in Table A5.

Natural Gas
1949 forward: Natural gas imports data from Table 4.1 are converted to Btu by multiplying by the natural gas imports
heat content factors in Table A4.

Crude Oil
1949 forward: Crude oil imports data from Table 3.3b are converted to Btu by multiplying by the crude oil imports heat
content factors in Table A2.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 33

Petroleum Products
1949–1992: Petroleum products (excluding biofuels) imports are equal to total petroleum imports from Table 3.3b
minus crude oil imports from Table 3.3b; petroleum products (excluding biofuels) imports data are converted to Btu by
multiplying by the total petroleum products imports heat content factors in Table A2.

1993–2008: Petroleum products (excluding biofuels) imports are equal to petroleum products (including biofuels)
imports (see 1949–1992 sources above) minus fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) imports (see “Biomass—Fuel Ethanol
(Minus Denaturant)” sources below).

2009–2011: Biomass-based diesel fuel imports data are from U.S. Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Supply
Annual (PSA), Tables 1 and 25, and Petroleum Supply Monthly (PSM), Tables 1 and 37 (the data are converted to Btu by
multiplying by the biodiesel heat content factor in Table A1). Petroleum products (excluding biofuels) imports are equal
to petroleum products (including biofuels) imports (see 1949–1992 sources above) minus fuel ethanol (minus
denaturant) imports (see “Biomass—Fuel Ethanol (Minus Denaturant)” sources below) minus biomass-based diesel fuel
imports.

2012–2020: Petroleum products (excluding biofuels) imports are equal to petroleum products (including biofuels)
imports (see 1949–1992 sources above) minus fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) imports (see “Biomass—Fuel Ethanol
(Minus Denaturant)” sources below) minus biodiesel imports (see “Biomass—Biodiesel”) minus renewable diesel fuel
imports (see “Biomass—Renewable Diesel Fuel”).

2021 forward: Petroleum products (excluding biofuels) imports are equal to petroleum products (including biofuels)
imports (see 1949–1992 sources above) minus fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) imports (see “Biomass—Fuel Ethanol
(Minus Denaturant)” sources below) minus biodiesel imports (see “Biomass—Biodiesel”) minus renewable diesel fuel
imports (see “Biomass—Renewable Diesel Fuel”) minus other biofuels imports (see “Biomass—Other Biofuels”).

Total Petroleum
1949 forward: Total petroleum imports are equal to crude oil imports plus petroleum products imports.

Biomass—Fuel Ethanol (Minus Denaturant)

1993 forward: Fuel ethanol (including denaturant) imports data are from PSA/PSM Table 1. Fuel ethanol (minus
denaturant) production is equal to fuel ethanol (including denaturant) production from Table 10.3 minus denaturant
from Table 10.3. Fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) imports are equal to fuel ethanol (including denaturant) imports
multiplied by the ratio of fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) production to fuel ethanol (including denaturant) production.
Fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) imports data are converted to Btu by multiplying by 3.539 million Btu per barrel, the
undenatured ethanol heat content factor in Table A3.

Biomass—Biodiesel
2001 forward: Biodiesel imports data are from Table 10.4a, and are converted to Btu by multiplying by the biodiesel
heat content factor in Table A1.

Biomass—Renewable Diesel Fuel

2012 forward: Renewable diesel fuel imports data are from Table 10.4b, and are converted to Btu by multiplying by the
renewable diesel fuel heat content factor in Table A1.

Biomass—Other Biofuels
2021 forward: Other biofuels imports data are from Table 10.4c, and are converted to Btu by multiplying by the other
biofuels heat content factor in Table A1.

Total Biomass
1993–2000: Total biomass imports are equal to fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) imports.

2001–2011: Total biomass imports are equal to fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) imports plus biodiesel imports.

2012–2020: Total biomass imports are the sum of imports values for fuel ethanol (minus denaturant), biodiesel, and
renewable diesel fuel.
34 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
2021 forward: Total biomass imports are the sum of imports values for fuel ethanol (minus denaturant), biodiesel,
renewable diesel fuel, and other biofuels.

Electricity
1949 forward: Electricity imports data from Table 7.1 are converted to Btu by multiplying by the electricity heat content
factor in Table A6.

Total Primary Energy Imports

1949 forward: Total primary energy imports are the sum of the imports values for coal, coal coke, natural gas, total
petroleum, total biomass, and electricity.

Table 1.4b Sources

Coal
1949 forward: Coal exports data from Table 6.1 are converted to Btu by multiplying by the coal exports heat content
factors in Table A5.

Coal Coke
1949 forward: Coal coke exports data from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Monthly Report EM
545, are converted to Btu by multiplying by the coal coke exports heat content factor in Table A5.

Natural Gas
1949 forward: Natural gas exports data from Table 4.1 are converted to Btu by multiplying by the natural gas exports
heat content factors in Table A4.

Crude Oil
1949 forward: Crude oil exports data from Table 3.3b are converted to Btu by multiplying by the crude oil exports heat
content factor in Table A2.

Petroleum Products
1949–2009: Petroleum products (excluding biofuels) exports are equal to total petroleum exports from Table 3.3b minus
crude oil exports from Table 3.3b; petroleum products (excluding biofuels) exports data are converted to Btu by
multiplying by the total petroleum products exports heat content factors in Table A2.

2010: Petroleum products (including biofuels) exports are equal to total petroleum exports from Table 3.3b minus crude
oil exports from Table 3.3b; petroleum products (including biofuels) exports data are converted to Btu by multiplying by
the total petroleum products exports heat content factors in Table A2. Petroleum products (excluding biofuels) exports
are equal to petroleum products (including biofuels) exports minus fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) exports (see
“Biomass—Fuel Ethanol (Minus Denaturant)” sources below).

2011–2018: Biomass-based diesel fuel exports data are from U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum
Supply Annual (PSA), Table 31, and are converted to Btu by multiplying by the biodiesel heat content factor in Table A1.
Petroleum products (excluding biofuels) exports are equal to petroleum products (including biofuels) exports (see 2010
sources above) minus fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) exports (see “Biomass—Fuel Ethanol (Minus Denaturant)”
sources below) minus biomass‐based diesel fuel exports.

2019–2024: Biodiesel exports data are from EIA, PSA, Table 31, and Petroleum Supply Monthly (PSM), Table 49, and are
converted to Btu by multiplying by the biodiesel heat content factor in Table A1. Petroleum products (excluding biofuels)
exports are equal to petroleum products (including biofuels) exports (see 2010 sources above) minus fuel ethanol
(minus denaturant) exports (see “Biomass—Fuel Ethanol (Minus Denaturant)” sources below) minus biodiesel exports.

2025: Petroleum products (excluding biofuels) exports data are equal to petroleum products (including biofuels) exports
(see 2010 sources above) minus fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) exports (see “Biomass—Fuel Ethanol (Minus
Denaturant)” sources below) minus biodiesel exports (see “Biomass—Biodiesel” sources below) minus renewable diesel

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 35

fuel exports (see “Biomass—Renewable Diesel Fuel” sources below) minus other biofuels exports (see “Biomass—Other
Biofuels” sources below).

Total Petroleum
1949 forward: Total petroleum exports are equal to crude oil exports plus petroleum products exports.

Biomass—Fuel Ethanol (Minus Denaturant)

2010 forward: Fuel ethanol (including denaturant) exports data are from PSA/PSM Table 1. Fuel ethanol (minus
denaturant) production is equal to fuel ethanol (including denaturant) production from Table 10.3 minus denaturant
from Table 10.3. Fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) exports are equal to fuel ethanol (including denaturant) exports
multiplied by the ratio of fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) production to fuel ethanol (including denaturant) production.
Fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) exports are converted to Btu by multiplying by 3.539 million Btu per barrel, the
undenatured ethanol heat content factor in Table A3.

Biomass—Biodiesel
2001 forward: Biodiesel exports data are from Table 10.4a, and are converted to Btu by multiplying by the biodiesel heat
content factor in Table A1.

Biomass—Densified Biomass
2016 forward: Densified biomass exports data are from EIA, Form EIA-63C, “Densified Biomass Fuel Report.”

Biomass—Renewable Diesel Fuel

2025: Renewable diesel fuel exports data are from Table 10.4b, and are converted to Btu by multiplying by the
renewable diesel fuel heat content factor in Table A1.

Biomass—Other Biofuels
2025: Other biofuels exports data are from Table 10.4c, and are converted to Btu by multiplying by the other biofuels
heat content factor in Table A1.

Total Biomass
2001–2009: Total biomass exports are equal to biodiesel exports.

2010–2015: Total biomass exports are equal to fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) exports plus biodiesel exports.

2016–2024: Total biomass exports are the sum of the exports values for fuel ethanol (minus denaturant), biodiesel, and
densified biomass.

2025: Total biomass exports are the sum of the exports values for fuel ethanol (minus denaturant), biodiesel, densified
biomass, renewable diesel fuel, and other biofuels.

Electricity
1949 forward: Electricity exports data from Table 7.1 are converted to Btu by multiplying by the electricity heat content
factor in Table A6.

Total Primary Energy Exports

1949 forward: Total primary energy exports are the sum of the exports values for coal, coal coke, natural gas, total
petroleum, total biomass, and electricity.

Table 1.5 Sources

U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division:

Petroleum Exports
1974–1987: “U.S. Exports,” FT-410, December issues.

1988 and 1989: “Report on U.S. Merchandise Trade,” final revisions.

36 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

1990–1992: “U.S. Merchandise Trade,” final report.

1993–2020: “U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services,” annual revisions.

2022–2024: “U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services,” 2024 annual revisions.

2025: “U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services,” FT-900, monthly.

Petroleum Imports
1974–1987: “U.S. Merchandise Trade,” FT-900, December issues, 1975–1988.

1988 and 1989: “Report on U.S. Merchandise Trade,” final revisions.

1990–1993: “U.S. Merchandise Trade,” final report.

1994–2020: “U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services,” annual revisions.

2022–2024: “U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services,” 2024 annual revisions.

2025: “U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services,” FT-900, monthly.

Energy Exports and Imports

1974–1987: U.S. merchandise trade press releases and database printouts for adjustments.

1988: January–July, monthly FT-900 supplement, 1989 issues. August–December, monthly FT-900, 1989 issues.

1989: Monthly FT-900, 1990 issues.

1990–1992: “U.S. Merchandise Trade,” final report.

1993–2020: “U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services,” annual revisions.

2022–2024: “U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services,” 2024 annual revisions.

2025: “U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services,” FT-900, monthly.

Petroleum Balance
1974 forward: The petroleum balance is calculated by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) as petroleum
imports minus petroleum exports.

Energy Balance
1974 forward: The energy balance is calculated by EIA as energy imports minus energy exports.

Non-Energy Balance
1974 forward: The non-energy balance is calculated by EIA as the total merchandise balance minus the energy balance.

Total Merchandise
1974–1987: U.S. merchandise trade press releases and database printouts for adjustments.

1988: “Report on U.S. Merchandise Trade, 1988 final revisions,” August 18, 1989.

1989: “Report on U.S. Merchandise Trade, 1989 revisions,” July 10, 1990.

1990: “U.S. Merchandise Trade, 1990 final report,” May 10, 1991, and “U.S. Merchandise Trade, December 1992,”

February 18, 1993, page 3.

1991: “U.S. Merchandise Trade, 1992 final report,” May 12, 1993.

1992–2020: “U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services,” annual revisions.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 37

2022–2024: “U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services,” 2024 annual revisions.

2025: “U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services,” FT-900, monthly.

38 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

2. Energy Consumption
By Sector
Figure 2.1a Energy Consumption by Sector, 1949–2024
(Quadrillion Btu)

Primary Consumption by Sector

50

40
Electric Power

30 Transportation

20 Industrial

10 Residential

Commercial
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

End-Use Consumption by End-Use Sector

40

30
Industrial

20
Transportation

Residential
10

Commercial

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Total Consumption by End-Use Sector

40

Industrial

30

Transportation
Residential
20

Commercial

10

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Web Page: [Link]

Source: Tables 2.1a—2.1b.

40 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Figure 2.1b Energy Consumption by Sector, Monthly
(Quadrillion Btu)

Primary Consumption by Sector

4
Electric Power

Transportation
2
Industrial

Residential
1

Commercial

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

End-Use Consumption by End-Use Sector

3
Transportation

2 Industrial

Residential

1
Commercial

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

Total Consumption by End-Use Sector

3
Industrial

Transportation
2
Residential

Commercial
1

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

Web Page: [Link]

Source: Tables 2.1a—2.1b.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 41

42 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 43
Figure 2.2 Residential Sector Energy Consumption
(Quadrillion Btu)

By Major Source, 1949–2024

6

Natural Gas

Electricity[a]

2
Petroleum

Renewable Energy
Coal
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

By Major Source, Monthly

1.2

Natural Gas

0.9

0.6 Electricity[a]

0.3 Renewable Energy

Petroleum

0.0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

Total, January–May By Major Source, May 2025

10
8.625
Electricity[a] 0.358
8.011 8.059
8

Natural Gas 0.195

6

4
Renewable Energy 0.062

2
Petroleum 0.056

0
2023 2024 2025 0.0 0.2 0.4

[a] Electricity sales to ultimate customers.

Web Page: [Link]
Source: Table 2.2.

44 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 45
Figure 2.3 Commercial Sector Energy Consumption
(Quadrillion Btu)

By Major Source, 1949–2024

6

Electricity[a]

4
Natural Gas

Petroleum

Coal Renewable Energy

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

By Major Source, Monthly

0.8

Natural Gas
0.6
Electricity[a]

0.4

0.2
Petroleum

Renewable Energy
0.0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

Total, January–May
By Major Source, May 2025
8
7.240
6.773 6.878
Electricity[a] 0.405

6
Natural Gas 0.198

4
Petroleum 0.064

Renewable Energy 0.024

2

Coal 0.001
0
2023 2024 2025 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

[a] Electricity sales to ultimate customers.

Web Page: [Link]
Source: Table 2.3.

46 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 47
Figure 2.4 Industrial Sector Energy Consumption
(Quadrillion Btu)

By Major Source, 1949–2024

12

Natural Gas

9
Petroleum

Electricity[a]
3
Renewable Energy

Coal
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

By Major Source, Monthly

1.2

Natural Gas
0.9

Petroleum
0.6

Electricity[a]
0.3

Renewable Energy
Coal
0.0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

Total, January–May By Major Source, May 2025

15

12.719 12.872 Natural Gas 0.900

12.562

12
Petroleum 0.749

Electricity[a] 0.298

Renewable Energy 0.187

Coal 0.064

0
2023 2024 2025 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2

[a] Electricity sales to ultimate customers.

Web Page: [Link]
Source: Table 2.4.

48 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 49
Figure 2.5 Transportation Sector Energy Consumption
(Quadrillion Btu)

By Major Source, 1949–2024

30 Petroleum

25

20

15

10

5
Renewable Energy
Natural Gas
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

By Major Source, Monthly

2.5

Petroleum
2.0

1.5

1.0

Natural Gas
0.5
Renewable Energy

0.0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

Total, January–May Total, Monthly

15 3

12 11.353 11.444 11.381

6 1

3 2023 2024 2025

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0
2023 2024 2025

Web Page: [Link]

Source: Table 2.5.

50 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 51
Figure 2.6 Electric Power Sector Energy Consumption
(Quadrillion Btu)

By Major Source, 1949–2024

24
Coal
20

16
Natural Gas

12

Nuclear Electric Power

8

4 Renewable Energy

Petroleum
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

By Major Source, Monthly

1.8

Natural Gas
1.2

Nuclear Electric Power

0.6
Coal

Renewable Energy
Petroleum
0.0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

Total, January–May By Major Source, May 2025

15
12.955 Natural Gas 1.001
12.554
12.172
12
Nuclear Electric Power 0.650

Coal 0.523

Renewable Energy 0.337

Petroleum 0.012

0
2023 2024 2025 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Web Page: [Link]

Source: Table 2.6.

52 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 53
54 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 55
Energy Consumption by Sector
Note 1. Electrical System Energy Losses. Electrical system energy losses are calculated as the difference between total
primary consumption by the electric power sector (see Table 2.6) and the total energy content of electricity sales to
ultimate customers (see Tables 7.6 and A6). Most of these losses are from the conversion of heat energy into
mechanical energy to turn electric generators at fossil fuel, biomass, and nuclear plants. These losses are a necessary
feature of the thermodynamic cycles of these power plants (steam-electric, gas-electric, and combined-cycle). Overall,
about two thirds of total energy input is lost in conversion. In addition to conversion losses, other losses include power
plant use of electricity, transmission and distribution of electricity from power plants to end-use consumers (also called
“line losses”), and unaccounted-for electricity. Currently, of electricity generated, approximately 5% is lost in plant use
and 7% is lost in transmission and distribution. Total losses are allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each
sector’s share of total electricity sales.

Note 2. Other Energy Losses. Similar to electrical system energy losses, there are also other energy losses from energy
consumption not separately identified. There are losses in the production of energy, the transformation of one form of
energy to another form of energy, and the distribution and use of energy. For example, there are transformation losses
in the process of refining crude oil into usable petroleum products, processing natural gas into marketable dry gas, and
in the process of converting energy from the sun into usable energy with solar panels. All uses of primary energy have
efficiency losses, usually in the form of heat, when energy is converted to do useful work. Examples include when motor
gasoline is burned to move vehicles, when natural gas is burned to heat homes, or in any household appliance that uses
electricity. The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory estimates primary energy losses by end‐use sector by applying
an end‐use efficiency factor to EIA’s Monthly Energy Review consumption data. [Link]

Note 3. Energy Consumption Data and Surveys. Most of the data in this section of the Monthly Energy Review (MER)
are developed from a group of energy-related surveys, typically called "supply surveys," conducted by the U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA). Supply surveys are directed to suppliers and marketers of specific energy sources.
They measure the quantities of specific energy sources produced, or the quantities supplied to the market, or both. The
data obtained from EIA's supply surveys are integrated to yield the summary consumption statistics published in this
section (and in Section 1) of the MER.

Users of EIA's energy consumption statistics should be aware of a second group of energy-related surveys, typically
called "consumption surveys." Consumption surveys gather information on the types of energy consumed by end users
of energy, along with the characteristics of those end users that can be associated with energy use. For example, the
“Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey” belongs to the consumption survey group because it collects information
directly from end users (the manufacturing establishments). There are important differences between the supply and
consumption surveys that need to be taken into account in any analysis that uses both data sources. For information on
those differences, see “Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, A Comparison of Measures by Consumption and Supply
Surveys,” DOE/EIA-0533, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, April 6, 1990.

Table 2.2 Sources

Coal
1949–2007: Residential sector coal consumption data from Table 6.2 are converted to Btu by multiplying by the
residential and commercial sectors coal consumption heat content factors in Table A5.

Natural Gas
1949–1979: Residential sector natural gas (including supplemental gaseous fuels) consumption data from Table 4.3 are
converted to Btu by multiplying by the natural gas end-use sectors consumption heat content factors in Table A4.

1980 forward: Residential sector natural gas (including supplemental gaseous fuels) consumption data from Table 4.3
are converted to Btu by multiplying by the natural gas end-use sectors consumption heat content factors in Table A4.
The residential sector portion of supplemental gaseous fuels data in Btu is estimated using the method described in
Note 3, “Supplemental Gaseous Fuels,” at the end of Section 4. Residential sector natural gas (excluding supplemental

56 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

gaseous fuels) consumption is equal to residential sector natural gas (including supplemental gaseous fuels)
consumption minus the residential sector portion of supplemental gaseous fuels.

Petroleum
1949 forward: Table 3.8a.

Fossil Fuels Total

1949–2007: Residential sector total fossil fuels consumption is the sum of the residential sector consumption values for
coal, natural gas, and petroleum.

2008 forward: Residential sector total fossil fuels consumption is the sum of the residential sector consumption values
for natural gas and petroleum.

Renewable Energy
1949 forward: Table 10.2a.

Total Primary Energy Consumption

1949 forward: Residential sector total primary energy consumption is the sum of the residential sector consumption
values for fossil fuels and renewable energy.

Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers

1949 forward: Residential sector electricity sales to ultimate customers from Table 7.6 are converted to Btu by
multiplying by the electricity heat content factor in Table A6.

End-Use Energy Consumption

1949 forward: Residential sector end-use energy consumption is the sum of residential sector total primary energy
consumption and residential sector electricity sales to ultimate customers.

Electrical System Energy Losses

1949 forward: Total electrical system energy losses are equal to electric power sector total primary energy consumption
from Table 2.6 minus total electricity sales to ultimate customers from Table 7.6 (converted to Btu by multiplying by the
electricity heat content factor in Table A6). Total electrical system energy losses are allocated to the residential sector in
proportion to the residential sector’s share of total electricity sales to ultimate customers from Table 7.6. See Note 1,
"Electrical System Energy Losses."

Total Energy Consumption

1949 forward: Residential sector total energy consumption is the sum of the residential sector consumption values for
total primary energy, electricity sales to ultimate customers, and electrical system energy losses.

Table 2.3 Sources

Coal
1949 forward: Commercial sector coal consumption data from Table 6.2 are converted to Btu by multiplying by the
residential and commercial sectors coal consumption heat content factors in Table A5.

Natural Gas
1949–1979: Commercial sector natural gas (including supplemental gaseous fuels) consumption data from Table 4.3 are
converted to Btu by multiplying by the natural gas end-use sectors consumption heat content factors in Table A4.

1980 forward: Commercial sector natural gas (including supplemental gaseous fuels) consumption data from Table 4.3
are converted to Btu by multiplying by the natural gas end-use sectors consumption heat content factors in Table A4.
The commercial sector portion of supplemental gaseous fuels data in Btu is estimated using the method described in
Note 3, “Supplemental Gaseous Fuels,” at the end of Section 4. Commercial sector natural gas (excluding supplemental

gaseous fuels) consumption is equal to commercial sector natural gas (including supplemental gaseous fuels)
consumption minus the commercial sector portion of supplemental gaseous fuels.
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 57
Petroleum
1949–1992: Table 3.8a.

1993–2008: The commercial sector share of motor gasoline consumption is equal to commercial sector motor gasoline
consumption from Table 3.7a divided by motor gasoline product supplied from Table 3.5. Commercial sector fuel
ethanol (including denaturant) consumption is equal to total fuel ethanol (including denaturant) consumption from
Table 10.3 multiplied by the commercial sector share of motor gasoline consumption. Commercial sector petroleum
(excluding biofuels) consumption is equal to commercial sector petroleum (including biofuels) consumption from Table
3.8a minus commercial sector fuel ethanol (including denaturant) consumption.

2009 forward: Commercial sector fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption is equal to total fuel ethanol (minus
denaturant) consumption from Table 10.3 multiplied by the commercial sector share of motor gasoline consumption
(see 1993–2008 sources above). Commercial sector petroleum (excluding biofuels) consumption is equal to commercial
sector petroleum (including biofuels) consumption from Table 3.8a minus commercial sector fuel ethanol (minus
denaturant) consumption.

Fossil Fuels Total

1949 forward: Commercial sector total fossil fuels consumption is the sum of the commercial sector consumption
values for coal, natural gas, and petroleum.

Renewable Energy
1949 forward: Table 10.2a.

Total Primary Energy Consumption

1949 forward: Commercial sector total primary energy consumption is the sum of the commercial sector consumption
values for fossil fuels and renewable energy.

Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers

1949 forward: Commercial sector electricity sales to ultimate customers from Table 7.6 are converted to Btu by
multiplying by the electricity heat content factor in Table A6.

End-Use Energy Consumption

1949 forward: Commercial sector end-use energy consumption is the sum of commercial sector total primary energy
consumption and commercial sector electricity sales to ultimate customers.

Electrical System Energy Losses

1949 forward: Total electrical system energy losses are equal to electric power sector total primary energy consumption
from Table 2.6 minus total electricity sales to ultimate customers from Table 7.6 (converted to Btu by multiplying by the
electricity heat content factor in Table A6). Total electrical system energy losses are allocated to the commercial sector
in proportion to the commercial sector’s share of total electricity sales to ultimate customers from Table 7.6. See Note
1, "Electrical System Energy Losses."

Total Energy Consumption

1949 forward: Commercial sector total energy consumption is the sum of the commercial sector consumption values for
total primary energy, electricity sales to ultimate customers, and electrical system energy losses.

Table 2.4 Sources

Coal
1949 forward: Coke plants coal consumption from Table 6.2 is converted to Btu by multiplying by the coke plants coal
consumption heat content factors in Table A5. Other industrial coal consumption from Table 6.2 is converted to Btu by
multiplying by the other industrial coal consumption heat content factors in Table A5. Industrial sector coal
consumption is equal to coke plants coal consumption and other industrial coal consumption.

58 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Natural Gas
1949–1979: Industrial sector natural gas (including supplemental gaseous fuels) consumption data from Table 4.3 are
converted to Btu by multiplying by the natural gas end-use sectors consumption heat content factors in Table A4.

1980 forward: Industrial sector natural gas (including supplemental gaseous fuels) consumption data from Table 4.3 are
converted to Btu by multiplying by the natural gas end-use sectors consumption heat content factors in Table A4. The
industrial sector portion of supplemental gaseous fuels data in Btu is estimated using the method described in Note 3,
“Supplemental Gaseous Fuels,” at the end of Section 4. Industrial sector natural gas (excluding supplemental gaseous
fuels) consumption is equal to industrial sector natural gas (including supplemental gaseous fuels) consumption minus
the industrial sector portion of supplemental gaseous fuels.

Petroleum
1949–1992: Table 3.8b.

1993–2008: The industrial sector share of motor gasoline consumption is equal to industrial sector motor gasoline
consumption from Table 3.7b divided by motor gasoline product supplied from Table 3.5. Industrial sector fuel ethanol
(including denaturant) consumption is equal to total fuel ethanol (including denaturant) consumption from Table 10.3
multiplied by the industrial sector share of motor gasoline consumption. Industrial sector petroleum (excluding biofuels)
consumption is equal to industrial sector petroleum (including biofuels) consumption from Table 3.8b minus industrial
sector fuel ethanol (including denaturant) consumption.

2009 forward: Industrial sector fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption is equal to total fuel ethanol (minus
denaturant) consumption from Table 10.3 multiplied by the industrial sector share of motor gasoline consumption (see
1993–2008 sources above). Industrial sector petroleum (excluding biofuels) consumption is equal to industrial sector
petroleum (including biofuels) consumption from Table 3.8b minus industrial sector fuel ethanol (minus denaturant)
consumption.

Coal Coke Net Imports

1949 forward: Coal coke net imports are equal to coal coke imports from Table 1.4a minus coal coke exports from Table
1.4b.

Fossil Fuels Total

1949 forward: Industrial sector total fossil fuels consumption is the sum of the industrial sector consumption values for
coal, natural gas, and petroleum, plus coal coke net imports.

Renewable Energy
1949 forward: Table 10.2b.

Total Primary Energy Consumption

1949 forward: Industrial sector total primary energy consumption is the sum of the industrial sector consumption
values for fossil fuels and renewable energy.

Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers

1949 forward: Industrial sector electricity sales to ultimate customers from Table 7.6 are converted to Btu by
multiplying by the electricity heat content factor in Table A6.

End-Use Energy Consumption

1949 forward: Industrial sector end-use energy consumption is the sum of industrial sector total primary energy
consumption and residential sector electricity sales to ultimate customers.

Electrical System Energy Losses

1949 forward: Total electrical system energy losses are equal to electric power sector total primary energy consumption

from Table 2.6 minus total electricity sales to ultimate customers from Table 7.6 (converted to Btu by multiplying by the
electricity heat content factor in Table A6). Total electrical system energy losses are allocated to the industrial sector in

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 59

proportion to the industrial sector’s share of total electricity sales to ultimate customers from Table 7.6. See Note 1,
"Electrical System Energy Losses."

Total Energy Consumption

1949 forward: Industrial sector total energy consumption is the sum of the industrial sector consumption values for
total primary energy, electricity sales to ultimate customers, and electrical system energy losses.

Table 2.5 Sources

Coal
1949–1977: Transportation sector coal consumption data from Table 6.2 are converted to Btu by multiplying by the
other industrial sector coal consumption heat content factors in Table A5.

Natural Gas
1949 forward: Transportation sector natural gas consumption data from Table 4.3 are converted to Btu by multiplying
by the natural gas end-use sectors consumption heat content factors in Table A4.

Petroleum
1949–1992: Table 3.8c.

1993–2008: The transportation sector share of motor gasoline consumption is equal to transportation sector motor
gasoline consumption from Table 3.7c divided by motor gasoline product supplied from Table 3.5. Transportation sector
fuel ethanol (including denaturant) consumption is equal to total fuel ethanol (including denaturant) consumption from
Table 10.3 multiplied by the transportation sector share of motor gasoline consumption. Transportation sector
petroleum (excluding biofuels) consumption is equal to transportation sector petroleum (including biofuels)
consumption from Table 3.8c minus transportation sector fuel ethanol (including denaturant) consumption.

2009–2011: Transportation sector fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption is equal to total fuel ethanol (minus
denaturant) consumption from Table 10.3 multiplied by the transportation sector share of motor gasoline consumption
(see 1993–2008 sources above). Transportation sector petroleum (excluding biofuels) consumption is equal to:
transportation sector petroleum (including biofuels) consumption from Table 3.8c; minus transportation sector fuel
ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption; minus biodiesel consumption, calculated using biodiesel data from U.S.
Energy Information Administration (EIA), EIA‐22M, "Monthly Biodiesel Production Survey"; and biomass‐based diesel
fuel data from EIA‐810, "Monthly Refinery Report," EIA‐812, "Monthly Product Pipeline Report," and EIA‐815, "Monthly
Bulk Terminal and Blender Report” (the data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the biodiesel heat content factor in
Table A1); minus renewable diesel fuel and other biofuels refinery and blender net inputs, calculated using “other
renewable diesel fuel” and “other renewable fuels” data from EIA‐810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” and EIA‐815,
“Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report” (the data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the heat content factors
for renewable diesel fuel and other biofuels in Table A1).

2012–2020: Transportation sector fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption is equal to total fuel ethanol (minus
denaturant) consumption from Table 10.3 multiplied by the transportation sector share of motor gasoline consumption
(see 1993–2008 sources above). Transportation sector petroleum (excluding biofuels) consumption is equal to:
transportation sector petroleum (including biofuels) consumption from Table 3.8c; minus transportation sector fuel
ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption; minus biodiesel consumption from Table 10.4; minus renewable diesel fuel
and other biofuels refinery and blender net inputs, calculated using “other renewable diesel fuel” and “other renewable
fuels” data from EIA‐810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” and EIA‐815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report” (the
data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the heat content factors for renewable diesel fuel and other biofuels in
Table A1).

2021 forward: Transportation sector fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption is equal to total fuel ethanol (minus
denaturant) consumption from Table 10.3 multiplied by the transportation sector share of motor gasoline consumption
(see 1993–2008 sources above). Transportation sector petroleum (excluding biofuels) consumption is equal to:
transportation sector petroleum (including biofuels) consumption from Table 3.8c; minus transportation sector fuel
ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption; minus biodiesel, renewable diesel fuel, and other biofuels refinery and
60 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
blender net inputs and products supplied, calculated using “biofuels except fuel ethanol“ refinery and blender net inputs
and products supplied from U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Supply Annual and Petroleum
Supply Monthly (data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the appropriate heat content factors in Table A1).

Fossil Fuels Total

1949–1977: Transportation sector total fossil fuels consumption is the sum of the transportation sector consumption
values for coal, natural gas, and petroleum.

1978 forward: Transportation sector total fossil fuels consumption is the sum of the transportation sector consumption
values for natural gas and petroleum.

Renewable Energy
1981 forward: Table 10.2b.

Total Primary Energy Consumption

1949 –1980: Transportation sector total primary energy consumption is equal to transportation sector fossil fuels
consumption.

1981 forward: Transportation sector total primary energy consumption is the sum of the transportation sector
consumption values for fossil fuels and renewable energy.

Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers

1949 forward: Transportation sector electricity sales to ultimate customers from Table 7.6 are converted to Btu by
multiplying by the electricity heat content factor in Table A6.

End-Use Energy Consumption

1949 forward: Transportation sector end-use energy consumption is the sum of transportation sector total primary
energy consumption and residential sector electricity sales to ultimate customers.

Electrical System Energy Losses

1949 forward: Total electrical system energy losses are equal to electric power sector total primary energy consumption
from Table 2.6 minus total electricity sales to ultimate customers from Table 7.6 (converted to Btu by multiplying by the
electricity heat content factor in Table A6). Total electrical system energy losses are allocated to the transportation
sector in proportion to the transportation sector’s share of total electricity sales to ultimate customers from Table 7.6.
See Note 1, "Electrical System Energy Losses."

Total Energy Consumption

1949 forward: Transportation sector total energy consumption is the sum of the transportation sector consumption
values for total primary energy, electricity sales to ultimate customers, and electrical system energy losses.

Table 2.6 Sources

Coal
1949 forward: Electric power sector coal consumption data from Table 6.2 are converted to Btu by multiplying by the
electric power sector coal consumption heat content factors in Table A5.

Natural Gas
1949–1979: Electric power sector natural gas (including supplemental gaseous fuels) consumption data from Table 4.3
are converted to Btu by multiplying by the natural gas electric power sector consumption heat content factors in Table
A4.

1980 forward: Electric power sector natural gas (including supplemental gaseous fuels) consumption data from Table
4.3 are converted to Btu by multiplying by the natural gas electric power sector consumption heat content factors in
Table A4. The electric power sector portion of supplemental gaseous fuels data in Btu is estimated using the method
described in Note 3, “Supplemental Gaseous Fuels,” at the end of Section 4. Electric power sector natural gas (excluding

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 61

supplemental gaseous fuels) consumption is equal to electric power sector natural gas (including supplemental gaseous
fuels) consumption minus the electric power sector portion of supplemental gaseous fuels.

Petroleum
1949 forward: Table 3.8c.

Fossil Fuels Total

1949 forward: Electric power sector total fossil fuels consumption is the sum of the electric power sector consumption
values for coal, natural gas, and petroleum.

Nuclear Electric Power

1949 forward: Nuclear electricity net generation data from Table 7.2a are converted to Btu by multiplying by the
nuclear heat rate factors in Table A6.

Renewable Energy
1949 forward: Table 10.2c.

Electricity Net Imports

1949 forward: Electricity net imports are equal to electricity imports from Table 1.4a minus electricity exports from
Table 1.4b.

Total Primary Energy Consumption

1949 forward: Electric power sector total primary energy consumption is the sum of the electric power sector
consumption values for fossil fuels, nuclear electric power, and renewable energy, plus electricity net imports.

62 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

3. Petroleum
Figure 3.1 Petroleum Overview
(Million Barrels Per Day)

Overview, 1949–2024
25
Products Supplied
20

15
Net Imports

10

5 Total Field Production [a]

-5
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids Field Production, 1949–2024

14

12

10

8
Crude Oil [b]
6

4
Natural Gas Liquids
2

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Overview, January–July
Total Field Production [a], Monthly

2023 2024 2025 24

25
20
19.9 20.6 20.1 20.1 20.4
19.1
20
16
15
12
10
8
5
4
2023 2024 2025
0
-1.5 0
-2.0 -2.5
-5 J F M A M J J A S O N D
Total Field Net Imports Products Supplied
Production [a]

[a] Crude oil, including lease condensate, and natural gas liquids field Web Page: [Link]
production. Source: Table 3.1.
[b] Includes lease condensate.

64 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 65
Figure 3.2 Refinery and Blender Net Inputs and Net Production
(Million Barrels per Day)

Net Inputs and Net Production, 1949–2024

24

18 Total Net Production

Total Net Inputs

12
Crude Oil Net Inputs [a]

Other Net Inputs [b]

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Net Production, Selected Products, 1949–2024

12

10

8 Motor Gasoline [c]

4
Distillate Fuel Oil [d]

2 Jet Fuel [e]

Residual Fuel Oil

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Net Inputs and Net Production, Monthly Net Production, Selected Products, Monthly
25 12
Total Net
Production Motor Gasoline [c]
20
9
Total Net Inputs

15
Crude Oil Net
Inputs [a] 6 Distillate Fuel Oil [d]

10

3
5 Jet Fuel [e]
Other Net Inputs [b]

Residual Fuel Oil

0 0
J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND
2023 2024 2025 2023 2024 2025

[a] Includes lease condensate. into distillate fuel oil.

[b] Natural gas liquids and other liquids. [e] Beginning in 2005, includes kerosene-type jet fuel only.
[c] Beginning in 1993, includes fuel ethanol blended into motor gasoline. Web Page: [Link]
[d] Beginning in 2009, includes biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel blended Source: Table 3.2.

66 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 67
Figure 3.3a Petroleum Trade: Overview

Overview, May 2025

25
20.3
20
Million Barrels per Day

15
10.2
10 8.0

5
0.7 1.1
0

-2.2
-5

-10
Imports from Persian Imports from OPEC Total Imports Exports Net Imports Products Supplied
Gulf

Imports From OPEC and Persian Gulf as Share of Total Imports, 1960–2024
80

60

OPEC
Percent

40

Persian Gulf

20

0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Net Imports as Share of Products Supplied, 1949–2024

75

60

45
Percent

30

15

-15
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Note: OPEC=Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Web Page: [Link]
Source: Table 3.3a.

68 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 69
Figure 3.3b Petroleum Trade: Imports and Exports by Type
(Million Barrels per Day)

Imports Overview, 1949–2024

15

Crude Oil
10

5
Petroleum Products

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Exports Overview, 1949–2024

8

2
Petroleum Products

Crude Oil
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Imports, Selected Products, Monthly Exports, Selected Products, Monthly

0.40 2.5

2.0
0.30 Propane

Distillate Fuel Oil [b] 1.5

Motor Gasoline [a] Distillate Fuel Oil [b]
0.20
1.0

0.10 Motor Gasoline [a]

Jet Fuel [c] 0.5
Residual Fuel Oil Jet Fuel [c]
Propane Residual Fuel Oil

0.00 0.0
J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND
2023 2024 2025 2023 2024 2025

[a] Includes fuel ethanol blended into motor gasoline. [c] Includes kerosene-type jet fuel only.
[b] Includes biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel blended into distillate fuel Web Page: [Link]
oil. Sources: Tables 3.3b and 3.3e.

70 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 71
72 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 73
74 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 75
Figure 3.4 Petroleum Stocks

Overview, 1949–2024
2.5

2.0
Total
Billion Barrels

1.5

Crude Oil
1.0

Petroleum Products
0.5

0.0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

SPR and Non-SPR Crude Oil Stocks, 1949–2024

1,000

750 SPR
Million Barrels

500

Non-SPR

250

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Overview, Monthly Selected Products, Monthly

2.0 300

Total Motor Gasoline

250
1.5
200
Million Barrels
Billion Barrels

Petroleum
1.0 Products 150 Distillate Fuel Oil

Crude Oil 100

0.5 Propane
50 Jet Fuel [a]

Residual Fuel Oil

0.0 0
J F MAM J J A S ON D J F MAM J J A S ON D J F MAM J J A S ON D J F MAM J J A S ON D J F MAM J J A S ON D J F MAM J J A S ON D
2023 2024 2025 2023 2024 2025

[a] Includes kerosene-type jet fuel only. Web Page: [Link]

Notes: • SPR=Strategic Petroleum Reserve. • Stocks are at end of period. Source: Table 3.4.

76 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 77
Figure 3.5 Petroleum Products Supplied by Type
(Million Barrels per Day)

Total Petroleum and Motor Gasoline, 1949–2024

24

Total Petroleum
18

12

Motor Gasoline [a]

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Selected Products,1949–2024
12

Motor Gasoline [a]

9

6
Distillate Fuel Oil [b]

3
Jet Fuel [c]
Residual Fuel Oil

Propane
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Selected Products, Monthly Total, January–July

12 25

Motor Gasoline [a] 20.084 20.138 20.357

20
9

15
6

Distillate Fuel Oil [b]

10
3
Jet Fuel [c]

Propane 5
Residual Fuel Oil
0
J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND
0
2023 2024 2025 2023 2024 2025

[a] Beginning in 1993, includes fuel ethanol blended into motor gasoline. [c] Beginning in 2005, includes kerosene-type jet fuel only.
[b] Beginning in 2009, includes biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel blended Web Page: [Link]
into distillate fuel oil. Source: Table 3.5.

78 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 79
Figure 3.6 Heat Content of Petroleum Products Supplied by Type

Total, 1949–2024
50

40
Quadrillion Btu

30

20

10

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Petroleum Products Supplied as Share of Total Energy Consumption, 1949–2024

60

50

40
Percent

30

20

10

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

By Product, July 2025

1.5 1.399

1.0
Quadrillion Btu

0.632

0.5
0.346 0.315 0.293

0.098
0.054 0.055
0.002 0.001 0.016
0.0
Asphalt and Aviation Distillate Hydrocarbon Jet Fuel [b] Kerosene Lubricants Motor Petroleum Residual Other [d]
Road Oil Gasoline Fuel Oil [a] Gas Liquids Gasoline [c] Coke Fuel Oil

[a] Includes biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel blended into distillate fuel [d] All petroleum products not separately displayed.
oil. Web Page: [Link]
[b] Includes kerosene-type jet fuel only. Sources: Tables 1.1 and 3.6.
[c] Includes fuel ethanol blended into motor gasoline.

80 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 81
Figure 3.7 Petroleum Consumption by Sector

By Sector, 1949–2024
16
Transportation

12
Million Barrels per Day

Industrial [a]

Residential and Commercial [a]

Electric Power
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

By Sector, May 2025

16
13.884

12
Million Barrels per Day

5.565

0.381 0.427
0.066
0
Residential Commercial [a] Industrial [a] Transportation Electric Power

Sector Shares, 1949 and 2024

1949 2024
80
68

60 54
Percent

40
28 27

20
10
6
3 2 3
(s)
0
Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Electric Power

[a] Includes combined-heat-and-power plants and a small number of electricity- Web Page: [Link]
only plants. Sources: Tables 3.7a–3.7c.
(s)=Less than 0.5 percent.

82 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Due to the suspension of Form EIA-782A, Refiners‘/Gas Plant Operators’ Monthly Petroleum Product
Sales Report, sectoral distillate and residual fuel oil consumption after April 2022 are estimates.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 83

 Due to the suspension of Form EIA-782A, Refiners‘/Gas Plant Operators’ Monthly Petroleum Product
Sales Report, sectoral distillate and residual fuel oil consumption after April 2022 are estimates.

84 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Due to the suspension of Form EIA-782A, Refiners‘/Gas Plant Operators’ Monthly Petroleum Product
Sales Report, sectoral distillate and residual fuel oil consumption after April 2022 are estimates.
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 85
Figure 3.8a Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1949-2024
(Quadrillion Btu)

Residential and Commercial [a] Sectors, Selected Products

3

Distillate Fuel Oil

1
Residential Fuel Oil HGL [b]

Kerosene
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Industrial [a] Sector, Selected Products

4

HGL [b]
2

Distillate Fuel Oil

1
Asphalt and Road Oil

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Transportation Sector, Selected Products

20

15 Motor Gasoline [c]

10

5 Distillate Fuel Oil [d]

Jet Fuel [e]

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

[a] Includes combined-heat-and-power plants and a small number of electricity- Note: Petroleum products supplied is an approximation of petroleum
only plants. consumption and is synonymous with the term “petroleum consumption”
[b] Hydrocarbon gas liquids. in Tables 3.7a–3.8c. Other measurements of consumption by fuel type or
[c] Beginning in 1993, includes fuel ethanol blended into motor gasoline. sector may differ. For example, jet fuel product supplied may not equal jet
[d] Beginning in 2009, includes biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel blended into fuel consumed by U.S.-flagged aircraft.
distillate fuel oil. Web Page: [Link]
[e] Beginning in 2005, includes kerosene-type jet fuel only. Sources: Tables 3.8a–3.8c.

86 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Figure 3.8b Heat Content of Petroleum Consumption by End-Use Sector, Monthly
(Quadrillion Btu)

Residential and Commercial [a] Sectors, Selected Products

0.15
Distillate Fuel Oil

0.10

HGL [b]

0.05

Motor Gasoline

0.00
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

Industrial [a] Sector, Selected Products

0.4

HGL [b]
0.3

0.2

Distillate Fuel Oil

0.1

Asphalt and Road Oil

0.0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

Transportation Sector, Selected Products

1.8

Motor Gasoline [c]

1.2

Distillate Fuel Oil [d]

0.6

Jet Fuel [e]

0.0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

[a] Includes combined-heat-and-power plants and a small number of electricity- Note: Petroleum products supplied is an approximation of petroleum
only plants. consumption and is synonymous with the term “petroleum consumption”
[b] Hydrocarbon gas liquids. in Tables 3.7a–3.8c. Other measurements of consumption by fuel type or
[c] Includes fuel ethanol blended into motor gasoline. sector may differ. For example, jet fuel product supplied may not equal jet
[d] Includes biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel blended into distillate fuel oil. fuel consumed by U.S.-flagged aircraft.
[e] Includes kerosene-type jet fuel only. Web Page: [Link]
Sources: Tables 3.8a–3.8c.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 87

 Due to the suspension of Form EIA-782A, Refiners‘/Gas Plant Operators’ Monthly Petroleum Product
Sales Report, sectoral distillate and residual fuel oil consumption after April 2022 are estimates.

88 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Due to the suspension of Form EIA-782A, Refiners‘/Gas Plant Operators’ Monthly Petroleum Product
Sales Report, sectoral distillate and residual fuel oil consumption after April 2022 are estimates.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 89

 Due to the suspension of Form EIA-782A, Refiners‘/Gas Plant Operators’ Monthly Petroleum Product
Sales Report, sectoral distillate and residual fuel oil consumption after April 2022 are estimates.

90 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Petroleum
Note 1. Petroleum Products Supplied and Petroleum Consumption. Total petroleum products supplied is the sum of
the products supplied for each petroleum product, crude oil, unfinished oils, and gasoline blending components. This
also includes petroleum products supplied for non-combustion use in the industrial and transportation sectors (see
Tables 1.13a and 1.13b). In general, except for crude oil, product supplied of each product is computed as follows: field
production, plus transfers to crude oil supply, plus biofuels plant net production, plus refinery and blender net
production, plus imports, plus net receipts, plus adjustments, minus stock change, minus refinery and blender net
inputs, minus exports. Crude oil product supplied is the sum of crude oil burned on leases and at pipeline pump stations
as reported on Form EIA-813, "Monthly Crude Oil Report." Prior to 1983, crude oil burned on leases and used at pipeline
pump stations was reported as either distillate or residual fuel oil and was included as product supplied for these
products. Petroleum product supplied (see Tables 3.5 and 3.6) is an approximation of petroleum consumption and is
synonymous with the term "Petroleum Consumption" in Tables 3.7a–3.8c.

Note 2. Petroleum Survey Respondents. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) uses a number of sources
and methods to maintain the survey respondent lists. On a regular basis, survey managers review such industry
publications as the Oil & Gas Journal and Oil Daily for information on facilities or companies starting up or closing down
operations. Those sources are augmented by articles in newspapers, communications from respondents indicating
changes in status, and information received from survey systems.

To supplement routine frames maintenance and to provide more thorough coverage, a comprehensive frames
investigation is conducted every 3 years. This investigation results in the reassessment and recompilation of the
complete frame for each survey. The effort also includes the evaluation of the impact of potential frame changes on the
historical time series of data from these respondents. The results of this frame study are usually implemented in
January to provide a full year under the same frame.

Note 3. Historical Petroleum Data. Detailed information on petroleum data through 1993 can be found in Notes 1–6
on pages 60 and 61 in the July 2013 Monthly Energy Review (MER) at
[Link] The notes discuss:

Note 1, "Petroleum Survey Respondents": In 1993, EIA added numerous companies that produce, blend, store, or
import oxygenates to the monthly surveys.

Note 2, "Motor Gasoline": In 1981, EIA expanded its universe to include nonrefinery blenders and separated blending
components from finished motor gasoline as a reporting category. In 1993, EIA made adjustments to finished motor
gasoline product supplied data to more accurately account for fuel ethanol and motor gasoline blending components
blended into finished motor gasoline.

Note 3, "Distillate and Residual Fuel Oils": In 1981, EIA eliminated the requirement to report crude oil in pipelines or
burned on leases as either distillate or residual fuel oil.

Note 4, "Petroleum New Stock Basis": In 1975, 1979, 1981, and 1983, EIA added numerous respondents to bulk terminal
and pipeline surveys; in 1984, EIA made changes in the reporting of natural gas liquids; and in 1993, EIA changed how it
collected bulk terminal and pipeline stocks of oxygenates. These changes affected stocks reported and stock change
calculations.

Note 5, "Stocks of Alaskan Crude Oil": In 1981, EIA began to include data for stocks of Alaskan crude oil in transit.

Note 6, "Petroleum Data Discrepancies": In 1976, 1978, and 1979, there are some small discrepancies between data in
the MER and the Petroleum Supply Annual.

Table 3.1 Sources

1949–1975: Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 91

1976–1980: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual
reports.

1981–2001: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA), annual reports.

2002 forward: EIA, PSA, annual reports, and revisions at [Link]

Petroleum Supply Monthly, monthly reports, and revisions at [Link]
revisions to crude oil production, total field production, and adjustments (based on crude oil production data from:
Form EIA-914, "Monthly Crude Oil, Lease Condensate, and Natural Gas Production Report"; state government agencies;
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, and predecessor agencies; and Form
EIA-182, "Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase Report"); and, for the current two months, Weekly Petroleum Status Report
data system and Monthly Energy Review data system calculations.

Table 3.2 Sources

1949–1975: Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports; and U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA) estimates. (For 1967–1975, refinery and blender net production estimates for
propylene are equal to “Propane/Propylene Production at Refineries for Chemical Use”; and estimates for propane are
equal to total propane/propylene minus propylene.)

1976–1980: EIA, Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports, and estimates. (Refinery and
blender net production estimates for propylene are equal to “Propane/Propylene Production at Refineries for Chemical
Use”; and estimates for propane are equal to total propane/propylene minus propylene.)

1981–2023: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports, revisions at [Link]

and estimates. (For 1981–1985, refinery and blender net production estimates for propylene are equal to
“Propane/Propylene Production at Refineries for Petrochemical Use”; and estimates for propane are equal to total
propane/propylene minus propylene. For 1986–1988, refinery and blender net production estimates for propylene are
created using the 1989 annual propylene share of “Net Refinery Production of Propane/Propylene”; and estimates for
propane are equal to total propane/propylene minus propylene.)

2024 and 2025: EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly, monthly reports; and, for the current two months, Weekly Petroleum
Status Report data system, Short-Term Integrated Forecasting System, and Monthly Energy Review data system
calculations.

Table 3.5 Sources

1949–1975: Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports; and U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA) estimates. (For 1949–1966, product supplied estimates for total propane/propylene
are created using sales and shipments data from Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Sales of Liquefied
Petroleum Gases and Ethane, annual reports, and Shipments of Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Ethane, annual reports–
annual growth rates of sales and shipments are applied to the 1967 total propane/propylene product supplied value to
create historical annual estimates. For 1949–1966, product supplied estimates for propylene are created using the 1967
annual propylene share of total propane/propylene product supplied; and estimates for propane are equal to total
propane/propylene minus propylene. For 1967–1975, product supplied estimates for propylene are equal to propylene
refinery and blender net production from Table 3.2; and estimates for propane are equal to total propane/propylene
minus propylene.)

1976–1980: EIA, Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports, and estimates. (Product supplied
estimates for propylene are equal to propylene refinery and blender net production from Table 3.2; and estimates for
propane are equal to total propane/propylene minus propylene.)

1981–2023: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual, annual reports, revisions at [Link]

and estimates. (For 1981–1992, product supplied estimates for propylene are equal to propylene refinery and blender

92 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

net production from Table 3.2; and estimates for propane are equal to total propane/propylene minus propylene. For
1993–2009, product supplied estimates for propylene are equal to propylene refinery and blender net production from
Table 3.2, plus propylene imports from Table 3.3b; and estimates for propane are equal to total propane/propylene
minus propylene.)

2024 and 2025: EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly, monthly reports, and revisions at
[Link] and, for the current two months, Weekly Petroleum Status Report data
system, Short-Term Integrated Forecasting System, and Monthly Energy Review data system calculations.

Table 3.6 Sources

Asphalt and Road Oil
Product supplied data in thousand barrels per day for asphalt and road oil are from Table 3.5, and are converted to
trillion Btu by multiplying by the asphalt and road oil heat content factor in Table A1.

Aviation Gasoline
Product supplied data in thousand barrels per day for aviation gasoline are from Table 3.5, and are converted to trillion
Btu by multiplying by the aviation gasoline (finished) heat content factor in Table A1.

Distillate Fuel Oil

1949–2008: Product supplied data in thousand barrels per day for distillate fuel oil are from Table 3.5, and are
converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the distillate fuel oil heat content factors in Table A3.

2009–2011: Consumption data for biodiesel are calculated using biodiesel data from U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA), EIA-22M, “Monthly Biodiesel Production Survey”; and “biomass-based diesel fuel” data from EIA-
810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” EIA-812, “Monthly Product Pipeline Report,” and EIA-815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and
Blender Report” (the data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the biodiesel heat content factor in Table A1). Refinery
and blender net inputs data for renewable diesel fuel are set equal to “other renewable diesel fuel” data from EIA-810,
“Monthly Refinery Report,” and EIA-815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report” (the data are converted to Btu by
multiplying by the renewable diesel fuel heat content factor in Table A1). Product supplied data for distillate fuel oil
from Table 3.5, minus consumption data for biodiesel and refinery and blender net inputs data for renewable diesel fuel,
are converted to Btu by multiplying by the distillate fuel oil heat content factors in Table A3. Total distillate fuel oil
product supplied is the sum of values for distillate fuel oil (excluding biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel), biodiesel, and
renewable diesel fuel.

2012–2020: Consumption data for biodiesel are from Table 10.4a. Refinery and blender net inputs data for renewable
diesel fuel are set equal to “other renewable diesel fuel” data from EIA-810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” and EIA-815,
“Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report” (the data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the renewable diesel fuel
heat content factor in Table A1). Product supplied data for distillate fuel oil from Table 3.5, minus consumption data for
biodiesel and refinery and blender net inputs data for renewable diesel fuel, are converted to Btu by multiplying by the
distillate fuel oil heat content factors in Table A3. Total distillate fuel oil product supplied is the sum of the values for
distillate fuel oil (excluding biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel), biodiesel, and renewable diesel fuel.

2021 forward: Refinery and blender net inputs data for biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel are set equal to refinery
and blender net inputs data from EIA-810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” and EIA-815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender
Report” (the data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel heat content factors in
Table A1). Product supplied data for distillate fuel oil from Table 3.5, minus refinery and blender net inputs data for
biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel, are converted to Btu by multiplying by the distillate fuel oil heat content factors in
Table A3. Total distillate fuel oil product supplied is the sum of the values for distillate fuel oil (excluding biodiesel and
renewable diesel fuel), biodiesel, and renewable diesel fuel.

Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL)—Propane

Product supplied data in thousand barrels per day for propane are from Table 3.5, and are converted to trillion Btu by
multiplying by the propane heat content factor in Table A1.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 93

Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL)—Propylene
Product supplied data in thousand barrels per day for propylene are from Table 3.5, and are converted to trillion Btu by
multiplying by the propylene heat content factor in Table A1.

Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL)—Propane/Propylene Total

Prior to the current two months, total propane/propylene product supplied is the sum of the data in trillion Btu for
propane and propylene.

For the current two months, product supplied data in thousand barrels per day for total propane/propylene are from
Table 3.5, and are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the propane/propylene heat content factor in Table A1.

Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL)—Total

Prior to the current two months, product supplied data in thousand barrels per day for the component products of HGL
(ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, natural gasoline (through 2021), and refinery olefins—ethylene, propylene,
butylene, and isobutylene) are from the PSA, PSM, and earlier publications (see sources for Table 3.5). These data are
converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the appropriate heat content factors in Table A1. Total HGL product supplied
is the sum of the data in trillion Btu for the HGL component products.

For the current two months: Note that "liquefied petroleum gases" ("LPG") below include ethane, propane, normal
butane, isobutane, and refinery olefins (ethylene, propylene, butylene, and isobutylene). Product supplied data in
thousand barrels per day for LPG are from EIA's Short-Term Integrated Forecasting System (STIFS). (The STIFS model
results are used in EIA's Short-Term Energy Outlook, which is accessible on the Web at [Link]
These data are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the previous year's quantity-weighted LPG heat content factor
(derived using LPG component heat content factors in Table A1). Total HGL product supplied is equal to the data in
trillion Btu for LPG.

Jet Fuel
Product supplied data in thousand barrels per day for kerosene-type jet fuel and, through 2004, naphtha-type jet fuel
are from the PSA, PSM, and earlier publications (see sources for Table 3.5). These data are converted to trillion Btu by
multiplying by the appropriate heat content factors in Table A1. Total jet fuel product supplied is the sum of the data in
trillion Btu for kerosene-type and naphtha-type jet fuel.

Kerosene
Product supplied data in thousand barrels per day for kerosene are from Table 3.5, and are converted to trillion Btu by
multiplying by the kerosene heat content factor in Table A1.

Lubricants
Product supplied data in thousand barrels per day for lubricants are from Table 3.5, and are converted to trillion Btu by
multiplying by the lubricants heat content factor in Table A1.

Motor Gasoline
Product supplied data in thousand barrels per day for motor gasoline are from Table 3.5, and are converted to trillion
Btu by multiplying by the motor gasoline heat content factors in Table A3.

Petroleum Coke
Product supplied data in thousand barrels per day for petroleum coke are from Table 3.5, and are converted to trillion
Btu by multiplying by the petroleum coke heat content factors in Table A3.

Residual Fuel Oil

Product supplied data in thousand barrels per day for residual fuel oil are from Table 3.5, and are converted to trillion
Btu by multiplying by the residual fuel oil heat content factor in Table A1.

Other Products
Prior to the current two months, product supplied data in thousand barrels per day for "other" products are from the
PSA, PSM, and earlier publications (see sources for Table 3.5). "Other" products include petrochemical feedstocks,
94 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
special naphthas, still gas (refinery gas), waxes, and miscellaneous products; beginning in 1981, also includes negative
barrels per day of distillate and residual fuel oil reclassified as unfinished oils, and other products (from both primary
and secondary supply) reclassified as gasoline blending components; beginning in 1983, also includes crude oil burned as
fuel; beginning in 2005, also includes naphtha-type jet fuel; and beginning in 2021, also includes biofuels excluding fuel
ethanol (biodiesel, renewable diesel fuel, and other biofuels). These data are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by
the appropriate heat content factors in MER Table A1. Total "Other" products supplied is the sum of the data in trillion
Btu for the individual products.

For the current two months, total "Other" products supplied is calculated by first estimating total petroleum products
supplied (product supplied data in thousand barrels per day for total petroleum from Table 3.5 are converted to trillion
Btu by multiplying by the total petroleum consumption heat content factor in Table A3), and then subtracting data in
trillion Btu (from Table 3.6) for asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, distillate fuel oil, jet fuel, kerosene, total HGL,
lubricants, motor gasoline, petroleum coke, and residual fuel oil.

Total Petroleum
Total petroleum products supplied is the sum of the data in trillion Btu for the products (except "Propane") shown in
Table 3.6.

Tables 3.7a–3.7c Sources

Petroleum consumption data for 1949–1972 are from the following sources:

1949–1959: Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Annual, annual reports, and U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA) estimates.

1960–1972: EIA, State Energy Data System.

Petroleum consumption data beginning in 1973 are derived from data for "petroleum products supplied" from the
following sources:

1973–1975: Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Surveys, Petroleum Statement Annual, annual reports.

1976–1980: EIA, Energy Data Reports, Petroleum Statement Annual, annual reports.

1981–2023: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA), annual reports, and revisions at
[Link]

2024 and 2025: EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (PSM), monthly reports, and revisions at
[Link]

Beginning in 1973, energy-use allocation procedures by individual product are as follows:

Asphalt and Road Oil

All consumption of asphalt and road oil is assigned to the industrial sector.

Aviation Gasoline
All consumption of aviation gasoline is assigned to the transportation sector.

Biofuels Excluding Fuel Ethanol

Beginning in 2021, biofuels excluding fuel ethanol consumption is assigned to the transportation sector. Biofuels
excluding fuel ethanol consumption consists of products supplied of biodiesel, renewable diesel fuel, and other biofuels.

Distillate Fuel Oil

Distillate fuel oil consumption is assigned to the sectors as follows:

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 95

Distillate Fuel Oil, Electric Power Sector
See sources for Table 7.4b. For 1973–1979, electric utility consumption of distillate fuel oil is assumed to be the amount
of petroleum (minus small amounts of kerosene and kerosene-type jet fuel deliveries) consumed in gas turbine and
internal combustion plants. For 1980–2000, electric utility consumption of distillate fuel oil is assumed to be the
amount of light oil (fuel oil nos. 1 and 2, plus small amounts of kerosene and jet fuel) consumed.

Distillate Fuel Oil, End-Use Sectors, Annual Data

The aggregate end-use amount is total distillate fuel oil product supplied minus the amount consumed by the electric
power sector. Through 2020, the end-use total consumed annually is allocated to the individual end-use sectors
(residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation) in proportion to each sector's share of sales as reported in EIA's
Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales (Sales), annual reports.

1973–1978: Each year’s sales subtotal of the heating plus industrial category is split into residential, commercial, and
industrial (including farm) in proportion to the 1979 shares; and this estimated industrial (including farm) portion is
added to sales for oil company, off-highway diesel, and all other uses. The transportation sector sales total is the sum of
sales for railroad, vessel bunkering, on-highway diesel, and military uses.

1979–2020: The residential sector and commercial sector sales totals are directly from the Sales reports. The industrial
sector sales total is the sum of sales for industrial, farm, oil company, off-highway diesel, and all other uses. The
transportation sector sales total is the sum of sales for railroad, vessel bunkering, on-highway diesel, and military uses.

2021 forward: The end-use total consumed annually is allocated to the individual end-use sectors (residential,
commercial, industrial, and transportation) in proportion to each sector’s share of consumption as reported in EIA’s
State Energy Data System (SEDS). Shares for the current year are based on the previous year’s SEDS-based annual
consumption data, which are adjusted using the growth rate for forecast distillate fuel oil consumption in EIA’s Short-
Term Energy Outlook (STEO), Table 4a.

Distillate Fuel Oil, End-Use Sectors, Monthly Data

Residential sector and commercial sector monthly consumption is estimated by allocating the annual estimates, which
are described above, into the months in proportion to each month's share of the year's sales of No. 2 heating oil. (For
each month of the current year, the residential and commercial consumption increase from the same month in the
previous year is based on the percent increase in that month's No. 2 heating oil sales from the same month in the
previous year.) The years' No. 2 heating oil sales totals are from the following sources: for 1973–1980, the Ethyl
Corporation, Monthly Report of Heating Oil Sales; for 1981 and 1982, the American Petroleum Institute, Monthly Report
of Heating Oil Sales; and for 1983 forward, EIA, Form EIA-782A, "Refiners'/Gas Plant Operators' Monthly Petroleum
Product Sales Report," No. 2 Fuel Oil Sales to End Users and for Resale. (Note that beginning in May 2022, residential
sector and commercial sector consumption estimates for each month are based on the previous year’s monthly percent
increase in No. 2 heating oil sales.)

The transportation highway use portion is allocated into the months in proportion to each month's share of the year's
total sales for highway use as reported by the Federal Highway Administration's Table MF-25, "Private and Commercial
Highway Use of Special Fuels by Months." Beginning in 1994, the sales-for-highway-use data are no longer available as a
monthly series; the 1993 data are used for allocating succeeding year's totals into months.

A distillate fuel oil "balance" is calculated as total distillate fuel oil product supplied minus the amount consumed by the
electric power sector, residential sector, commercial sector, and for highway use.

Industrial sector monthly consumption is estimated by multiplying each month's distillate fuel oil "balance" by the
annual industrial consumption share of the annual distillate fuel oil "balance."

Total transportation sector monthly consumption is estimated as total distillate fuel oil product supplied minus the
amount consumed by the residential, commercial, industrial, and electric power sectors.

96 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL)—Propane
Annual residential sector propane consumption: Through 2002, annual residential sector propane consumption is
estimated by applying the average of the state residential shares for 2003–2008 to the combined residential and
commercial propane sales. Beginning in 2003, annual residential sector propane consumption is assumed to equal
propane retail sales to the residential sector and sales to retailers/cylinder markets.

Monthly residential sector propane consumption: Beginning in 1973, annual residential sector propane consumption is
split into the estimated portion for residential space heating and water heating, and the estimated portion for all other
residential uses. The annual values in thousand barrels for residential space heating and water heating are allocated to
the months in proportion to U.S. heating degree days in Table 1.11. The annual values in thousand barrels for all other
residential uses are allocated to the months by dividing the annual values by the number of days in the year and then
multiplying by the number of days in the month. Monthly total residential sector propane consumption is the sum of
the monthly values for residential space heating and water heating and for all other residential uses.

Annual commercial sector propane consumption: Through 2002, annual commercial sector propane consumption is
equal to the combined residential and commercial propane sales minus residential sector propane consumption.
Beginning in 2003, annual commercial sector propane consumption is assumed to equal commercial sector propane
sales.

Monthly commercial sector propane consumption: Beginning in 1973, annual commercial sector propane consumption
is split into the estimated portion for commercial space heating and water heating, and the estimated portion for all
other commercial uses. The annual values in thousand barrels for commercial space heating and water heating are
allocated to the months in proportion to U.S. heating degree days in Table 1.11. The annual values in thousand barrels
for all other commercial uses are allocated to the months by dividing the annual values by the number of days in the
year and then multiplying by the number of days in the month. Monthly total commercial sector propane consumption
is the sum of the monthly values for commercial space heating and water heating and for all other commercial uses.

Annual transportation sector propane consumption: Through 2009, annual transportation sector propane consumption
is assumed to equal the transportation portion of propane sales for internal combustion engines (these sales are
allocated between the transportation and industrial sectors using data for special fuels used on highways provided by
the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration). Beginning in 2010, annual transportation
sector propane consumption is from EIA, Annual Energy Outlook, Table 37, “Transportation Sector Energy Use by Fuel
Type within a Mode.”

Monthly transportation sector propane consumption: Beginning in 1973, the annual values in thousand barrels for
transportation sector propane consumption are allocated to the months by dividing the annual values by the number of
days in the year and then multiplying by the number of days in the month.

Annual and monthly industrial sector propane consumption: Industrial sector propane consumption is estimated as the
difference between propane total product supplied from Table 3.5 and the sum of the estimated propane consumption
by the residential, commercial, and transportation sectors.

Sources of the annual consumption estimates for creating annual sector shares are:

1973–1982: EIA's "Sales of Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Ethane" reports, based primarily on data collected by Form
EIA-174, "Sales of Liquefied Petroleum Gases."

1983: End-use consumption estimates for 1983 are based on 1982 end-use consumption because the collection of data
under Form EIA-174 was discontinued after data year 1982.

1984–2007: American Petroleum Institute (API), "Sales of Natural Gas Liquids and Liquefied Refinery Gases," table on
sales of natural gas liquids and liquefied refinery gases by end use. EIA adjusts the data to remove quantities of natural
gasoline and to estimate withheld values.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 97

2008 and 2009: Propane consumption is from API, “Sales of Natural Gas Liquids and Liquefied Refinery Gases,” table on
sales of propane by end use. EIA adjusts the data to estimate withheld values. Other LPG consumption is from EIA, PSA,
annual reports, and is allocated to the industrial sector.

2010–2016: Propane consumption is from API, “Sales of Natural Gas Liquids and Liquefied Refinery Gases,” table on
sales of odorized propane by end use; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook, Table 37, “Transportation Sector Energy Use by
Fuel Type Within a Mode.” EIA adjusts the data to estimate withheld values. Other LPG consumption is from EIA, PSA,
annual reports, and is allocated to the industrial sector.

2017 forward: Propane consumption is from Propane Education & Research Council, “Retail Propane Sales Report,”
data on propane sales by sector; and EIA, Annual Energy Outlook, Table 37, “Transportation Sector Energy Use by Fuel
Type Within a Mode.” EIA adjusts the data to estimate withheld values. Other LPG consumption is from EIA, PSA,
annual reports, and is allocated to the industrial sector.

Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL)—Propylene

Industrial sector propylene consumption is equal to propylene product supplied in Table 3.5.

Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL)—Propane/Propylene Total

Industrial sector total propane/propylene consumption is the sum of the industrial sector consumption values for
propane and propylene.

Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL)—Total

The residential, commercial, and transportation sector total HGL consumption values are equal to the propane
consumption values for those sectors. The industrial sector total HGL consumption value is equal to total HGL product
supplied in Table 3.5 minus propane consumption in the residential, commercial, and transportation sectors.

Jet Fuel
Through 1982, small amounts of kerosene-type jet fuel were consumed by the electric power sector. Kerosene-type jet
fuel deliveries to the electric power sector as reported on Form FERC-423 (formerly Form FPC-423) were used as
estimates of this consumption. Through 2004, all remaining jet fuel (kerosene-type and naphtha-type) is assigned to the
transportation sector. Beginning in 2005, kerosene-type jet fuel is assigned to the transportation sector, while naphtha-
type jet fuel is classified under "Other Petroleum Products," which is assigned to the industrial sector. (Note: Petroleum
products supplied is an approximation of petroleum consumption and is synonymous with the term "petroleum
consumption" in Tables 3.7a–3.8c. Other measurements of consumption by fuel type or sector may differ. For example,
jet fuel product supplied may not equal jet fuel consumed by U.S.-flagged aircraft.)

Kerosene
Through 2020, kerosene product supplied is allocated to the individual end-use sectors (residential, commercial, and
industrial) in proportion to each sector's share of sales as reported in EIA's Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales (Sales), annual
reports.

1973–1978: Each year's sales category called "heating" is allocated to the residential, commercial, and industrial
(including farm) sectors in proportion to the 1979 shares; and this estimated industrial (including farm) portion is added
to sales for all other uses.

1979–2020: The residential sector and commercial sector sales totals are directly from the Sales reports. The industrial
sector sales total is the sum of sales for industrial, farm, and all other uses.

2021 forward: Kerosene product supplied is allocated to the individual end-use sectors (residential, commercial, and
industrial) in proportion to each sector’s share of consumption as reported in EIA’s State Energy Data System (SEDS).
Shares for the current year are based on the most recent data year in SEDS.

Lubricants
1973–2009: The consumption of lubricants is allocated to the industrial and transportation sectors for all months
according to proportions developed from annual sales of lubricants to the two sectors from U.S. Department of

98 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Industrial Reports, "Sales of Lubricating and Industrial Oils and Greases." The
1973 shares are applied to 1973 and 1974; the 1975 shares are applied to 1975 and 1976; and the 1977 shares are
applied to 1977 through 2009.

2010 forward: The consumption of lubricants in the industrial sector is estimated by EIA based on Kline & Company data
on finished lubricant demand for industrial (less marine and railroad) use. The consumption of lubricants in the
transportation sector is estimated by EIA based on Kline & Company data on finished lubricant demand for consumer
total, commercial total, marine, and railroad use. Estimates for lubricant consumption from 2010 forward are not
compatible with data before 2010.

Motor Gasoline
The total monthly consumption of motor gasoline is allocated to the sectors in proportion to aggregations of annual
sales categories created on the basis of the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,
Highway Statistics, Tables MF-21, MF-24, and MF-25, as follows:

Through 2014, commercial sales are the sum of sales for public non-highway use and miscellaneous use. Beginning in
2015, commercial sales are the sum of sales for public non-highway use, lawn and garden use, and miscellaneous use.

For all years, industrial sales are the sum of sales for agriculture, construction, and "industrial and commercial" use (as
classified in the Highway Statistics).

Through 2014, transportation sales are the sum of sales for highway use (minus the sales of special fuels, which are
primarily diesel fuel and are accounted for in the transportation sector of distillate fuel) and sales for marine use.
Beginning in 2015, transportation sales are the sum of sales for highway use (minus the sales of special fuels, which are
primarily diesel fuel and are accounted for in the transportation sector of distillate fuel) and sales for boating use and
recreational vehicle use.

Petroleum Coke
Portions of petroleum coke are consumed by the electric power sector (see sources for Table 7.4b) and the commercial
sector (see sources for Table 7.4c). The remaining petroleum coke is assigned to the industrial sector.

Residual Fuel Oil

Residual fuel oil consumption is assigned to the sectors as follows:

Residual Fuel Oil, Electric Power Sector

See sources for Table 7.4b. For 1973–1979, electric utility consumption of residual fuel oil is assumed to be the amount
of petroleum consumed in steam-electric power plants. For 1980–2000, electric utility consumption of residual fuel oil is
assumed to be the amount of heavy oil (fuel oil nos. 4, 5, and 6) consumed.

Residual Fuel Oil, End-Use Sectors, Annual Data

The aggregate end-use amount is total residual fuel oil product supplied minus the amount consumed by the electric
power sector. Through 2020, the end-use total consumed annually is allocated to the individual end-use sectors
(commercial, industrial, and transportation) in proportion to each sector's share of sales as reported in EIA's Fuel Oil and
Kerosene Sales (Sales), annual reports.

1973–1978: Each year’s sales subtotal of the heating plus industrial category is allocated to the commercial and
industrial sectors in proportion to the 1979 shares; and this estimated industrial portion is added to sales for oil
company and all other uses. Transportation sector sales are the sum of sales for railroad, vessel bunkering, and military
uses.

1979–2020: Commercial sector sales are directly from the Sales reports. Industrial sector sales are the sum of sales for
industrial, oil company, and all other uses. Transportation sector sales are the sum of sales for railroad, vessel
bunkering, and military uses.

2021 forward: The end-use total consumed annually is allocated to the individual end-use sectors (commercial,
industrial, and transportation) in proportion to each sector’s share of consumption as reported in EIA’s State Energy
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 99
Data System (SEDS). Shares for the current year are based on the previous year’s SEDS-based annual consumption data,
which are adjusted using the growth rate for forecast residual fuel oil consumption in EIA’s Short-Term Energy Outlook
(STEO), Table 4a.

Residual Fuel Oil, End-Use Sectors, Monthly Data

Commercial sector monthly consumption is estimated by allocating the annual estimates, which are described above,
into the months in proportion to each month's share of the year's sales of No. 2 heating oil. (For each month of the
current year, the consumption increase from the same month in the previous year is based on the percent increase in
that month's No. 2 heating oil sales from the same month in the previous year.) The years' No. 2 heating oil sales totals
are from the following sources: for 1973–1980, the Ethyl Corporation, Monthly Report of Heating Oil Sales; for 1981 and
1982, the American Petroleum Institute, Monthly Report of Heating Oil Sales; and for 1983 forward, EIA, Form EIA-782A,
"Refiners'/Gas Plant Operators' Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report," No. 2 Fuel Oil Sales to End Users and for
Resale. (Note that beginning in May 2022, commercial sector consumption estimates for each month are based on the
previous year’s monthly percent increase in No. 2 heating oil sales.)

A residual fuel oil "balance" is calculated as total residual fuel oil product supplied minus the amount consumed by the
electric power sector, commercial sector, and by industrial combined-heat-and-power plants (see sources for Table
7.4c).

Transportation sector monthly consumption is estimated by multiplying each month's residual fuel oil "balance" by the
annual transportation consumption share of the annual residual fuel oil "balance."

Total industrial sector monthly consumption is estimated as total residual fuel oil product supplied minus the amount
consumed by the commercial, transportation, and electric power sectors.

Other Products
Consumption of biofuels excluding fuel ethanol is assigned to the transportation sector. Consumption of all remaining
products, which include petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, still gas (refinery gas), waxes, and miscellaneous
products, is assigned to the industrial sector. Beginning in 1981, also includes negative barrels per day of distillate and
residual fuel oil reclassified as unfinished oils, and other products (from both primary and secondary supply) reclassified
as gasoline blending components. Beginning in 1983, also includes crude oil burned as fuel. Beginning in 2005, also
includes naphtha-type jet fuel.

Table 3.8a Sources

Distillate Fuel Oil
Residential and commercial sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for distillate fuel oil are from Table
3.7a, and are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the distillate fuel oil heat content factors in Table A3.

Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL)—Propane

Residential and commercial sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for propane are from Table 3.7a, and
are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the propane heat content factor in Table A1. The residential and
commercial sector total HGL consumption values are equal to the propane consumption values for those sectors.

Kerosene
Residential and commercial sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for kerosene are from Table 3.7a, and
are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the kerosene heat content factor in Table A1.

Motor Gasoline
Commercial sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for motor gasoline are from Table 3.7a, and are
converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the motor gasoline heat content factors in Table A3.

Petroleum Coke
1949–2003: Commercial sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for petroleum coke are from Table 3.7a,
and are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the total petroleum coke heat content factor in Table A1.
100 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
2004 forward: Commercial sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for petroleum coke are from Table
3.7a, and are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the marketable petroleum coke heat content factor in Table A1.

Residual Fuel Oil

Commercial sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for residual fuel oil are from Table 3.7a, and are
converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the residual fuel oil heat content factor in Table A1.

Total Petroleum
Residential sector total petroleum consumption is the sum of the data in trillion Btu for the petroleum products shown
under "Residential Sector" in Table 3.8a. Commercial sector total petroleum consumption is the sum of the data in
trillion Btu for the petroleum products shown under "Commercial Sector" in Table 3.8a.

Table 3.8b Sources

Asphalt and Road Oil
Industrial sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for asphalt and road oil are from Table 3.7b, and are
converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the asphalt and road oil heat content factor in Table A1.

Distillate Fuel Oil

Industrial sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for distillate fuel oil are from Table 3.7b, and are
converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the distillate fuel oil heat content factors in Table A3.

Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL)—Propane

Industrial sector propane consumption data are calculated by subtracting propane consumption data in trillion Btu for
the residential (Table 3.8a), commercial (Table 3.8a), and transportation (Table 3.8c) sectors from total propane
consumption (see sources for Table 3.6).

Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL)—Propylene

Product supplied data in thousand barrels per day for propylene are from Table 3.5, and are converted to trillion Btu by
multiplying by the propylene heat content factor in Table A1.

Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL)—Propane/Propylene Total

Total industrial sector propane/propylene consumption is the sum of the data in trillion Btu for propane and propylene.

Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL)—Total

Industrial sector consumption data for HGL are calculated by subtracting HGL consumption data in trillion Btu for the
residential (Table 3.8a), commercial (Table 3.8a), and transportation (Table 3.8c) sectors from total HGL consumption
(Table 3.6).

Kerosene
Industrial sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for kerosene are from Table 3.7b, and are converted to
trillion Btu by multiplying by the kerosene heat content factor in Table A1.

Lubricants
Industrial sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for lubricants are from Table 3.7b, and are converted to
trillion Btu by multiplying by the lubricants heat content factor in Table A1.

Motor Gasoline
Industrial sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for motor gasoline are from Table 3.7b, and are
converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the motor gasoline heat content factors in Table A3.

Petroleum Coke
1949–2003: Industrial sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for petroleum coke are from Table 3.7b,
and are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the total petroleum coke heat content factor in Table A1.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 101

2004 forward: Industrial sector consumption data for petroleum coke are calculated by subtracting petroleum coke
consumption data in trillion Btu for the commercial (Table 3.8a) and electric power (Table 3.8c) sectors from total
petroleum coke consumption (Table 3.6).

Residual Fuel Oil

Industrial sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for residual fuel oil are from Table 3.7b, and are
converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the residual fuel oil heat content factor in Table A1.

Other Products
Industrial sector "Other" data are equal to the "Other" data in Table 3.6 minus transportation sector “Other” (biofuels
excluding fuel ethanol) data (see sources for Table 3.8c).

Total Petroleum
Industrial sector total petroleum consumption is the sum of the data in trillion Btu for the petroleum products shown in
Table 3.8b.

Table 3.8c Sources

Aviation Gasoline
Transportation sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for aviation gasoline are from Table 3.7c, and are
converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the aviation gasoline (finished) heat content factor in Table A1.

Distillate Fuel Oil, Electric Power Sector

Electric power sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for distillate fuel oil are from Table 3.7c, and are
converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the distillate fuel oil heat content factors in Table A3.

Distillate Fuel Oil, Transportation Sector

1949–2008: Transportation sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for distillate fuel oil are from Table
3.7c, and are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the distillate fuel oil heat content factors in Table A3.

2009–2011: Consumption data for biodiesel are calculated using biodiesel data from U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA), EIA-22M, “Monthly Biodiesel Production Survey”; and “biomass-based diesel fuel” data from EIA-
810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” EIA-812, “Monthly Product Pipeline Report,” and EIA-815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and
Blender Report” (the data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the biodiesel heat content factor in Table A1). Refinery
and blender net inputs data for renewable diesel fuel are set equal to “other renewable diesel fuel” data from EIA-810,
“Monthly Refinery Report,” and EIA-815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report” (the data are converted to Btu by
multiplying by the renewable diesel fuel heat content factor in Table A1). Transportation sector distillate fuel oil
consumption data from Table 3.7c, minus consumption data for biodiesel and refinery and blender net inputs data for
renewable diesel fuel, are converted to Btu by multiplying by the distillate fuel oil heat content factors in Table A3. Total
transportation sector distillate fuel oil consumption is the sum of the values for distillate fuel oil (excluding biodiesel and
renewable diesel fuel), biodiesel, and renewable diesel fuel.

2012–2020: Consumption data for biodiesel are from Table 10.4a. Refinery and blender net inputs data for renewable
diesel fuel are set equal to “other renewable diesel fuel” data from EIA-810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” and EIA-815,
“Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report” (the data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the renewable diesel fuel
heat content factor in Table A1). Transportation sector distillate fuel oil consumption data from Table 3.7c, minus
consumption data for biodiesel and refinery and blender net inputs data for renewable diesel fuel, are converted to Btu
by multiplying by the distillate fuel oil heat content factors in Table A3. Total transportation sector distillate fuel oil
consumption is the sum of the values for distillate fuel oil (excluding biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel), biodiesel, and
renewable diesel fuel.

2021 forward: Refinery and blender net inputs data for biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel are set equal to refinery and
blender net inputs data from EIA-810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” and EIA-815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender
Report” (the data are converted to Btu by multiplying by the biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel heat content factors in
Table A1). Transportation sector distillate fuel oil consumption data from Table 3.7c, minus refinery and blender net
102 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
inputs data for biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel, are converted to Btu by multiplying by the distillate fuel oil heat
content factors in Table A3. Total transportation sector distillate fuel oil consumption is the sum of the values for
distillate fuel oil (excluding biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel), biodiesel, and renewable diesel fuel.

Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL)—Propane

Transportation sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for propane are from Table 3.7c, and are converted
to trillion Btu by multiplying by the propane heat content factor in Table A1. The transportation sector total HGL
consumption values are equal to the transportation sector propane consumption values.

Jet Fuel
Transportation sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for kerosene-type jet fuel and, through 2004,
naphtha-type jet fuel (see sources for Table 3.7c) are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the appropriate heat
content factors in Table A1. Total transportation sector jet fuel consumption is the sum of the data in trillion Btu for
kerosene-type and naphtha-type jet fuel. (Note: Petroleum products supplied is an approximation of petroleum
consumption and is synonymous with the term "petroleum consumption" in Tables 3.7a–3.8c. Other measurements of
consumption by fuel type or sector may differ. For example, jet fuel product supplied may not equal jet fuel consumed
by U.S.-flagged aircraft.)

Lubricants
Transportation sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for lubricants are from Table 3.7c, and are
converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the lubricants heat content factor in Table A1.

Motor Gasoline
Transportation sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for motor gasoline are from Table 3.7c, and are
converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the motor gasoline heat content factors in Table A3.

Petroleum Coke
1949–2003: Electric power sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for petroleum coke are from Table
3.7c, and are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the total petroleum coke heat content factor in Table A1.

2004 forward: Electric power sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for petroleum coke are from Table
3.7c, and are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the marketable petroleum coke heat content factor in Table A1.

Residual Fuel Oil

Transportation and electric power consumption data in thousand barrels per day for residual fuel oil are from Table 3.7c,
and are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the residual fuel oil heat content factor in Table A1.

Other Products
Beginning in 2021, transportation sector consumption data in thousand barrels per day for biofuels excluding fuel
ethanol are from Table 3.7c, and are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying the fuel types (biodiesel, renewable diesel
fuel, and other biofuels) by the appropriate heat content factors in Table A1.

Total Petroleum
Transportation sector total petroleum consumption is the sum of the data in trillion Btu for the petroleum products
shown under "Transportation Sector" in Table 3.8c. Electric power sector total petroleum consumption is the sum of the
data in trillion Btu for the petroleum products shown under "Electric Power Sector" in Table 3.8c.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 103

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4. Natural
Gas
Figure 4.1 Natural Gas
(Trillion Cubic Feet)

Overview, 1949–2024
50

40

30
Consumption

20
Dry Production

10
Net Imports

-10
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Consumption by Sector, 1949–2024

15

12 Electric Power

Industrial
9

6 Residential

3
Commercial
Transportation

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Overview, Monthly Consumption by Sector, Monthly

5 1.8
Electric Power
4 1.5
Dry Production
3 1.2

Consumption
2 0.9
Industrial
1 0.6 Residential

0 0.3 Commercial
Net Imports Transportation
-1 0.0
J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND
2023 2024 2025 2023 2024 2025

Web Page: [Link]

Sources: Tables 4.1 and 4.3.

106 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 107
108 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 109
110 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 111
Natural Gas
Note 1. Natural Gas Production. Final annual data are from the U.S. Energy Information Administration's (EIA) Natural
Gas Annual (NGA).

Data for the two most recent months presented are estimated. Some of the data for earlier months are also estimated
or computed. For a discussion of computation and estimation procedures, see EIA's Natural Gas Monthly (NGM).

Monthly data are considered preliminary until after publication of the NGA. Preliminary monthly data are gathered
from reports to the Interstate Oil Compact Commission and the U.S. Minerals Management Service. Volumetric data are
converted, as necessary, to a standard pressure base of 14.73 psia (pounds per square inch absolute) at 60° Fahrenheit.
Unless there are major changes, data are not revised until after publication of the NGA.

Differences between annual data in the NGA and the sum of preliminary monthly data (January–December) are
allocated proportionally to the months to create final monthly data.

Note 2. Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production. Natural gas plant liquids (NGPL) production is the reduction in volume
of natural gas resulting from the removal of natural gas liquid constituents at natural gas processing plants—these
natural gas plant liquids are transferred to petroleum supply.

Annual data are from EIA's Natural Gas Annual (NGA), where they are estimated on the basis of the type and quantity of
liquid products extracted from the gas stream and the calculated volume of such products at standard conditions. For a
detailed explanation of the calculations used to derive estimated NGPL production, see the NGA.

Through 2006, preliminary monthly data are estimated on the basis of NGPL production as an annual percentage of
marketed production. Beginning in 2007, preliminary monthly data are estimated on the basis of NGPL production
reported on Form EIA-816, "Monthly Natural Gas Liquids Report."

Monthly data are revised and considered final after publication of the NGA. Final monthly data are estimated by
allocating annual NGPL production data to the months on the basis of total natural gas marketed production data from
the NGA.

Note 3. Supplemental Gaseous Fuels. Supplemental gaseous fuels are any substances that, introduced into or
commingled with natural gas, increase the volume available for disposition. Such substances include, but are not limited
to, propane-air, refinery gas, coke oven gas, still gas, manufactured gas, biomass gas, and air or inert gases added for Btu
stabilization.

Annual data beginning with 1980 are from EIA's Natural Gas Annual (NGA). Unknown quantities of supplemental
gaseous fuels are included in consumption data for 1979 and earlier years. Monthly data are considered preliminary
until after publication of the NGA. Monthly estimates are based on the annual ratio of supplemental gaseous fuels to
the sum of dry gas production, net imports, and net withdrawals from storage. The ratio is applied to the monthly sum
of the three elements to compute a monthly supplemental gaseous fuels figure.

Although the total amount of supplemental gaseous fuels consumed is known for 1980 forward, the amount consumed
by each energy-use sector is estimated by EIA. These estimates are used to create natural gas (without supplemental
gaseous fuels) data for Tables 1.3, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, and 2.6 (note: to avoid double-counting in these tables, supplemental
gaseous fuels are accounted for in their primary energy category: "Coal," "Petroleum," or "Biomass"). It is assumed that
supplemental gaseous fuels are commingled with natural gas consumed by the residential, commercial, other industrial,
and electric power sectors, but are not commingled with natural gas used for lease and plant fuel, pipelines and
distribution, or vehicle fuel. The estimated consumption of supplemental gaseous fuels by each sector (residential,
commercial, other industrial, and electric power) is calculated as that sector's natural gas consumption (see Table 4.3)
divided by the sum of natural gas consumption by the residential, commercial, other industrial, and electric power
sectors (see Table 4.3), and then multiplied by total supplemental gaseous fuels consumption (see Table 4.1). For
estimated sectoral consumption of supplemental gaseous fuels in Btu, the residential, commercial, and other industrial
values in cubic feet are multiplied by the "End-Use Sectors" conversion factors (see Table A4), and the electric power

112 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

values in cubic feet are multiplied by the "Electric Power Sector" conversion factors (see Table A4). Total supplemental
gaseous fuels consumption in Btu is calculated as the sum of the Btu values for the sectors.

Note 4. Natural Gas Storage. Natural gas in storage at the end of a reporting period may not equal the quantity derived
by adding or subtracting net injections or withdrawals from the quantity in storage at the end of the previous period.
Injection and withdrawal data from the FERC-8/EIA-191 survey may be adjusted to correspond to data from Form EIA-
176 for publication of EIA's Natural Gas Annual (NGA).

Total underground storage capacity, which includes both active and inactive fields, at the end of each calendar year
since 1975 (first year data were available), in billion cubic feet, was:

Total underground storage capacity, including active and inactive fields (billion cubic feet)
Decade Year-0 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 Year-6 Year-7 Year-8 Year-9
1970s 6,280 6,544 6,678 6,890 6,929
1980s 7,434 7,805 7,915 7,985 8,043 8,087 8,145 8,124 8,124 8,120
1990s 7,794 7,993 7,932 7,989 8,043 7,953 7,980 8,332 8,179 8,229
2000s 8,241 8,182 8,207 8,206 8,255 8,268 8,330 8,402 8,499 8,656
2010s 8,764 8,849 8,991 9,173 9,233 9,231 9,239 9,261 9,241 9,231
P
2020s 9,259 9,265 9,269 9,278 9,320
P=Preliminary

Through 1990, monthly underground storage data are collected from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Form
FERC-8 (interstate data) and EIA Form EIA-191 (intrastate data). Beginning in 1991, all data are collected on the revised
Form EIA-191. Injection and withdrawal data from the EIA-191 survey may be adjusted to correspond to data from Form
EIA-176 following publication of EIA's NGA.

The final monthly and annual storage and withdrawal data for 1980–2017 include both underground and liquefied
natural gas (LNG) storage. Annual data on LNG additions and withdrawals are from Form EIA-176. Monthly data are
estimated by computing the ratio of each month's underground storage additions and withdrawals to annual
underground storage additions and withdrawals and applying the ratio to the annual LNG data.

Note 5. Natural Gas Balancing Item. The balancing item for natural gas represents the difference between the sum of
the components of natural gas supply and the sum of components of natural gas disposition. The differences may be
due to quantities lost or to the effects of data reporting problems. Reporting problems include differences due to the
net result of conversions of flow data metered at varying temperature and pressure bases and converted to a standard
temperature and pressure base; the effect of variations in company accounting and billing practices; differences
between billing cycle and calendar period time frames; and imbalances resulting from the merger of data reporting
systems that vary in scope, format, definitions, and type of respondents.

Note 6. Natural Gas Consumption. Natural gas consumption statistics include data for the following: "Residential
Sector": residential deliveries; "Commercial Sector": commercial deliveries, including to commercial combined-heat-and-
power (CHP) and commercial electricity-only plants; "Industrial Sector": lease and plant fuel use, and other industrial
deliveries, including to industrial CHP and industrial electricity-only plants also includes the relatively small amount of
natural gas consumption for non-combustion use (see Tables 1.13a and 1.13b); "Transportation Sector": pipelines and
distribution use, and vehicle fuel use; and "Electric Power Sector": electric utility and independent power producer use.

Final data for series other than "Other Industrial CHP" and "Electric Power Sector" are from EIA's Natural Gas Annual
(NGA). Monthly data are considered preliminary until after publication of the NGA. For more detailed information on
the methods of estimating preliminary and final monthly data, see EIA's Natural Gas Monthly.

Note 7. Natural Gas Consumption, 1989–1992. Prior to 1993, deliveries to nonutility generators were not separately
collected from natural gas companies on Form EIA-176, "Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas Supply and
Disposition." As a result, for 1989–1992, those volumes are probably included in both the industrial and electric power

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 113

sectors and double-counted in total consumption. In 1993, 0.28 trillion cubic feet was reported as delivered to
nonutility generators.

Note 8. Natural Gas Data Adjustments, 1993–2000, 2017, 2020. For 1993–2000, the original data for natural gas
delivered to industrial consumers (now "Other Industrial" in Table 4.3) included deliveries to both industrial users and
independent power producers (IPPs). These data were adjusted to remove the estimated consumption at IPPs from
"Other Industrial" and include it with electric utilities under "Electric Power Sector." (To estimate the monthly IPP
consumption, the monthly pattern for Other Industrial CHP in Table 4.3 was used.)

For 1996–2000, 2017, 2020, monthly data for several natural gas series shown in EIA's Natural Gas Navigator (see
[Link] were not reconciled and updated to be consistent with
the final annual data in EIA's Natural Gas Annual. In the Monthly Energy Review, monthly data for these series were
adjusted so that the monthly data sum to the final annual values. The Table 4.1 data series (and years) that were
adjusted are: Gross Withdrawals (1996, 1997), Marketed Production (1997), NGPL Production (1997, 1998 and 2000),
Dry Gas Production (1996, 1997), Supplemental Gaseous Fuels (1997–2000), Balancing Item (1997–2000), and Total
Consumption (1997–2000, 2017, 2020). The Table 4.3 data series (and years) that were adjusted are: Lease and Plant
Fuel (1997–2000), Total Industrial (1997–2000), Pipelines and Distribution (2000), Total Transportation (2000), and Total
Consumption (1997–2000, 2017, 2020).

Note 9. Natural Gas Imports and Exports. The United States imports natural gas via pipeline from Canada and Mexico;
and imports liquefied natural gas (LNG) via vessel from other countries. In addition, small amounts of LNG arrived from
Canada via truck in 1973, 1977, 1981, and 2013 forward. Also, small amounts of compressed natural gas (CNG) were
imported from Canada in 2014 forward. The United States exports natural gas via pipeline to Canada and Mexico; and
exports LNG via vessel to other countries. Also, small amounts of LNG have gone to Mexico via truck since 1998 and via
vessel since 2016, and to Canada via truck in 2007 and 2012 forward. Small amounts of CNG have been exported to
Canada since 2013. Natural gas exports include re-exports.

Annual and final monthly data are from the annual EIA Form EIA-176, "Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas
Supply and Disposition,” and FE-746R, “Import and Export of Natural Gas.”

Preliminary monthly data are EIA estimates. For a discussion of estimation procedures, see EIA's Natural Gas Monthly.
Preliminary data are revised after publication of EIA's Natural Gas Annual.

114 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

5. Crude Oil and Natural Gas
Resource Development
Figure 5.1 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Activity Measurements

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Type, 1949–2024

5

4
Thousand Rigs

Total
2

1
Natural Gas
Crude Oil
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Trajectory, 1991–2024

1.5
Horizontal

1.2
Vertical
Thousand Rigs

0.9

0.6

0.3 Directional

0.0
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Rotary Rigs in Operation by Type, Monthly Active Well Service Rig Count, Monthly
1.0 1.5

0.8
Total 1.0
Thousand Rigs
Thousand Rigs

0.6

0.4 Crude Oil

0.5

0.2
2020 2021 2022
Natural Gas
0.0
0.0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F MAM J J A S ON D J F MAM J J A S ON D J F MAM J J A S ON D
2023 2024 2025

Web Page: [Link]

Sources: Table 5.1.

116 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 117
Figure 5.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Wells and Footage Drilled

Wells Drilled by Type, 1949–2024

60

50

40
Thousand Wells

Crude Oil
30

20
Dry

10
Natural Gas

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Wells Drilled by Trajectory, 1980–2024

120

100

80
Thousand Wells

60
Total
40
Vertical
20
Horizontal and Directional
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Footage Drilled by Trajectory, 1980–2024

500

400 Total
Million Feet

300

Vertical
200

100
Horizontal and Directional

0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Web Page: [Link]

Sources: Table 5.2.

118 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 119
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Resource Development
Note. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Wells. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) considers six well types in the
Monthly Energy Review (MER): “completed for crude oil,” “completed for natural gas,” “dry hole,” “vertical,” “horizontal
and directional,” and “total.” Wells that produce both crude oil and natural gas are categorized by the state. EIA
includes both developmental wells and exploratory wells in the six well types, but excludes all other classes of wells
drilled in connection with the search for producible hydrocarbons. If a lateral well (such as a service well, stratigraphic
test well, observation well, etc.) is drilled at the same time as the original hole, EIA does not separately count the lateral
well. However, EIA includes all of the well footage. EIA counts only horizontal wells after the first lateral is drilled and
does not count pilot holes.

Prior to the March 1985 MER, drilling statistics consisted of completion data for crude oil, natural gas, and dry wells as
reported to the American Petroleum Institute (API) during a given month. Due to time lags between the date of well
completion and the date of completion reporting to the API, as‐reported well completions were an inaccurate indicator
of drilling activity. For example, in 1982, as‐reported well completions increased, while the number of actual
completions decreased. As a result, for 1973 forward, the data shown in this section are revised estimates based on the
partial data available from IHS Markit. EIA continuously revises these estimates as new data become available. Each
month, EIA estimates the latest 36 months of wells using the rig count and a 3‐month average wells per rig ratio. EIA
applies three conditions to the result: 1) if the model result is less than the actual reported value, then EIA uses the
reported value, and 2) the published total well count is the maximum of the modeled total, or the sum of modeled oil,
gas, and dry, or the sum of modeled horizontal and vertical well counts, and 3) the modeled component well counts are
prorated so that they add exactly to the total published well count. EIA uses a similar process to estimate drilled footage
using a 6‐month average footage‐per‐well ratio. Because there is no reported dry rig count data, EIA estimates the
number of dry wells using a 6‐month average dry‐wells‐to‐total‐wells ratio, which EIA then applies to the modeled total
wells. In general, the most recent 12 months of estimated well counts will have the highest errors because they are the
farthest from the average well‐per‐rig ratio used in the model (at least 25 months).

120 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

6. Coal
Figure 6.1 Coal
(Million Short Tons)

Overview, 1949–2024
1,400

1,200
Production
1,000

800

Consumption
600

400

200
Net Exports
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Consumption by Sector, 1949–2024

1,200
Electric Power
1,000

800

600

400

200 Industrial[a]

Residential, Commercial[a] and Transportation[b]

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Overview, Monthly Electric Power Sector Consumption, Monthly

60 60

Production

40 40

Consumption

20 20

Net Exports
2023 2024 2025

0
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND
2023 2024 2025

[a] Includes combined-heat-power (CHP) plants and a small number of Web Page: [Link]
electricity-only-plants. Sources: Tables 6.1 and 6.2.
[b] For 1978 forward, small amounts of transportation sector use are
included in “Industrial.”

122 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 123
124 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 125
Coal
Note 1. Coal Production. Preliminary monthly estimates of national coal production are the sum of weekly estimates
developed by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) and published in the Weekly Coal Production report.
When a week extends into a new month, production is allocated on a daily basis and added to the appropriate month.
Weekly estimates are based on Association of American Railroads (AAR) data showing the number of railcars loaded
with coal during the week by Class I and certain other railroads.

Through 2001, the weekly coal production model converted AAR data into short tons of coal by using the average
number of short tons of coal per railcar loaded reported in the “Quarterly Freight Commodity Statistics” from the
Surface Transportation Board. If an average coal tonnage per railcar loaded was not available for a specific railroad, the
national average was used. To derive the estimate of total weekly production, the total rail tonnage for the week was
divided by the ratio of quarterly production shipped by rail and total quarterly production. Data for the corresponding
quarter of previous years were used to derive this ratio. This method ensured that the seasonal variations were
preserved in the production estimates.

From 2002 through 2014, the weekly coal production model used statistical auto regressive methods to estimate
national coal production as a function of railcar loadings of coal, heating degree-days, and cooling degree-days. On
Thursday of each week, EIA received from the AAR data for the previous week. The latest weekly national data for
heating degree-days and cooling degree-days were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration’s Climate Prediction Center.

Beginning in 2015, the revised weekly coal production model uses statistical auto regressive methods to estimate
national coal production as a function of railcar loadings of coal. EIA receives AAR data on Thursday of each week for
prior week car loadings. The weekly coal model is run and a national level coal production estimate is obtained. From
there, state-level estimates are calculated using historical state production share. The state estimates are then
aggregated to various regional-level estimates. The weekly coal model is refit every quarter after preliminary coal data
are available.

When preliminary quarterly data become available, the monthly and weekly estimates are adjusted to conform to the
quarterly figures. The adjustment procedure uses historical state-level production data, the methodology for which can
be seen in the documentation located at [Link] Initial estimates of annual
production published in January of the following year are based on preliminary production data covering the first nine
months (three quarters) and weekly/monthly estimates for the fourth quarter. All quarterly, monthly, and weekly
production figures are adjusted to conform to the final annual production data published in the Monthly Energy Review
in the fall of the following year.

Note 2. Coal Consumption. Forecast data (designated by an “F”) are derived from forecasted values shown in EIA’s Short-
Term Energy Outlook (DOE/EIA-0202) table titled “U.S. Coal Supply, Consumption, and Inventories.” The monthly
estimates are based on the quarterly values, which are released in March, June, September, and December. The estimates
are revised quarterly as collected data become available from the data sources. Sector-specific information follows.

Residential and Commercial—Through 2007, coal consumption by the residential and commercial sectors is reported to EIA
for the two sectors combined; EIA estimates the amount consumed by the sectors individually. To create the estimates, it
is first assumed that an occupied coal-heated housing unit consumes fuel at the same Btu rate as an oil-heated housing
unit. Then, for the years in which data are available on the number of occupied housing units by heating source (1973–
1981 and subsequent odd-numbered years), residential consumption of coal is estimated using the following steps: a
ratio is created of the number of occupied housing units heated by coal to the number of occupied housing units heated
by oil; that ratio is then multiplied by the Btu quantity of oil consumed by the residential sector to derive an estimate of
the Btu quantity of coal consumed by the residential sector; and, finally, the amount estimated as the residential sector
consumption is subtracted from the residential and commercial sectors’ combined consumption to derive the
commercial sector’s estimated consumption. Beginning in 2008, residential coal consumption data are not collected by
EIA, and commercial coal consumption data are taken directly from reported data.

126 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Industrial Coke Plants—Through 1979, monthly coke plant consumption data were taken directly from reported data.
For 1980–1987, coke plant consumption estimates were derived by proportioning reported quarterly data by using the
ratios of monthly-to-quarterly consumption data in 1979, the last year in which monthly data were reported. Beginning
in 1988, monthly coke plant consumption estimates are derived from the reported quarterly data by using monthly
ratios of raw steel production data from the American Iron and Steel Institute. The ratios are the monthly raw steel
production from open hearth and basic oxygen process furnaces as a proportion of the quarterly production from those
kinds of furnaces. Coal coke consumption values also include the relativity small amount consumed for non-combustion
use (See Tables 1.13a and 1.13b).

Industrial Other—Through 1977, monthly consumption data for the other industrial sector (all industrial users minus
coke plants) were derived by using reported data to modify baseline consumption figures from the most recent U.S.
Census Bureau Annual Survey of Manufactures or Census of Manufactures. For 1978 and 1979, monthly estimates were
derived from data reported on Forms EIA-3 and EIA-6. For 1980–1987, monthly figures were estimated by
proportioning quarterly data by using the ratios of monthly-to-quarterly consumption data in 1979, the last year in
which monthly data were reported on Form EIA-3. Beginning in 1988, monthly consumption for the other
industrial sector is estimated from reported quarterly data by using ratios derived from industrial production
indices published by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Indices for six major industry groups
are used as the basis for calculating the ratios: food manufacturing, which is North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS) code 311; paper manufacturing, NAICS 322; chemical manufacturing, NAICS 325;
petroleum and coal products, NAICS 324; non-metallic mineral products manufacturing, NAICS 327; and primary
metal manufacturing, NAICS 331. The monthly ratios are computed as the monthly sum of the weighted indices as
a proportion of the quarterly sum of the weighted indices by using the 1977 proportion as the weights. Through
2007, quarterly consumption data for the other industrial sector were derived by adding beginning stocks at
manufacturing plants to current receipts and subtracting ending stocks at manufacturing plants. In this
calculation, current receipts are the greater of either reported receipts from manufacturing plants (Form EIA-3) or
reported shipments to the other industrial sector (Form EIA-6), thereby ensuring that agriculture, forestry, fishing,
and construction consumption data were included where appropriate. Beginning in 2008, quarterly consumption
totals for other industrial coal include data for manufacturing and mining only. Over time, surveyed coal
consumption data for agriculture, forestry, fishing, and construction dwindled to about 20 –30 thousand short tons
annually. Therefore, in 2008, EIA consolidated its programs by eliminating agriculture, forestry, fishing, and
construction as surveyed sectors.

Electric Power Sector—Monthly consumption data for electric power plants are taken directly from reported data.

Note 3. Coal Stocks. Coal stocks data are reported by major end-use sector. Forecast data (designated by an “F”)
are derived from forecasted values shown in EIA’s Short-Term Energy Outlook (DOE/EIA-0202) table titled “U.S.
Coal Supply, Consumption, and Inventories.” The monthly estimates are based on the quarterly values (released in
March, June, September, and December) or annual values. The estimates are revised as collected data become
available from the data sources. Sector-specific information follows.

Producers and Distributors—Through 1997, quarterly stocks at producers and distributors were taken directly
from reported data. Monthly data were estimated by using one-third of the current quarterly change to indicate
the monthly change in stocks. Beginning in 1998, end-of-year stocks are taken from reported data. Monthly stocks
are estimated by a model.

Residential and Commercial—Through 1979, stock estimates for the residential and commercial sector were taken
directly from reported data. For 1980–2007, stock estimates were not collected. Beginning in 2008, quarterly
commercial (excluding residential) stocks data are collected on Form EIA-3 (data for “Commercial and Institutional
Coal Users”).

Industrial Coke Plants—Through 1979, monthly stocks at coke plants were taken directly from reported data. Beginning
in 1980, coke plant stocks are estimated by using one-third of the current quarterly change to indicate the monthly
change in stocks. Quarterly stocks are taken directly from data reported on Form EIA-5.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 127

Industrial Other—Through 1977, stocks for the other industrial sector were derived by using reported data to modify
baseline figures from a one-time Bureau of Mines survey of consumers. For 1978–1982, monthly estimates were
derived by judgmentally proportioning reported quarterly data based on representative seasonal patterns of supply and
demand. Beginning in 1983, other industrial coal stocks are estimated as indicated above for coke plants. Quarterly
stocks are taken directly from data reported on Form EIA-3 and therefore include only manufacturing industries; data for
agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, and construction stocks are not available.

Electric Power Sector—Monthly stocks data at electric power plants are taken directly from reported data.

Note 4. Coal Forecast Values. Data values preceded by “F” in this section are forecast values. They are derived from EIA’s
Short-Term Integrated Forecasting System (STIFS). The model is driven primarily by data and assumptions about key
macroeconomic variables, the world oil price, and weather. The coal forecast relies on other variables as well, such as
alternative fuel prices (natural gas and oil) and power generation by sources other than fossil fuels, including nuclear and
hydroelectric power. Each month, EIA staff review the model output and make adjustments, if appropriate, based on their
knowledge of developments in the coal industry.

The STIFS model results are published monthly in EIA’s Short-Term Energy Outlook, which is accessible on the Web at
[Link]

Table 6.1 Sources

Production
1949–September 1977: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook and Minerals Industry
Surveys.
October 1977 forward: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Weekly Coal Production.

Waste Coal Supplied

1989–1997: EIA, Form EIA-867, “Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report.”

1998–2000: EIA, Form EIA-860B, “Annual Electric Generator Report—Nonutility.”

2001–2003: EIA, Form EIA-906, “Power Plant Report,” and Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality
Report—Manufacturing Plants,” and predecessor forms.

2004–2007: EIA, Form EIA-906, “Power Plant Report,” Form EIA-920, “Combined Heat and Power Plant Report,” and
Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality Report—Manufacturing Plants,” and predecessor forms.

2008 forward: EIA, Form EIA-923, “Power Plant Operations Report,” and Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Survey of Industrial,
Commercial, and Institutional Coal Users” (formerly called, “Quarterly Survey of Non-Electric Sector Coal Data”); and, for
forecast values, EIA, Short-Term Integrated Forecasting System.

Imports and Exports

1949 forward: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Monthly Reports IM 145 (Imports) and EM 545 (Exports).

Stock Change
1950 forward: Calculated from data in Table 6.3.

Losses and Unaccounted for

1949 forward: Calculated as the sum of production, imports, and waste coal supplied, minus exports, stock change, and
consumption.

Consumption
1949 forward: Table 6.2.

128 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Table 6.2 Sources
Residential and Commercial Total
Through 2007, coal consumption by the residential and commercial sectors combined is reported to the U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA). EIA estimates the sectors individually using the method described in Note 2,
“Consumption,” at the end of Section 6. Data for the residential and commercial sectors combined are from:
1949–1976: U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI), Bureau of Mines (BOM), Minerals Yearbook.
January–September 1977: DOI, BOM, Form 6-1400, “Monthly Coal Report, Retail Dealers—Upper Lake Docks.” October 1977–
1979: EIA, Form EIA-2, “Monthly Coal Report, Retail Dealers—Upper Lake Docks.”

1980–1997: EIA, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report,” quarterly.

1998–2007: DOI, Mine Safety and Health Administration, Form 7000-2, “Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality Report—
Coke Plants.”

Commercial Total
Beginning in 2008, coal consumption by the commercial (excluding residential) sector is reported to EIA. Data for total
commercial consumption are from: 2008 forward: EIA, Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Survey of Industrial, Commercial, and
Institutional Coal Users” (formerly called, “Quarterly Survey of Non-Electric Sector Coal Data”); and, for forecast values, EIA,
Short-Term Integrated Forecasting System (STIFS).

Commercial CHP
1989 forward: Table 7.4c.

Commercial Other
1949 forward: Calculated as “Commercial Total” minus “Commercial CHP.”

Industrial Coke Plants

1949–September 1977: DOI, BOM, Minerals Yearbook and Minerals Industry Surveys.
October 1977–1980: EIA, Form EIA-5/5A, “Coke and Coal Chemicals—Monthly/Annual Supplement.”

1981–1984: EIA, Form EIA-5/5A, “Coke Plant Report—Quarterly/Annual Supplement.”

1985 forward: EIA, Form EIA–5, “Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality Report—Coke Plants”; and, for forecast
values, EIA, STIFS.

Other Industrial Total

1949–September 1977: DOI, BOM, Minerals Yearbook and Minerals Industry Surveys.

October 1977–1979: EIA, Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality Report—Manufacturing Plants,” and
predecessor forms.

1980–1997: EIA, Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality Report—Manufacturing Plants,” and
predecessor forms and Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report,” quarterly.

1998–2007: EIA, Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality Report—Manufacturing Plants,” and predecessor
forms, Form EIA-6A, “Coal Distribution Report,” annual, and Form EIA-7A, “Coal Production Report,” annual.

2008 forward: EIA, Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Survey of Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Coal Users” (formerly
called, “Quarterly Survey of Non-Electric Sector Coal Data”) and Form EIA-7A, “Coal Production Report,” annual; and, for
forecast values, EIA, STIFS.

Other Industrial CHP

1989 forward: Table 7.4c.

Other Industrial Non-CHP

1949 forward: Calculated as “Other Industrial Total” minus “Other Industrial CHP.”

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 129

Transportation
1949–1976: DOI, BOM, Minerals Yearbook.
January–September 1977: DOI, BOM, Form 6-1400, “Monthly Coal Report, Retail Dealers—Upper Lake Docks.” October–
December 1977: EIA, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report,” quarterly.

Electric Power
1949 forward: Table 7.4b.

Table 6.3 Sources

Producers and Distributors
1973–1979: U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI), Bureau of Mines (BOM), Form 6-1419Q, “Distribution of Bituminous
Coal and Lignite Shipments.”

1980–1997: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report,” quarterly.

1998–2007: EIA, Form EIA-6A, “Coal Distribution Report,” annual.

2008 forward: EIA, Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Survey of Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Coal Users” (formerly
called, “Quarterly Survey of Non-Electric Sector Coal Data”); (data for “Commercial and Institutional Coal Users”); and,
for forecast values, EIA, STIFS.

Residential and Commercial

1949–1976: DOI, BOM, Minerals Yearbook.

January–September 1977: DOI, BOM, Form 6-1400, “Monthly Coal Report, Retail Dealers—Upper Lake Docks.”

October 1977–1979: EIA, Form EIA-2, “Monthly Coal Report, Retail Dealers—Upper Lake Docks.”

2008 forward: EIA, Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Survey of Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Coal Users” (formerly
called “Quarterly Survey of Non-Electric Coal Data); and, for forecast values, EIA, STIFS.

Industrial Coke Plants

1949–September 1977: DOI, BOM, Minerals Yearbook and Minerals Industry Surveys.

October 1977–1980: EIA, Form EIA-5/5A, “Coke and Coal Chemicals—Monthly/Annual.”

1981–1984: EIA, Form EIA-5/5A, “Coke Plant Report—Quarterly/Annual Supplement.”

1985 forward: EIA, Form EIA-5, “Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality Report—Coke Plants” and, for forecast
values, EIA, STIFS.

Industrial Other
1949–September 1977: DOI, BOM, Minerals Yearbook and Minerals Industry Surveys.

October 1977–2007: EIA, Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality Report—Manufacturing Plants,” and
predecessor forms.

2008 forward: EIA, Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Survey of Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Coal Users” (formerly
called, “Quarterly Survey of Non-Electric Sector Coal Data”); and, for forecast values, EIA, STIFS.

Electric Power
1949 forward: Table 7.5.

130 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

7. Electricity
Figure 7.1 Electricity Overview
(Billion Kilowatthours)

Overview, 2024
5,000
4,151
3,962
4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

16 137 33 19 136
0
Electric Power Commercial Industrial Imports Exports Sales to Ultimate Direct Use [c]
Customers [b]
Net Generation [a] Trade End Use

Net Generation [a] by Sector, 1989–2024 Net Generation [a] by Sector, Monthly
6,000 600

Total [d]
Total [d]
4,000 400
Electric Power

Electric Power

200
2,000

Industrial
Industrial 0
0 J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2023 2024 2025

Trade, 1949–2024
100

75

Imports
50

25

Exports
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

[a] Data are for utility-scale facilities. [d] Includes commercial sector.
[b] Electricity sales to ultimate customers reported by electric utilities and other Web Page: [Link]
energy service providers. Source: Table 7.1.
[c] See “Direct Use” in Glossary.

132 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 133
Figure 7.2 Electricity Net Generation
(Billion Kilowatthours)

Total (All Sectors), Major Sources, 1949–2024

2,500

Coal
2,000

Natural Gas

1,500

1,000
Nuclear Electric Power

500
Renewable Energy

Petroleum
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Total (All Sectors), Major Sources, Monthly Electric Power Sector, Major Sources, 2024
250 2,000
1,759
Natural Gas
200
1,500

150
948
1,000
782
100 Renewable Energy [a]
648
Nuclear Electric Power
50 500
Coal

Petroleum
14
0
0
J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMAMJ J ASOND J FMAMJ J ASOND
Natural Renewable Nuclear Electric Coal Petroleum
2023 2024 2025 Gas Energy [a] Power

Commercial Sector, Major Sources, 2024 Industrial Sector, Major Sources, 2024
10 125

8.1 97.6
8 100

6 75

50
4 3.6

21.9
25
2
7.0 4.4
0.9 0.7
0.2 0.1 0
0 Natural Gas Wood Other Fossil Coal Hydroelectric Petroleum
Natural Gas Waste Coal Petroleum Gases [b] Power [c]

[a] Conventional hydroelectric power, wood, waste, geothermal, solar, and [c] Conventional hydroelectric power.
wind. Note: Data are for utility-scale facilities.
[b] Blast furnace gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from Web Page: [Link]
fossil fuels. Sources: Tables 7.2a-7.2c.

134 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 135
136 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 137
Figure 7.3 Consumption of Selected Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation

Coal by Sector,1989–2024 Petroleum by Sector,1989–2024

1.2 300

1.0 Total [a] 250

Total [a]
Electric Power
Billion Short Tons

0.8 200

Million Barrels
0.6 150

0.4 100 Electric Power

0.2 50
Industrial
Industrial
0.0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Natural Gas by Sector,1989–2024 Other Fossil Gases [b] by Sector,1989–2024

15 200

Total [a]
12
150
Trillion Cubic Feet

9
Trillion Btu

100
6 Total [a]

50 Industrial
3 Electric Power
Electric Power
Industrial

0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Wood by Sector,1989–2024 Waste by Sector,1989–2024

750 400

Total
Total [a] 300
500
Trillion Btu

Trillion Btu

Electric Power
Industrial
200

250
100
Electric Power Commercial

Industrial
0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

[a] Includes commercial sector. Note: Data are for utility-scale facilities.
[b] Blast furnace gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from Web Page: [Link]
fossil fuels. Through 2010, also includes propane gas. Sources: Tables 7.3a-7.3c.

138 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 139
140 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 141
Figure 7.4 Consumption of Selected Combustible Fuels for Electricity Generation and Useful Thermal Output

Coal by Sector,1989–2024 Petroleum by Sector,1989–2024

1.2 400

Total [a]

0.9 Electric Power 300

Total [a]
Billion Short Tons

Million Barrels
0.6 200

Electric Power

0.3 100
Industrial
Industrial

0.0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Natural Gas by Sector,1989–2024 Other Fossil Gases [b] by Sector,1989–2024

18 400
Total [a]

15
300
Trillion Cubic Feet

12
Trillion Btu

9 200
Industrial
Total [a]
6
100 Electric Power
Electric Power
3
Industrial

0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Wood by Sector,1989–2024 Waste by Sector,1989–2024

1.6 500
Total [a]
Total
400
1.2
Quadrillion Btu

300
Trillion Btu

Industrial

0.8 Electric Power

200

0.4
100 Commercial
Electric Power

Industrial
0.0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

[a] Includes commercial sector. Note: Data are for utility-scale facilities.
[b] Blast furnace gas, and other manufactured and waste gases derived from Web Page: [Link]
fossil fuels. Through 2010, also includes propane gas. Sources: Tables 7.4a-7.4c.

142 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 143
144 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 145
Figure 7.5 Stocks of Coal and Petroleum: Electric Power Sector

Coal, 1949–2024
250

200
Million Short Tons

150

100

50

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Total Petroleum, 1949–2024

200

150
Million Barrels

100

50

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Coal, Monthly Total Petroleum, Monthly

150 30

120
Million Short Tons

20
Million Barrels

90

60
10

30
2023 2024 2025 2023 2024 2025

0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D

Note: Data are for utility-sale facilities.

Web Page: [Link]
Source: Table 7.5.

146 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 147
Figure 7.6 Electricity End Use
(Billion Kilowatthours)

Electricity End Use Overview,1989–2024 Sales to Ultimate Customers [a] by Sector, May 2025
5,000 150

Total 118.7
4,000
104.9
Retail Sales [a]
100
87.4
3,000

2,000
50

1,000

Direct Use [b]

0.6
0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Residential Commercial [c] Industrial Transportation [d]

Sales to Ultimate Customers [a] by Sector, 1949–2024

2,000

1,500 Residential

Commercial [c]

1,000
Industrial

500

Transportation [d]
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Sales to Ultimate Customers [a] by Sector, Monthly Sales to Ultimate Customers [a] Total, January–May
200 1,800
1,593
1,504 1,540
1,500
150

Commercial [c]
1,200
Residential
100
Industrial 900

50 600

Transportation [d]
300
0
J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND
0
2023 2024 2025 2023 2024 2025

[a] Electricity sales to ultimate customers reported by utilities and other departmental sales, and other sales to public authorities.
energy service providers. [d] Transportation sector, including sales to railroads and railways.
[b] See “Direct Use” in Glossary. Web Page: [Link]
[c] Commercial sector, including public street and highway lighting, inter- Source: Table 7.6.

148 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Electric vehicle use data after February 2025 were not available in time for publication.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 149

150 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 151
152 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 153
154 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 155
156 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 157
Electricity
Note 1. Coverage of Electricity Statistics. Data in Section 7 cover the following:

Through 1984, data for electric utilities also include institutions (such as universities) and military facilities that
generated electricity primarily for their own use; beginning in 1985, data for electric utilities exclude institutions and
military facilities. Beginning in 1989, data for the commercial sector include institutions and military facilities.

The generation, consumption, and stocks data in Section 7 are for utility-scale facilities—those with a combined
generation nameplate capacity of 1 megawatt or more. Data exclude small-scale facilities—those with a combined
generator nameplate capacity of less than 1 megawatt. For data on small-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) generation in the
residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, see Table 10.6.

Note 2. Classification of Power Plants into Energy-Use Sectors. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
classifies power plants (both electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power plants) into energy-use sectors based on the
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which replaced the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system
in 1997. Plants with a NAICS code of 22 are assigned to the Electric Power Sector. Those with NAICS codes beginning
with 11 (agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting); 21 (mining, including oil and gas extraction); 23 (construction); 31–
33 (manufacturing); 2212 (natural gas distribution); and 22131 (water supply and irrigation systems) are assigned to the
Industrial Sector. Those with all other codes are assigned to the Commercial Sector. Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric
Generator Report," asks respondents to indicate the primary purpose of the facility by assigning a NAICS code from the
list at [Link]

Note 3. Electricity Forecast Values. Data values preceded by "F" in this section are forecast values. They are derived
from EIA's Short-Term Integrated Forecasting System (STIFS). STIFS is driven primarily by data and assumptions about
key macroeconomic variables, energy prices, and weather. The electricity forecast relies on additional variables such as
alternative fuel prices (natural gas and oil) and power generation by sources other than fossil fuels, including nuclear,
renewables, and hydroelectric power. Each month, EIA staff review the model output and make adjustments, if
appropriate, based on their knowledge of developments in the electricity industry.

The STIFS model results are published monthly in EIA's Short-Term Energy Outlook, which is accessible on the Web at
[Link]

Note 4. Experimental Estimates of Electric Vehicle Use. These are experimental estimates of on-road light-duty electric
vehicle (EV) electricity consumption to operate and move the vehicle. These estimates are based on models and are
subject to model error. The electricity consumed by light-duty EVs is not identified as a separate class of service by
electric utilities. Instead, the electricity consumption by light-duty EVs is accounted for based on the location of where
the vehicle is charged. This results in electric utilities reporting light-duty EV consumption as part of the Residential,
Commercial, and Industrial Sales to Ultimate Customers. Estimates are for light-duty Battery Electric Vehicles and Plug-
in Hybrid Electric Vehicles that weigh less than or equal to 8,500 pounds. Estimates exclude plug-in hybrid motor
gasoline consumption, on-road medium- and heavy-duty EVs, and off-road EVs such as golf carts and forklifts. For more
information, see the detailed estimation methodology at [Link]
[Link]/.

Table 7.1 Sources

Net Generation, Electric Power Sector
1949 forward: Table 7.2b.

Net Generation, Commercial and Industrial Sectors

1949 forward: Table 7.2c.

Trade
1949–September 1977: Unpublished Federal Power Commission data.

158 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

October 1977–1980: Unpublished Economic Regulatory Administration (ERA) data.

1981: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Emergency Operations, "Report on Electric Energy Exchanges
with Canada and Mexico for Calendar Year 1981," April 1982 (revised June 1982).

1982 and 1983: DOE, ERA, Electricity Exchanges Across International Borders.

1984–1986: DOE, ERA, Electricity Transactions Across International Borders.

1987 and 1988: DOE, ERA, Form ERA-781R, "Annual Report of International Electrical Export/Import Data."

1989: DOE, Fossil Energy, Form FE-781R, "Annual Report of International Electrical Export/Import Data."

1990–2000: National Energy Board of Canada; and DOE, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Form
FE-781R, "Annual Report of International Electrical Export/Import Data."

2001–May 2011: National Energy Board of Canada; DOE, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Form
OE-781R, "Monthly Electricity Imports and Exports Report," and predecessor form; and California Independent System
Operator.

June 2011–2015: National Energy Board of Canada; California Independent System Operator; and EIA estimates for
Texas transfers.

2016 forward: EIA, Form EIA-111, "Quarterly Electricity Imports and Exports Report"; and for forecast values, EIA Short-
Term Integrated Forecasting System (STIFS).

T&D Losses and Unaccounted for

1949 forward: Calculated as the sum of total net generation and imports minus end use and exports.

End Use
1949 forward: Table 7.6.

Table 7.2b Sources

1949–September 1977: Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant Report."

October 1977–1981: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant Report."

1982–1988: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report."

1989–1997: EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer
Report."

1998–2000: EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator Report—
Nonutility."

2001–2003: EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."

2004–2007: EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."

2008 forward: EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report".

Table 7.2c Sources

Industrial Sector, Hydroelectric Power, 1949–1988
1949–September 1977: Federal Power Commission (FPC), Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant Report," for plants with
generating capacity exceeding 10 megawatts, and FPC, Form FPC-12C, "Industrial Electric Generating Capacity," for all
other plants.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 159

October 1977–1978: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant Report," for
plants with generating capacity exceeding 10 megawatts, and FERC, Form FPC-12C, "Industrial Electric Generating
Capacity," for all other plants.

1979: FERC, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant Report," for plants with generating capacity exceeding 10 megawatts,
and U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates for all other plants.

1980–1988: Estimated by EIA as the average generation over the 6-year period of 1974–1979.

All Data, 1989 Forward

1989–1997: EIA, Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."

1998–2000: EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator Report—Nonutility."

2001–2003: EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."

2004–2007: EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."

2008 forward: EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report".

Table 7.3b Sources

1949–September 1977: Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant Report."

October 1977–1981: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant Report."

1982–1988: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report."

1989–1997: EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer
Report."

1998–2000: EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator Report—
Nonutility."

2001–2003: EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."

2004–2007: EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."

2008 forward: EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report".

Table 7.4b Sources

1949–September 1977: Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant Report."

October 1977–1981: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FPC-4, "Monthly Power Plant Report."

1982–1988: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report."

1989–1997: EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer
Report."

1998–2000: EIA, Form EIA-759, "Monthly Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator Report—
Nonutility."

2001–2003: EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report."

2004–2007: EIA, Form EIA-906, "Power Plant Report," and Form EIA-920, "Combined Heat and Power Plant Report."

2008 forward: EIA, Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report".

160 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Table 7.6 Sources
Sales to Ultimate Customers, Residential and Industrial
1949–September 1977: Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of Electric Operating Revenue and
Income."

October 1977–February 1980: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Form FPC-5, "Monthly Statement of
Electric Operating Revenue and Income."

March 1980–1982: FERC, Form FPC-5, "Electric Utility Company Monthly Statement."

1983: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-826, "Electric Utility Company Monthly Statement."

1984–2003: EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report."

2004 forward: EIA, Electric Power Monthly (EPM) July 2025, Table 5.1.

Sales to Ultimate Customers, Commercial

1949–2002: Data are estimates. See estimation methodology at
[Link]

2003: EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report."

2004 forward: EIA, EPM, July 2025, Table 5.1.

Sales to Ultimate Customers, Transportation

1949–2002: Data are estimates. See estimation methodology at
[Link]

2003: EIA, Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Utility Report."

2004 forward: EIA, EPM July 2025, Table 5.1.

Direct Use, Annual

1989–1997: EIA, Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power Producer Report."

1998–2000: EIA, Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric Generator Report—Nonutility."

2001–2023: EIA, Electric Power Annual 2024, October 2024, Table 2.2.

Direct Use, Monthly

1989 forward: Annual shares are calculated as annual direct use divided by annual commercial and industrial net
generation (on Table 7.1). Then monthly direct use estimates are calculated as the annual share multiplied by the
monthly commercial and industrial net generation values. For 2024, the 2023 annual share is used.

Electric Vehicle Use

2018 forward: EIA, EPM, July 2025, Table D1.

Table 7.7b Sources

Net Summer Capacity, Nuclear Power
1949 forward: Table 8.1.

All Other Data

1949–1984: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates.

1985–1988: EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report."

1989–1997: EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report," and Form EIA-867, "Annual Nonutility Power
Producer Report."
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 161
1998–2000: EIA, Form EIA-860A, "Annual Electric Generator Report–Utility," and Form EIA-860B, "Annual Electric
Generator Report–Nonutility."

2001–2007: EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report."

2008 forward: EIA, Form EIA-860, "Annual Electric Generator Report," and Form EIA-860M, “Monthly Update to the
Annual Electric Generator Report.”

162 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

8. Nuclear
Energy
Figure 8.1 Nuclear Energy Overview

Electricity Net Generation,1957–2024

5

Total
4
Trillion Kilowatthours

1 Nuclear Electric Power

0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Nuclear Share of Electricity Net Generation,1957–2024

25

20

15
Percent

10

0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Nuclear Electricity Net Generation–May Capacity Factor, Monthly

80 120

64.973 100
61.155 62.145
60
Billion Kilowatthours

80
Percent

60
40
40

20 20
2023 2024 2025

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0
2023 2024 2025

Web Page: [Link]

Sources: Tables 7.2a and 8.1.

164 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 165
Figure 8.2 Uranium Overview

Production and Trade, 1949–2024

75
Purchased Imports
Million Pounds Uranium Oxide

50 Domestic Production

Exports Sales
25

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Inventories, End of Year 1981–2024

300
Million Pounds Uranium Oxide

200

Total

100

Electric Plants
Domestic Supplies

0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Average Prices, 1981–2024

60
Dollars[a] per Pound Uranium Oxide

40
Domestic Purchases

20
Purchased Imports

0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

[a] Prices are not adjusted for inflation. See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary. Web Page: [Link]
Note: See “Uranium Oxide” in Glossary. Source: Table 8.2.

166 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 167
Nuclear Energy
Note 1. Operable Nuclear Reactors. A reactor is defined as operable when it possesses a full-power license from the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission or its predecessor, the Atomic Energy Commission, or equivalent permission to operate,
at the end of the year or month shown. The definition includes units retaining full-power licenses during long, non-
routine shutdowns that for a time rendered them unable to generate electricity.

Note 2. Nuclear Capacity. Nuclear generating units may have more than one type of net capacity rating, including the
following:

(a) Net Summer Capacity—The steady hourly output that generating equipment is expected to supply to system load,
exclusive of auxiliary power, as demonstrated by test at the time of summer peak demand. Auxiliary power of a typical
nuclear power plant is about 5% of gross generation.

(b) Net Design Capacity or Net Design Electrical Rating (DER)—The nominal net electrical output of a unit, specified by
the utility and used for plant design.

Through 2007, the monthly capacity factors are calculated as the monthly nuclear electricity net generation divided by
the maximum possible nuclear electricity net generation for that month. The maximum possible nuclear electricity net
generation is the number of hours in the month (assuming 24-hour days, with no adjustment for changes to or from
Daylight Savings Time) multiplied by the net summer capacity of operable nuclear generating units at the end of the
month. That fraction is then multiplied by 100 to obtain a percentage. Annual capacity factors are calculated as the
annual nuclear electricity net generation divided by the annual maximum possible nuclear electricity net generation (the
sum of the monthly values for maximum possible nuclear electricity net generation). For the methodology used to
calculate capacity factors beginning in 2008, see U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Annual,
Appendix technical notes on “Capacity Factors and Usage Factors.”

Table 8.1 Sources

Total Operable Units and Net Summer Capacity of Operable Units
1957–1982: Compiled from various sources, primarily U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Reactor Programs,
“U.S. Central Station Nuclear Electric Generating Units: Significant Milestones.”

1983 forward: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-860, “Annual Electric Generator Report,” and
predecessor forms; Form EIA-860M, “Monthly Update to the Annual Electric Generator Report”; and monthly updates as
appropriate. See [Link] for a list of operable units.

Nuclear Electricity Net Generation and Nuclear Share of Electricity Net Generation
1957 forward: Table 7.2a.

Capacity Factor
1973–2007: Calculated by EIA using the method described above in Note 2.

2008 forward: Table 7.8a.

168 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

9. Energy
Prices
Figure 9.1 Petroleum Prices

Crude Oil Prices, 1949–2024

120

100
Dollars [a] per Barrel

80

60

Composite Refiner Acquisition Cost

40

20
Domestic First Purchase Price
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Composite Refiner Acquisition Cost, Monthly

100

75
Dollars [a] per Barrel

50

25

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

Refiner Prices to End Users: Select Products, March 2022

5
4.581
Dollars [a] per Gallon (Excluding Taxes)

3.991 3.924
4 3.689
3.326
2.867
3

2
1.442

0
Finished Finished Motor No.2 No.2 Kerosene-Type Residual Fuel Propane
Aviation Gasoline Fuel Oil Diesel Fuel Jet Fuel Oil (Consumer
Gasoline Grade)

[a] Prices are not adjusted for inflation. See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary. Web Page: [Link]
Sources: Tables 9.1, 9.5, and 9.7.

“Refiner Prices to End Users” has not been updated due to the suspension of Forms EIA-782A and EIA-782C.

170 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 171
172 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 173
174 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
This table has not been updated due to the suspension of Forms EIA-782A and EIA-782C.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 175

 This table has not been updated due to the suspension of Forms EIA-782A and EIA-782C.

176 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

This table has not been updated due to the suspension of Forms EIA-782A and EIA-782C.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 177

Figure 9.2 Average Prices of Electricity to Ultimate Customers
(Cents [a] per Kilowatthour)

By Sector, 1960–2024
18

15
Residential

12
Commercial

9 Transportation
Industrial

6 Other [b]

0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

By Sector, Monthly
20
Residential

15 Transportation

Commercial

10

Industrial

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

Total, January–May By Sector, May 2025

15 20
13.18 17.47
12.44 12.63

12
15 13.59
12.96

9
10
8.30
6

5
3

0 0
2023 2024 2025 Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

[a] Prices are not adjusted for inflation. See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary. Note: Includes taxes.
[b] Public street and highway lighting, interdepartmental sales, other sales Web Page: [Link]
to public authorities, agricultural and irrigation, and transportation including Source: Table 9.8.
railroads and railways.

178 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 179
Figure 9.3 Cost of Fossil-Fuel Receipts at Electric Generating Plants
(Dollars [a] per Million Btu, Including Taxes)

Costs, 1973–2024
25
Residual Fuel Oil

20

15

10

5 Natural Gas
Coal

0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Costs, Monthly
25

20
Residual Fuel Oil

15

10

Natural Gas
5

Coal
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

By Fuel Type
May 2023 May 2024 May 2025

30

19.87 19.34
20 18.11 18.81
16.75
15.05

10

3.28 3.14 2.86

2.55 2.26 2.55 2.51 2.57 2.50

0
Distillate Fuel Oil Residual Fuel Oil Natural Gas Petroleum Coke Coal

[a] Prices are not adjusted for inflation. See “Nominal Dollars” in Web Page: [Link]
Glossary. Source: Table 9.9.

180 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 181
Figure 9.4 Natural Gas Prices
(Dollars [a] per Thousand Cubic Feet)

Wellhead and Citygate, 1949–2024

10 City Gate

4
Wellhead

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Consuming Sectors,1967–2024
20

16

Transportation
12 Residential [b]

Commercial [b]
8

Industrial [b]
4
Electric Power [b]

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Consuming Sectors, Monthly

25 Residential [b]

20

15
Commercial [b]

10

Industrial [b]
5
Electric Power [b]

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
2023 2024 2025

[a] Prices are not adjusted for inflation. See “Nominal Dollars” in Glossary. Web Page: [Link]
[b] Includes taxes. Source: Table 9.10.

182 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 183
Energy Prices
Note 1. Crude Oil Refinery Acquisition Costs. Beginning with January 1981, refiner acquisition costs of crude oil are
from data collected on U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Form EIA-14, "Refiners' Monthly Cost Report."
Those costs were previously published from data collected on Economic Regulatory Administration (ERA) Form ERA-49,
"Domestic Crude Oil Entitlements Program Refiners Monthly Report." Form ERA-49 was discontinued with the decontrol
of crude oil on January 28, 1981. Crude oil purchases and costs are defined for Form EIA-14 in accordance with
conventions used for Form ERA-49. The respondents for the two forms are also essentially the same. However, due to
possible different interpretations of the filing requirements and a different method for handling prior period
adjustments, care must be taken when comparing the data collected on the two forms.

The refiner acquisition cost of crude oil is the average price paid by refiners for crude oil booked into their refineries in
accordance with accounting procedures generally accepted and consistently and historically applied by the refiners
concerned. Domestic crude oil is that oil produced in the United States or from the outer continental shelf as defined in
43 USC Section 1331. Imported crude oil is either that oil reported on Form ERA-51, "Transfer Pricing Report," or any
crude oil that is not domestic oil. The composite cost is the weighted average of domestic and imported crude oil costs.

Crude oil costs and volumes reported on Form ERA-49 excluded unfinished oils but included the Strategic Petroleum
Reserve (SPR). Crude oil costs and volumes reported on Federal Energy Administration (FEA) Form FEA-P110-M-1,
"Refiners' Monthly Cost Allocation Report," included unfinished oils but excluded SPR. Imported averages derived from
Form ERA-49 exclude oil purchased for SPR, whereas the composite averages derived from Form ERA-49 include SPR.
None of the prices derived from Form EIA-14 include either unfinished oils or SPR.

Note 2. Crude Oil Domestic First Purchase Prices. The average domestic first purchase price represents the average
price at which all domestic crude oil is purchased. Crude oil domestic first purchase prices were derived as follows: for
1949–1973, weighted average domestic first purchase values as reported by state agencies and calculated by the Bureau
of Mines; for 1974 and 1975, weighted averages of a sample survey of major first purchasers' purchases; for 1976
forward, weighted averages of all first purchasers' purchases. The data series was previously called "Actual Domestic
Wellhead Price."

Note 3. Crude Oil F.O.B. Costs. F.O.B. literally means "Free on Board." It denotes a transaction whereby the seller
makes the product available with an agreement on a given port at a given price; it is the responsibility of the buyer to
arrange for the transportation and insurance.

Note 4. Crude Oil Landed Costs. The landed cost of imported crude oil from selected countries does not represent the
total cost of all imported crude. Prior to April 1975, imported crude costs to U.S. company-owned refineries in the
Caribbean were not included in the landed cost, and costs of crude oil from countries that export only small amounts to
the United States were also excluded. Beginning in April 1975, however, coverage was expanded to include U.S.
company-owned refineries in the Caribbean. Landed costs do not include supplemental fees.

Note 5. Motor Gasoline Prices. Several different series of motor gasoline prices are published in this section. U.S. city
average retail prices of motor gasoline by grade are calculated monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics during the
development of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). These prices include all federal, state, and local taxes paid at the time of
sale. Prior to 1977, prices were collected in 56 urban areas. From 1978 forward, prices are collected from a new sample
of service stations in 85 urban areas selected to represent all urban consumers—about 80 percent of the total U.S.
population. The service stations are selected initially, and on a replacement basis, in such a way that they represent the
purchasing habits of the CPI population. Service stations in the current sample include those providing all types of
service (i.e., full-, mini-, and self-serve).

Regular motor gasoline prices by area type are determined by EIA in a weekly survey of retail motor gasoline outlets
(Form EIA-878, "Motor Gasoline Price Survey"). Prices include all federal, state, and local taxes paid at the time of sale.
A representative sample of outlets by geographic area and size is randomly selected from a sampling frame of
approximately 115,000 retail motor gasoline outlets. Monthly and annual prices are simple averages of weighted

184 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

weekly estimates from "Weekly U.S. Retail Gasoline Prices, Regular Grade." For more information on the survey
methodology, see EIA, Weekly Petroleum Status Report, Appendix B, "Weekly Petroleum Price Surveys" section.

Refiner prices of finished motor gasoline for resale and to end users are determined by EIA in a monthly survey of
refiners and gas plant operators (Form EIA-782A). The prices do not include any federal, state, or local taxes paid at the
time of sale. Estimates of prices prior to January 1983 are based on Form FEA-P302-M-1/EIA-460, "Petroleum Industry
Monthly Report for Product Prices," and also exclude all federal, state, or local taxes paid at the time of sale. Sales for
resale are those made to purchasers who are other-than-ultimate consumers. Sales to end users are sales made directly
to the consumer of the product, including bulk consumers (such as agriculture, industry, and utilities) and residential and
commercial consumers.

Note 6. Historical Petroleum Prices. Starting in January 1983, Form EIA-782, "Monthly Petroleum Product Sales
Report," replaced 10 previous surveys. Every attempt was made to continue the most important price series. However,
prices published through December 1982 and those published since January 1983 do not necessarily form continuous
data series due to changes in survey forms, definitions, instructions, populations, samples, processing systems, and
statistical procedures. To provide historical data, continuous series were generated for annual data 1978–1982 and for
monthly data 1981 and 1982 by estimating the prices that would have been published had Form EIA-782 survey and
system been in operation at that time. This form of estimation was performed after detailed adjustment was made for
product and sales type matching and for discontinuity due to other factors. An important difference between the
previous and present prices is the distinction between wholesale and resale and between retail and end user. The resale
category continues to include sales among resellers. However, sales to bulk consumers, such as utility, industrial, and
commercial accounts previously included in the wholesale category, are now counted as made to end users. The end-
user category continues to include retail sales through company-owned and operated outlets but also includes sales to
the bulk consumers such as agriculture, industry, and electric utilities. Additional information may be found in
"Estimated Historic Time Series for the EIA-782," a feature article by Paula Weir, printed in the December 1983 [3]
Petroleum Marketing Monthly, published by EIA.

Note 7. Electricity Prices to Ultimate Customers. Average annual prices of electricity to ultimate customers have the
following plant coverage: Through 1979, annual data are for Classes A and B privately owned electric utilities only. For
1980–1982, annual data are for selected Class A utilities whose electric operating revenues were $100 million or more
during the previous year. For 1983, annual data are for a selected sample of electric utilities. Beginning in 1984, data are
for a census of electric utilities. Beginning in 1996, annual data also include energy service providers selling to retail
customers.

Average monthly prices of electricity to ultimate customers have the following plant coverage: Through 1985, monthly
data are derived from selected privately owned electric utilities and, therefore, are not national averages. Beginning in
1986, monthly data are based on a sample of publicly and privately owned electric utilities. Beginning in 1996, monthly
data also include energy service providers selling to retail customers.

Preliminary monthly data are from Form EIA-861M (formerly Form EIA-826), "Monthly Electric Power Industry Report,"
which is a monthly collection of data from approximately 450 of the largest publicly and privately owned electric utilities
as well as a census of energy service providers with retail sales in deregulated states; a model is then applied to the
collected data to estimate for the entire universe of U.S. electric utilities. Preliminary annual data are the sum of the
monthly revenues divided by the sum of the monthly sales. When final annual data become available each year from
Form EIA-861, "Annual Electric Power Industry Report," their ratios to the preliminary Form EIA-861M values are used to
derive adjusted final monthly values.

Note 8. Natural Gas Prices. Natural gas prices are intended to include all taxes. Instructions on the data collection
forms specifically direct that all federal, state, and local taxes, surcharges, and/or adjustments billed to consumers are to
be included. However, sales and other taxes itemized on more than 3,000 consumers' bills are sometimes excluded by
the reporting utilities. Delivered-to-consumers prices for 1987 forward represent natural gas delivered and sold to
residential, commercial, industrial, vehicle fuel, and electric power consumers. They do not include the price of natural

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 185

gas delivered on behalf of third parties to residential, commercial, industrial, and vehicle fuel customers except for
certain states in the residential and commercial sectors for 2002 forward. Volumes of natural gas delivered on behalf of
third parties are included in the consumption data shown in Table 4.3. Additional information is available in EIA, Natural
Gas Monthly, Appendix C.

Table 9.1 Sources

Domestic First Purchase Price
1949–1976: U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI), Bureau of Mines (BOM), Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and
Petroleum Products" chapter.

1977: Federal Energy Administration, based on Form FEA-P124, "Domestic Crude Oil Purchaser's Monthly Report."

1978–2009: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Annual 2009, Table 1.

2010 forward: EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly, August 2025, Table 1, and EIA, Petroleum Data Tables.

F.O.B. and Landed Cost of Imports

October 1973–September 1977: Federal Energy Administration, Form FEA-F701-M-0, "Transfer Pricing Report."

October–December 1977: EIA, Form FEA-F701-M-0, "Transfer Pricing Report."

1978–2009: EIA, Petroleum Marketing Annual 2009, Table 1.

2010 forward: EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly, August 2025, Table 1, and EIA, Petroleum Data Tables.

Refiner Acquisition Cost

1968–1973: EIA estimates. The cost of domestic crude oil was derived by adding estimated transportation costs to the
reported average domestic first purchase price. The cost of imported crude oil was derived by adding an estimated
ocean transport cost based on the published "Average Freight Rate Assessment" to the average "Free Alongside Ship"
value published by the U.S. Census Bureau.

1974–1976: DOI, BOM, Minerals Yearbook, "Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products" chapter.

1977: January–September, FEA, based on Form FEA-P110-M-1, "Refiners' Monthly Cost Allocation Report."

1977: October–December, EIA, based on Form FEA-P110-M-1, "Refiners' Monthly Cost Allocation Report."

1978–2009: EIA, Petroleum Marketing Annual 2009, Table 1.

2010 forward: EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly, August 2025, Table 1, and EIA, Petroleum Data Tables.

Table 9.2 Sources

October 1973–September 1977: Federal Energy Administration, Form FEA-F701-M-0, "Transfer Pricing Report."

October 1977–December 1977: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form FEA-F701-M-0, "Transfer Pricing
Report."

1978–2009: EIA, Petroleum Marketing Annual 2009, Table 21.

2010 forward: EIA, Petroleum Marketing Monthly, August 2025, Table 21, and EIA, Petroleum Data Tables

Table 9.9 Sources

1973–September 1977: Federal Power Commission, Form FPC-423, "Monthly Report of Cost and Quality of Fuels for

186 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Electric Utility Plants." October 1977–December 1977: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FERC-423,
"Monthly Report of Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants."

1978 and 1979: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form FERC-423, "Monthly Report of Cost and Quality of
Fuels for Electric Utility Plants."

1980–1989: EIA, Electric Power Monthly, August issues.

1990–2000: EIA, Electric Power Monthly, June 2003, Table 26.

2001–2007: EIA, Electric Power Monthly, October 2008, Table 4.1; Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form
FERC-423, "Monthly Report of Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants"; and EIA, Form EIA-423, "Monthly Cost
and Quality of Fuels for Electric Plants Report."

2008 forward: EIA, Electric Power Monthly, July 2025, Table 4.1; and Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report."

Table 9.10 Sources

All Prices Except Vehicle Fuel and Electric Power
1949–2015: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Natural Gas Annual (NGA), annual reports and unpublished
revisions.

2016 forward: EIA, Natural Gas Monthly (NGM), July 2025, Table 3.

Vehicle Fuel Price

1989–2013: EIA, NGA, annual reports.

Electric Power Sector Price

1967–1972: EIA, NGA, annual reports.

1973–1998: EIA, NGA 2000, Table 96.

1999–2002: EIA, NGM, November 2004, Table 4.

2003–2007: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Form FERC-423, "Monthly Report of Cost and Quality of Fuels for
Electric Utility Plants," and EIA, Form EIA-423 "Monthly Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Plants Report."

2008 forward: Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report."

Percentage of Residential Sector

1989–2013: EIA, Form EIA-176, "Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas Supply and Disposition." Calculated as
the total amount of natural gas delivered to residential consumers minus the amount delivered for the account of
others, and then divided by the total amount delivered to residential consumers.

2014 forward: EIA, Form EIA-857, "Monthly Report of Natural Gas Purchases and Deliveries to Consumers."

Percentage of Commercial Sector

1987–2015: EIA, NGA, annual reports. Calculated as the total amount of natural gas delivered to commercial consumers
minus the amount delivered for the account of others, and then divided by the total amount delivered to commercial
consumers.

2016 forward: EIA, NGM, July 2025, Table 3.

Percentage of Industrial Sector

1982–2015: EIA, NGA, annual reports. Calculated as the total amount of natural gas delivered to industrial consumers
minus the amount delivered for the account of others, and then divided by the total amount delivered to industrial
consumers.

2016 forward: EIA, NGM, July 2025, Table 3.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 187
Percentage of Electric Power Sector
1973–2001: Calculated by EIA as the quantity of natural gas receipts by electric utilities reported on Form FERC-423,
"Monthly Report of Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants" (and predecessor forms) divided by the quantity
of natural gas consumed by the electric power sector (for 1973 –1988, see Monthly Energy Review (MER), Table 7.3b; for
1989–2001, see MER, Table 7.4b).

2002–2007: Calculated by EIA as the quantity of natural gas receipts by electric utilities and independent power
producers reported on Form FERC-423, "Monthly Report of Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants," and EIA-
423, "Monthly Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Plants Report," divided by the quantity of natural gas consumed by
the electric power sector (see MER, Table 7.4b).

2008 forward: Calculated by EIA as the quantity of natural gas receipts by electric utilities and independent power
producers reported on Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report," divided by the quantity of natural gas consumed
by the electric power sector (see MER, Table 7.4b).

188 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

10. Renewable
Energy
Figure 10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption
(Quadrillion Btu)

Major Sources, 1949–2024

3

Wood [a]

Hydroelectric Power [b]

Wind [a]

Biofuels [a]
Solar [a]
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

By Source, 2024 By Sector, 2024

3 2.8 4
3.5

3
2 1.8
2.3
1.5
1.9
2
1.1
1 0.8
1 0.7
0.4
0.3
0.1
0 0
Biofuels [a] Wood [a] Wind [a] Solar [a] Hydroelectric Waste [a] Geothermal [a] Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Electric
Power [b] Power

Compared With Other Resources, 1949–2024

100
Fossil Fuels

80

60

40

20
Nuclear Electric Power
Renewable Energy

0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

[a] See Table 10.1 for definition. Web Page: [Link]

[b] Conventional hydroelectric power. Sources: Tables 1.3 and 10.1–10.2c.

190 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 191
192 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 193
194 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 195
196 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 197
198 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 199
200 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
Renewable Energy
Note. Renewable Energy Production and Consumption. In Tables 1.1, 1.3, and 10.1, renewable energy consumption
consists of: conventional hydroelectricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying by the electricity heat content
factor in Table A6); geothermal electricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying by the electricity heat content
factor in Table A6), and geothermal heat pump and geothermal direct use energy; solar thermal and photovoltaic
electricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying by the electricity heat content factor in Table A6), and solar
thermal direct use energy; wind electricity net generation (converted to Btu by multiplying by the electricity heat
content factor in Table A6); wood and wood‐derived fuels consumption; biomass waste (municipal solid waste from
biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, and other biomass) consumption; fuel ethanol
(minus denaturant), biodiesel, renewable diesel fuel, and other biofuels consumption; and losses and co‐products from
the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel. In Tables 1.1, 1.2, and 10.1, renewable energy production is assumed to
equal consumption for all renewable energy sources except wood and biofuels; plus wood production (which is the sum
of wood consumption and densified biomass exports); plus biofuels production (which comprises fuel ethanol feedstock,
biodiesel feedstock, renewable diesel fuel production, and other biofuels production).

Table 10.2a Sources

Residential Sector, Geothermal
1989–2011: Annual estimates by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) based on data from Oregon Institute
of Technology, Geo‐Heat Center.

2012 forward: Annual estimates assumed by EIA to be equal to that of 2011.

(For 1989 forward, monthly estimates are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year
and then multiplying by the number of days in the month.)

Residential Sector, Solar

1989 forward: Residential sector solar consumption is the sum of the values for "Small‐Scale Solar Energy Consumption:
Heat" (which includes solar thermal direct use energy in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors) from Table
10.5 and "Small‐Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Residential Sector" from Table 10.5.

Residential Sector, Wood

1949–1979: Annual estimates are from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981, Table A2.

1980–2008: Annual estimates are based on EIA, Form EIA‐457, "Residential Energy Consumption Survey"; and National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration regional heating degree‐day data.

2009 forward: Annual estimates based on EIA, Form EIA‐457, “Residential Energy Consumption Survey”; and residential
wood consumption growth rates from EIA's Annual Energy Outlook data system.

(For 1973 forward, monthly estimates are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year
and then multiplying by the number of days in the month.)

Residential Sector, Total Renewable Energy

1949–1988: Residential sector total renewable energy consumption is equal to residential sector wood consumption.

1989 forward: Residential sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the residential sector consumption
values for geothermal, solar, and wood.

Commercial Sector, Hydroelectric Power

1989 forward: Commercial sector conventional hydroelectricity net generation data from EIA, Form EIA‐923, "Power
Plant Operations Report," and predecessor forms, are converted to Btu by multiplying by the electricity heat content
factor in Table A6.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 201

Commercial Sector, Geothermal Heat Pump and Direct Use Energy
1989–2011: Annual estimates by EIA based on data from Oregon Institute of Technology, Geo‐Heat Center.

2012 forward: Annual estimates assumed by EIA to be equal to that of 2011.

(For 1989 forward, monthly estimates are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year
and then multiplying by the number of days in the month.)

Commercial Sector, Geothermal Electricity Net Generation

December 2018 forward: Commercial sector geothermal electricity net generation data from EIA, Form EIA‐923, “Power
Plant Operations Report,” are converted to Btu by multiplying by the electricity heat content factor in Table A6.

Commercial Sector, Geothermal Total

1989–November 2018: Commercial sector geothermal total consumption is equal to commercial sector heat pump and
direct use energy.

December 2018 forward: Commercial sector geothermal total consumption is the sum of the commercial sector values
for geothermal heat pump and direct use energy, and geothermal electricity net generation.

Commercial Sector, Solar

1989 forward: Commercial sector solar consumption is the sum of the values for "Small‐Scale Solar Energy
Consumption: Electricity, Commercial Sector" from Table 10.5 and "Utility‐Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity,
Commercial Sector" from Table 10.5.

Commercial Sector, Wind

2009 forward: Commercial sector wind electricity net generation data from EIA, Form EIA‐923, "Power Plant Operations
Report," are converted to Btu by multiplying by the electricity heat content factor in Table A6.

Commercial Sector, Wood

1949–1979: Annual estimates are from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981, Table A2.

1980–1983: Annual estimates are from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption 1980 –1983, Table ES1.

1984: Annual estimate assumed by EIA to be equal to that of 1983.

1985–1988: Annual estimates interpolated by EIA.

(For 1973–1988, monthly estimates are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year and
then multiplying by the number of days in the month.)

1989 forward: Monthly/annual commercial sector combined‐heat‐and‐power (CHP) wood consumption data are from
EIA, Form EIA‐923, "Power Plant Operations Report," and predecessor forms. For 1989–2013, annual estimates for
commercial sector non‐CHP wood consumption are based on EIA, Form EIA‐871, "Commercial Buildings Energy
Consumption Survey"; U.S. heating degree days (see MER Table 1.11); and estimates of growth in commercial floor
space. For 2014 forward, annual estimates for commercial sector non‐CHP wood consumption are assumed by EIA to be
equal to that of 2013. For 1989 forward, monthly estimates for commercial sector non‐CHP wood consumption are
created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year and then multiplying by the number of days
in the month. Commercial sector total wood consumption is the sum of commercial sector CHP and non‐CHP wood
consumption.

Commercial Sector, Biomass Waste

1989 forward: Table 7.4c.

Commercial Sector, Fuel Ethanol (Minus Denaturant)

1981 forward: The commercial sector share of motor gasoline consumption is equal to commercial sector motor
gasoline consumption from Table 3.7a divided by motor gasoline product supplied from Table 3.5. Commercial sector
fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption is equal to fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption from Table 10.3
202 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
multiplied by the commercial sector share of motor gasoline consumption. Note that there is a discontinuity in this time
series between 2014 and 2015 due to a change in the method for allocating motor gasoline consumption to the end‐use
sectors; beginning in 2015, the commercial and industrial sector shares of fuel ethanol consumption are larger than in
2014, while the transportation sector share is smaller.

Commercial Sector, Total Biomass

1949–1980: Commercial sector total biomass consumption is equal to commercial sector wood consumption.

1981–1988: Commercial sector total biomass consumption is the sum of the commercial sector consumption values for
wood and fuel ethanol (minus denaturant).

1989 forward: Commercial sector total biomass consumption is the sum of the commercial sector consumption values
for wood, waste, and fuel ethanol (minus denaturant).

Commercial Sector, Total Renewable Energy

1949–1988: Commercial sector total renewable energy consumption is equal to commercial sector total biomass
consumption.

1989–2007: Commercial sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the commercial sector consumption
values for conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, and total biomass.

2008: Commercial sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the commercial sector consumption values
for conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar, and total biomass.

2009 forward: Commercial sector total renewable energy is the sum of the commercial sector consumption values for
conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar, wind, and total biomass.

Table 10.2b Sources

Industrial Sector, Hydroelectric Power
1949 forward: Industrial sector conventional hydroelectricity net generation data from Table 7.2c are converted to Btu
by multiplying by the electricity heat content factor in Table A6.

Industrial Sector, Geothermal

1989–2009: Annual estimates by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) based on data from Oregon Institute
of Technology, Geo‐Heat Center.

2010 forward: Annual estimates assumed by EIA to be equal to that of 2009.

(For 1989 forward, monthly estimates are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year
and then multiplying by the number of days in the month.)

Industrial Sector, Solar

1989 forward: Industrial sector solar consumption is the sum of the values for "Small‐Scale Solar Energy Consumption:
Electricity, Industrial Sector" from Table 10.5 and "Utility‐Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Industrial Sector"
from Table 10.6.

Industrial Sector, Wind

2011 forward: Industrial sector wind electricity net generation data from EIA, Form EIA‐923, "Power Plant Operations
Report," are converted to Btu by multiplying by the electricity heat content factor in Table A6.

Industrial Sector, Wood

1949–1979: Annual estimates are from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981, Table A2.

1980–1983: Annual estimates are from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption 1980–1983, Table ES1.

1984: Annual estimate is from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 1.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 203

1985 and 1986: Annual estimates interpolated by EIA.

1987: Annual estimate is from EIA, Estimates of Biofuels Consumption in the United States During 1987, Table 2.

1988: Annual estimate interpolated by EIA.

(For 1973–1988, monthly estimates are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year and
then multiplying by the number of days in the month.)

1989 forward: Monthly/annual industrial sector combined‐heat‐and‐power (CHP) wood consumption data are from EIA,
Form EIA‐923, "Power Plant Operations Report," and predecessor forms. Annual estimates for industrial sector non‐CHP
wood consumption are based on EIA, Form EIA‐846, "Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey" (for 2019 forward, the
annual estimates are assumed by EIA to be equal to that of 2018). For 1989 forward, monthly estimates for industrial
sector non‐CHP wood consumption are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year and
then multiplying by the number of days in the month. Industrial sector total wood consumption is the sum of industrial
sector CHP and non‐CHP wood consumption.

Industrial Sector, Biomass Waste

1981: Annual estimate is calculated as total waste consumption (from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990,
Table 8) minus electric power sector waste consumption (from MER Table 10.2c).

1982 and 1983: Annual estimates are calculated as total waste consumption (based on Estimates of U.S. Biofuels
Consumption 1990, Table 8) minus electric power sector waste consumption (from MER, Table 10.2c).

1984: Annual estimate is calculated as total waste consumption (from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990,
Table 8) minus electric power sector waste consumption (from MER, Table 10.2c).

1985 and 1986: Annual estimates interpolated by EIA.

1987: Annual estimate is calculated as total waste consumption (from EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990,
Table 8) minus electric power sector waste consumption (from MER, Table 10.2c).

1988: Annual estimate interpolated by EIA.

(For 1973–1988, monthly estimates are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year and
then multiplying by the number of days in the month.)

1989 forward: Monthly/annual industrial sector combined‐heat‐and‐power (CHP) consumption data are from Table
7.4c. Annual estimates for industrial sector non‐CHP waste consumption are based on information presented in
Government Advisory Associates, Resource Recovery Yearbook and Methane Recovery Yearbook, and information
provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Landfill Methane Outreach Program (for 2014 forward, the
annual estimates are assumed by EIA to be equal to that of 2013). For 1989 forward, monthly estimates for industrial
sector non‐CHP waste consumption are created by dividing the annual estimates by the number of days in the year and
then multiplying by the number of days in the month. Industrial sector total waste consumption is the sum of industrial
sector CHP and non‐CHP waste consumption.

Industrial Sector, Fuel Ethanol (Minus Denaturant)

1981 forward: The industrial sector share of motor gasoline consumption is equal to industrial sector motor gasoline
consumption from Table 3.7b divided by motor gasoline product supplied from Table 3.5. Industrial sector fuel ethanol
(minus denaturant) consumption is equal to fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption from Table 10.3 multiplied by
the industrial sector share of motor gasoline consumption. Note that there is a discontinuity in this time series between
2014 and 2015 due to a change in the method for allocating motor gasoline consumption to the end‐use sectors;
beginning in 2015, the commercial and industrial sector shares of fuel ethanol consumption are larger than in 2014,
while the transportation sector share is smaller.

204 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Industrial Sector, Biomass Losses and Co-products
1981 forward: Calculated as fuel ethanol losses and co‐products from Table 10.3 plus biodiesel losses and co‐products
from Table 10.4a.

Industrial Sector, Total Biomass

1949–1980: Industrial sector total biomass consumption is equal to industrial sector wood consumption.

1981 forward: Industrial sector total biomass consumption is the sum of the industrial sector consumption values for
wood, waste, fuel ethanol (minus denaturant), and biomass losses and co‐products.

Industrial Sector, Total Renewable Energy

1949–1988: Industrial sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the industrial sector consumption
values for conventional hydroelectric power and total biomass.

1989–2009: Industrial sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the industrial sector consumption
values for conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, and total biomass.

2010: Industrial sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the industrial sector consumption values for
conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar, and total biomass.

2011 forward: Industrial sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the industrial sector consumption
values for conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar, wind, and total biomass.

Table 10.2c Sources

Transportation Sector, Fuel Ethanol (Minus Denaturant)
1981 forward: The transportation sector share of motor gasoline consumption is equal to transportation sector motor
gasoline consumption from Table 3.7c divided by motor gasoline product supplied from Table 3.5. Transportation sector
fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption is equal to fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) consumption from Table 10.3
multiplied by the transportation sector share of motor gasoline consumption. Note that there is a discontinuity in this
time series between 2014 and 2015 due to a change in the method for allocating motor gasoline consumption to the
end‐use sectors; beginning in 2015, the commercial and industrial sector shares of fuel ethanol consumption are larger
than in 2014, while the transportation sector share is smaller.

Transportation Sector, Biodiesel

2001 forward: Transportation sector biodiesel consumption is assumed to equal total biodiesel consumption from Table
10.4a.

Transportation Sector, Renewable Diesel Fuel

2011 forward: Transportation sector renewable diesel fuel consumption is assumed to equal total renewable diesel fuel
consumption from Table 10.4b.

Transportation Sector, Other Biofuels

2014 forward: Transportation sector other biofuels consumption is assumed to equal total other biofuels consumption
from Table 10.4c.

Transportation Sector, Total Renewable Energy

1981–2000: Transportation sector total renewable energy consumption is equal to transportation sector fuel ethanol
(minus denaturant) consumption.

2001–2010: Transportation sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the transportation sector
consumption values for fuel ethanol (minus denaturant) and biodiesel.

2011–2013: Transportation sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the transportation sector
consumption values for fuel ethanol (minus denaturant), biodiesel, and renewable diesel fuel.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 205

2014 forward: Transportation sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the transportation sector
consumption values for fuel ethanol (minus denaturant), biodiesel, renewable diesel fuel, and other biofuels.

Electric Power Sector, Hydroelectric Power

1949 forward: Electric power sector conventional hydroelectricity net generation data from Table 7.2b are converted to
Btu by multiplying by the electricity heat content factor in Table A6.

Electric Power Sector, Geothermal

1960 forward: Electric power sector geothermal electricity net generation data from Table 7.2b are converted to Btu by
multiplying by the electricity heat content factor in Table A6.

Electric Power Sector, Solar

1984 forward: Electric power sector solar electricity net generation data from Table 7.2b are converted to Btu by
multiplying by the electricity heat content factor in Table A6.

Electric Power Sector, Wind

1983 forward: Electric power sector wind electricity net generation data from Table 7.2b are converted to Btu by
multiplying by the electricity heat content factor in Table A6.

Electric Power Sector, Wood

1949 forward: Table 7.4b.

Electric Power Sector, Biomass Waste

1970 forward: Table 7.4b.

Electric Power Sector, Total Biomass

1949–1969: Electric power sector total biomass consumption is equal to electric power sector wood consumption.

1970 forward: Electric power sector total biomass consumption is the sum of the electric power sector consumption
values for wood and biomass waste.

Electric Power Sector, Total Renewable Energy

1949–1959: Electric power sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the electric power sector
consumption values for hydroelectric power and total biomass.

1960–1982: Electric power sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the electric power sector
consumption values for hydroelectric power, geothermal, and total biomass.

1983: Electric power sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the electric power sector consumption
values for hydroelectric power, geothermal, wind, and total biomass.

1984 forward: Electric power sector total renewable energy consumption is the sum of the electric power sector
consumption values for hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar, wind, and total biomass.

Table 10.3 Sources

Feedstock
1981 forward: Calculated as fuel ethanol production (in thousand barrels) minus denaturant, and then multiplied by the
fuel ethanol feedstock factor—see Table A3.

Losses and Co-products

1981 forward: Calculated as fuel ethanol feedstock plus denaturant minus fuel ethanol production.

Denaturant
1981–2008: Data in thousand barrels for petroleum denaturant in fuel ethanol produced are estimated as 2% of fuel
ethanol production; these data are converted to Btu by multiplying by 4.661 million Btu per barrel (the estimated
quantity‐weighted factor of natural gasoline and conventional motor gasoline used as denaturant).
206 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
2009–2020: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA), annual reports, Table 1. Data
in thousand barrels for net production of natural gasoline at “renewable fuels and oxygenate plants” are multiplied by
‐1; these data are converted to Btu by multiplying by 4.638 million Btu per barrel (the approximate heat content of
natural gasoline). Data in thousand barrels for net production of conventional motor gasoline and motor gasoline
blending components at “renewable fuels and oxygenate plants” are multiplied by ‐1; these data are converted to Btu
by multiplying by 5.222 million Btu per barrel (the approximate heat content of motor gasoline blending components).
Total denaturant is the sum of the values for natural gasoline, conventional motor gasoline, and motor gasoline blending
components.

2021–2023: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1. Data in thousand barrels for net production of natural gasoline at biofuels
plants are multiplied by ‐1; these data are converted to Btu by multiplying by 4.638 million Btu per barrel (the
approximate heat content of natural gasoline). Data in thousand barrels for net production of conventional motor
gasoline and motor gasoline blending components at biofuels plants are multiplied by ‐1; these data are converted to
Btu by multiplying by 5.222 million Btu per barrel (the approximate heat content of motor gasoline blending
components). Total denaturant is the sum of the values for natural gasoline, conventional motor gasoline, and motor
gasoline blending components.

2024 and 2025: EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (PSM), monthly reports, Table 1. Data in thousand barrels for net
production of natural gasoline at biofuels plants are multiplied by ‐1; these data are converted to Btu by multiplying by
4.638 million Btu per barrel (the approximate heat content of natural gasoline). Data in thousand barrels for net
production of conventional motor gasoline and motor gasoline blending components at biofuels plants are multiplied by
‐1; these data are converted to Btu by multiplying by 5.222 million Btu per barrel (the approximate heat content of
motor gasoline blending components). Total denaturant is the sum of the values for natural gasoline, conventional
motor gasoline, and motor gasoline blending components.

Production
1981–1992: Fuel ethanol production is assumed to equal fuel ethanol consumption—see sources for "Consumption."

1993–2004: Calculated as fuel ethanol consumption plus fuel ethanol stock change minus fuel ethanol net imports.
These data differ slightly from the original production data from EIA, Form EIA‐819, "Monthly Oxygenate Report," and
predecessor form, which were not reconciled and updated to be consistent with the final balance.

2005–2008: EIA, Form EIA‐819, "Monthly Oxygenate Report."

2009–2020: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1, data for net production of fuel ethanol at “renewable fuels and oxygenate
plants.”

2021–2023: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1, data for net production of fuel ethanol at biofuels plants.

2024 and 2025: EIA, PSM, monthly reports, Table 1, data for net production of fuel ethanol at biofuels plants.

Trade, Stocks, and Stock Change

1992–2023: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1.

2024 and 2025: EIA, PSM, monthly reports, Table 1.

Consumption
1981–1989: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption 1990, Table 10; and interpolated values for 1982, 1983, 1985,
1986, and 1988.

1990–1992: EIA, Estimates of U.S. Biomass Energy Consumption 1992, Table D2; and interpolated value for 1991.

1993–2004: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Tables 2 and 16. Calculated as 10% of oxygenated finished motor gasoline field
production (Table 2), plus fuel ethanol refinery input (Table 16).

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 207

2005–2008: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Tables 1 and 15. Calculated as motor gasoline blending components adjustments
(Table 1), plus finished motor gasoline adjustments (Table 1), plus fuel ethanol refinery and blender net inputs (Table
15).

2009–2023: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1. Calculated as fuel ethanol refinery and blender net inputs minus fuel
ethanol adjustments.

2024 and 2025: EIA, PSM, monthly reports, Table 1. Calculated as fuel ethanol refinery and blender net inputs minus
fuel ethanol adjustments.

Consumption Minus Denaturant

1981 forward: Calculated as fuel ethanol consumption minus the amount of denaturant in fuel ethanol consumed.
Denaturant in fuel ethanol consumed is estimated by multiplying denaturant in fuel ethanol produced by the fuel
ethanol consumption‐to‐production ratio.

Table 10.4a Sources

Biodiesel Feedstock
2001 forward: Calculated as biodiesel production in thousand barrels multiplied by 5.433 million Btu per barrel (the
biodiesel feedstock factor—see "Biodiesel Feedstock" entry in the "Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation"
at the end of Appendix A).

Biodiesel Losses and Co-products

2001 forward: Calculated as biodiesel feedstock minus biodiesel production.

Biodiesel Production
2001–2005: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Commodity Credit Corporation, Bioenergy Program records. Annual data
are derived from quarterly data. Monthly data are estimated by dividing the annual data by the number of days in the
year and then multiplying by the number of days in the month.

2006: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, "M311K—Fats and Oils: Production, Consumption, and
Stocks," data for soybean oil consumed in methyl esters (biodiesel). In addition, the U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA) estimates that 14.4 million gallons of yellow grease were consumed in methyl esters (biodiesel).

2007: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, "M311K—Fats and Oils: Production, Consumption, and
Stocks," data for all fats and oils consumed in methyl esters (biodiesel).

2008: EIA, Monthly Biodiesel Production Report, December 2009 (release date October 2010), Table 11. Monthly data
for 2008 are estimated based on U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, M311K data, multiplied by the EIA
2008 annual value's share of the M311K 2008 annual value.

2009 and 2010: EIA, Monthly Biodiesel Production Report, monthly reports, Table 1.

2011–2020: EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA), annual reports, Table 1, data for “renewable fuels except fuel ethanol.”

2021–2023: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1, data for biodiesel.

2024 and 2025: EIA, Petroleum Supply Monthly (PSM), monthly reports, Table 1, data for biodiesel.

Biodiesel Trade
2001–2011: For imports, U.S. Department of Agriculture, data for the following Harmonized Tariff Schedule codes:
3824.90.40.20, "Fatty Esters Animal/Vegetable Mixture" (data through June 2010); and 3824.90.40.30,
"Biodiesel/Mixes" (data for July 2010–2011). For exports, U.S. Department of Agriculture, data for the following
Schedule B codes: 3824.90.40.00, "Fatty Substances Animal/Vegetable/Mixture" (data through 2010); and
3824.90.40.30, "Biodiesel <70%" (data for 2011). (The data above are converted from pounds to gallons by dividing by
7.4.) Although these categories include products other than biodiesel (such as biodiesel coprocessed with petroleum

208 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

feedstocks; and products destined for soaps, cosmetics, and other items), biodiesel is the largest component. In the
absence of other reliable data for biodiesel trade, EIA sees these data as good substitutes.

2012–2018: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Tables 25 and 31, data for “biomass‐based diesel fuel.”

2019–2020: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Tables 25 and 31, data for biodiesel.

2021–2023: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1, data for biodiesel.

2024 and 2025: EIA, PSM, monthly reports, Table 1, data for biodiesel.

Biodiesel Stocks and Stock Change

2009–2018: EIA, Form EIA‐22M, "Monthly Biodiesel Production Survey,” data for biodiesel; and Form EIA‐810, "Monthly
Refinery Report," Form EIA‐812, "Monthly Product Pipeline Report," and Form EIA‐815, "Monthly Bulk Terminal and
Blender Report," data for “biomass‐based diesel fuel.”

2019–September 2020: EIA, Form EIA‐22M, “Monthly Biodiesel Production Survey,” Form EIA‐810, “Monthly Refinery
Report,” and Form EIA‐815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report,” data for biodiesel.

October 2020–December 2020: EIA, Form EIA‐810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” Form EIA‐815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal
and Blender Report,” and Form EIA‐819, “Monthly Report of Biofuels, Fuels from Non‐Biogenic Wastes, Fuel Oxygenates,
Isooctane, and Isooctene,” data for biodiesel.

2021–2023: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1, data for biodiesel.

2024 and 2025: EIA, PSM, monthly reports, Table 1, data for biodiesel.

Biodiesel Consumption
2001–2008: Calculated as biodiesel production plus biodiesel net imports.

January and February 2009: EIA, PSA, Table 1, data for refinery and blender net inputs of “renewable fuels except fuel
ethanol.”

March 2009 forward: Calculated as biodiesel production plus biodiesel net imports minus biodiesel stock change.

Table 10.4b Sources

Renewable Diesel Fuel Production
2011–2020: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “RINs Generated Transactions—Generation Summary Report,”
updated on September 10, 2021. Data are for volumes (in gallons); for “domestic” producer type; for fuel “non‐ester
renewable diesel.”

2021–2023: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1, data for renewable diesel fuel.

2024 and 2025: EIA, PSM, monthly reports, Table 1, data for renewable diesel fuel.

Renewable Diesel Fuel Trade

2012–2020: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 25, data for “other renewable diesel fuel.”

2021–2023: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1, data for renewable diesel fuel.

2024 and 2025: EIA, PSM, monthly reports, Table 1, data for renewable diesel fuel.

Renewable Diesel Fuel Stocks and Stock Change

2011–2020: EIA, Form EIA‐810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” and Form EIA‐815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender
Report,” data for “other renewable diesel fuel.”

2021–2023: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1, data for renewable diesel fuel.

2024 and 2025: EIA, PSM, monthly reports, Table 1, data for renewable diesel fuel.
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 209
Renewable Diesel Fuel Consumption
2011–2024: Calculated as renewable diesel fuel production plus renewable diesel fuel imports minus renewable diesel
fuel stock change.

2025: Calculated as renewable diesel fuel production plus renewable diesel fuel net imports minus renewable diesel
fuel stock change.

Table 10.4c Sources

Other Biofuels Production
2014–2020: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “RINs Generated Transactions—Generation Summary Report,”
updated on September 10, 2021. Data are for volumes (in gallons); for “domestic” producer type; for fuels “renewable
heating oil,” “renewable jet fuel,” “naphtha,” “LPG,” “butanol,” “cellulosic diesel,” and “cellulosic renewable gasoline
blendstock.”

2021–2023: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1, data for other biofuels.

2024 and 2025: EIA, PSM, monthly reports, Table 1, data for other biofuels.

Other Biofuels Trade

2014–2020: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 25, data for “other renewable fuels.”

2021–2023: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1, data for other biofuels.

2024 and 2025: EIA, PSM, monthly reports, Table 1, data for other biofuels.

Other Biofuels Stocks and Stock Change

2014–2020: EIA, Form EIA‐810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” and Form EIA‐815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender
Report,” data for “other renewable fuels.”

2021–2023: EIA, PSA, annual reports, Table 1, data for other biofuels.

2024 and 2025: EIA, PSM, monthly reports, Table 1, data for other biofuels.

Other Biofuels Consumption

2014–2024: Calculated as other biofuels production plus other biofuels imports minus other biofuels stock change.

2025: Calculated as other biofuels production plus other biofuels net imports minus other biofuels stock change.

Table 10.5 Sources

Small-Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Heat
Annual Data
1989–2009: Annual estimates by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) based on EIA, Form EIA‐63A, "Annual
Solar Thermal Collector/Reflector Shipments Report." Solar energy consumption by solar thermal non‐electric
applications (mainly in the residential sector, but with some in the commercial and industrial sectors) is based on
assumptions about the stock of equipment in place and other factors.

2010 forward: Annual estimates based on commercial sector solar thermal growth rates from EIA's Annual Energy
Outlook (AEO) data system.

Monthly Data
1989–2013: Monthly estimates for each year are obtained by allocating a given year's annual value to the months in
that year. Each month's allocator is the average of that month's "Small‐Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity,
Total" values in 2014 and 2015. The allocators, when rounded, are as follows: January—5%; February—6%; March—8%;
April—9%; May—10%; June—10%; July—10%; August—10%; September—9%; October—9%; November—7%; and
December—7%.
210 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
2014 forward: Once all 12 months of "Small‐Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Total" data are available for a
given year, they are used as allocators and applied to the annual estimate in order to derive monthly estimates for that
year. Initial monthly estimates for the current year use the previous year’s allocators.

Small-Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Residential Sector

Beginning in 2014, monthly and annual data for residential sector small‐scale solar photovoltaic generation are from EIA,
Electric Power Monthly, Table 1.2.E. Those data are converted to consumption data in Btu by multiplying by the
electricity heat content factor in MER Table A6.

Backcasts for earlier periods are developed as follows:

Annual Data
1989–2003: Annual growth rates are calculated based on small‐scale solar electricity consumption in all sectors.
Consumption is estimated using information on shipments of solar panels from EIA, Form EIA‐63B, "Annual Photovoltaic
Cell/Module Shipments Report," and assumptions about the stock of equipment in place and other factors. The growth
rates are applied to more recent data to create historical annual estimates.

2004–2008: Annual growth rates based on commercial sector solar photovoltaic growth rates from EIA's Annual Energy
Outlook (AEO) data system are applied to more recent data to create historical annual estimates.

2009–2013: Annual growth rates based on residential sector solar photovoltaic growth rates from EIA's Annual Energy
Outlook (AEO) data system are applied to more recent data to create historical annual estimates.

Monthly Data
1989–2013: See "Small‐Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Heat, Monthly Data."

Small-Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Commercial Sector

Beginning in 2014, monthly and annual data for commercial sector small‐scale solar photovoltaic generation are from
EIA, Electric Power Monthly, Table 1.2.C. Those data are converted to consumption data in Btu by multiplying by the
electricity heat content factor in MER Table A6.

Backcasts for earlier periods are developed as follows:

Annual Data
1989–2003: Annual growth rates based on EIA, Form EIA‐63B, "Annual Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report,"
are applied to more recent data to create historical annual estimates. (See "Small‐Scale Solar Energy Consumption:
Electricity, Residential Sector" sources above for details.)

2004–2013: Annual growth rates based on commercial sector solar photovoltaic growth rates from EIA's Annual Energy
Outlook (AEO) data system are applied to more recent data to create historical annual estimates.

Monthly Data
1989–2013: See "Small‐Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Heat, Monthly Data."

Small-Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Industrial Sector

Beginning in 2014, monthly and annual data for industrial sector small‐scale solar photovoltaic generation are from EIA,
Electric Power Monthly, Table 1.2.D. Those data are converted to consumption data in Btu by multiplying by the
electricity heat content factor in MER Table A6.

Backcasts for earlier periods are developed as follows:

Annual Data
1989–2003: Annual growth rates based on EIA, Form EIA‐63B, "Annual Photovoltaic Cell/Module Shipments Report,"
are applied to more recent data to create historical annual estimates. (See "Small‐Scale Solar Energy Consumption:
Electricity, Residential Sector" sources above for details.)

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 211

2004–2013: Annual growth rates based on commercial sector solar photovoltaic growth rates from EIA's Annual Energy
Outlook (AEO) data system are applied to more recent data to create historical annual estimates.

Monthly Data
1989–2013: See "Small‐Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Heat, Monthly Data."

Small-Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Total

1989 forward: Small‐scale solar energy consumption for total electricity is the sum of the small‐scale solar energy
consumption (for electricity) values for the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors.

Small-Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Total

1989 forward: Small‐scale solar energy consumption total is the sum of small‐scale solar energy consumption values for
heat and total electricity.

Utility-Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Commercial Sector

2008 forward: Commercial sector solar photovoltaic and solar thermal electricity net generation data from EIA, Form
EIA‐923, "Power Plant Operations Report," are converted to Btu by multiplying by the electricity heat content factor in
Table A6.

Utility-Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Industrial Sector

2010 forward: Industrial sector solar photovoltaic and solar thermal electricity net generation data from EIA, Form EIA‐
923, "Power Plant Operations Report," are converted to Btu by multiplying by the electricity heat content factor in Table
A6.

Utility-Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Electric Power Sector

1984 forward: Electric power sector solar photovoltaic and solar thermal electricity net generation data from Table 7.2b
are converted to Btu by multiplying the electricity heat content factor in Table A6.

Utility-Scale Solar Energy Consumption: Electricity, Total

1984 forward: Utility‐scale solar energy consumption for total electricity is the sum of the utility‐scale solar energy
consumption (for electricity) values for the commercial, industrial, and electric power sectors.

Solar Energy Consumption: Total

1984 forward: Total solar energy consumption is the sum of the values for total small‐scale solar energy consumption
and total utility‐scale solar energy consumption.

212 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

11. Environment
Figure 11.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Source
(Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide)

Total [a], 1973–2024 Total [a], Monthly

8,000 600

6,000
400

4,000

200

2,000

0
J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND
0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2023 2024 2025

By Major Source, 1973–2024 By Major Source, Monthly

3,000 250

Petroleum
200
Petroleum

2,000 Natural Gas

150
Coal [b]

100
Natural Gas
1,000
50
Coal [b]

0
J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMAM J J A SOND
0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2023 2024 2025

Total [a], January–May By Major Source, May 2025

2,500

2,048
1,971 1,977 Petroleum 191
2,000

1,500
Natural Gas 125

1,000

500
Coal [b] 56

0
2023 2024 2025 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

[a] Through 2011, excludes emissions from biomass energy consumption. [b] Includes coal coke net imports.
Beginning in 2012, excludes emissions from biomass energy consumption Web Page: [Link]
except small amounts of emissions from “other biofuels.” Source: Table 11.1.

214 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 215
Figure 11.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector
(Million Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide)

Total [a] by End-Use Sector [b], 1973–2024 Residential Sector by Major Source, 1973–2024
2,500 1,000

Transportation
Industrial
2,000
750

1,500 Electricity [b]

500
1,000 Residential
Commercial
Natural Gas
250
500

Petroleum
0 0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Commercial Sector by Major Source, 1973–2024 Industrial Sector by Major Source, 1973–2024
1,000 1,000

Electricity [b]

750 750
Electricity [b]

Natural Gas
500 500

Petroleum
250 250
Natural Gas
Coal

Petroleum
0 0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Transportation Sector by Major Source, 1973–2024 Electric Power Sector by Major Source, 1973–2024
2,500 2,500

Petroleum
2,000 2,000

1,500 1,500 Coal

1,000 1,000

500 500 Natural Gas

Natural Gas Petroleum

0 0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

[a] Through 2011, excludes emissions from biomass energy consumption. allocated to the end-use sectors in proportion to each sector’s share of total
Beginning in 2012, excludes emissions from biomass energy consumption electricity sales to ultimate customers.
except small amounts of emissions from “other biofuels.” Web Page: [Link]
[b] Emissions from energy consumption in the electric power sector are Sources: Tables 11.2–11.6.

216 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 217
218 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 219
220 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 221
222 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
Environment
Note 1. Emissions of Carbon Dioxide and Other Greenhouse Gases. Greenhouse gases are those gases—such as water
vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur
hexafluoride—that are transparent to solar (short-wave) radiation but opaque to long-wave (infrared) radiation, thus
preventing long-wave radiant energy from leaving Earth's atmosphere. The net effect is a trapping of absorbed
radiation and a tendency to warm the planet's surface.

The vast majority of U.S. CO2 emissions come from fossil fuel combustion, with smaller amounts from the non-
combustion use of fossil fuels, as well as from electricity generation using geothermal energy and non-biomass waste.
Other sources of CO2 emissions include industrial processes, such as cement and limestone production. Data in the U.S.
Energy Information Administration's (EIA) Monthly Energy Review (MER) Tables 11.1–11.6 are estimates for U.S. CO2
emissions from energy consumption, plus the non-combustion use of fossil fuels. (Except for small amounts of
emissions from “other biofuels” beginning in 2012, carbon dioxide emissions from biomass energy consumption are
excluded from the energy-related carbon dioxide emissions reported in Tables 11.1–11.6. See “Biomass” and “Other
Biofuels” in Glossary. See Table 11.7 for energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from wood, biomass waste, fuel
ethanol (minus denaturant), and biodiesel.)

For annual U.S. estimates of CO2 emissions from all sources, as well as emissions for other greenhouse gases, see the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks reports at
[Link]

Note 2. Accounting for Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Biomass Energy Combustion. Except for small amounts of
emissions from “other biofuels” beginning in 2012, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the combustion of biomass to
produce energy are excluded from the energy-related CO2 emissions reported in MER Tables 11.1–11.6; but CO2
emissions from wood, biomass waste, fuel ethanol (minus denaturant), and biodiesel appear in MER Table 11.7.
According to current international convention (see the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's "2006 IPCC
Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories"), carbon released through biomass combustion is excluded from
reported energy-related emissions. The release of carbon from biomass combustion is assumed to be balanced by the
uptake of carbon when the feedstock is grown, resulting in zero net emissions over some period of time. (This is not to
say that biomass energy is carbon-neutral. Energy inputs are required in order to grow, fertilize, and harvest the
feedstock and to produce and process the biomass into fuels.)

However, analysts have debated whether increased use of biomass energy may result in a decline in terrestrial carbon
stocks, leading to a net positive release of carbon rather than the zero net release assumed by its exclusion from
reported energy-related emissions. For example, the clearing of forests for biofuel crops could result in an initial release
of carbon that is not fully recaptured in subsequent use of the land for agriculture.

To reflect the potential net emissions, the international convention for greenhouse gas inventories is to report biomass
emissions in the category "agriculture, forestry, and other land use," usually based on estimates of net changes in
carbon stocks over time.

This indirect accounting of CO2 emissions from biomass can potentially lead to confusion in accounting for and
understanding the flow of CO2 emissions within energy and non-energy systems. In recognition of this issue, reporting
of CO2 emissions from biomass combustion alongside other energy-related CO2 emissions offers an alternative
accounting treatment. It is important, however, to avoid misinterpreting emissions from fossil energy and biomass
energy sources as necessarily additive. Instead, the combined total of direct CO2 emissions from biomass and energy-
related CO2 emissions implicitly assumes that none of the carbon emitted was previously or subsequently reabsorbed in
terrestrial sinks or that other emissions sources offset any such sequestration.

Section 11 Methodology and Sources

To estimate carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption for the Monthly Energy Review (MER), Tables 11.1–
11.7, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) uses the following methodology and sources:

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 223

Step 1. Determine Fuel Consumption
Coal—Coal sectoral (residential, commercial, coke plants, other industrial, transportation, electric power) consumption
data in thousand short tons are from MER Table 6.2. Coal sectoral consumption data are converted to trillion Btu by
multiplying by the coal heat content factors in MER Table A5.

Coal Coke Net Imports—Coal coke net imports data in trillion Btu are derived from coal coke imports and exports data in
MER Tables 1.4a and 1.4b.

Natural Gas (excluding supplemental gaseous fuels)—Natural gas sectoral consumption data in trillion Btu are from MER
Tables 2.2–2.6.

Petroleum—Total and sectoral consumption (product supplied) data in thousand barrels per day for asphalt and road oil,
aviation gasoline, distillate fuel oil, hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL), jet fuel, kerosene, lubricants, motor gasoline,
petroleum coke, and residual fuel oil are from MER Tables 3.5 and 3.7a–3.7c. For the component products of HGL
(ethane/ethylene, propane/propylene, normal butane/butylene, isobutane/isobutylene, and natural gasoline [through
2021]) and "other petroleum" (aviation gasoline blending components, crude oil, motor gasoline blending components,
naphthas for petrochemical feedstock use, other oils for petrochemical feedstock use, special naphthas, still gas,
unfinished oils [through 2021], waxes, and miscellaneous petroleum products), consumption (product supplied) data in
thousand barrels per day are from EIA's Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA), Petroleum Supply Monthly (PSM), and earlier
publications (see sources for MER Table 3.5). Petroleum consumption data by product are converted to trillion Btu by
multiplying by the petroleum heat content factors in MER Tables A1 and A3.

Biomass—Sectoral consumption data in trillion Btu for wood, biomass waste, fuel ethanol (minus denaturant), and
biodiesel are from MER Tables 10.2a–10.2c.

Step 2. Remove Biofuels From Petroleum

Distillate Fuel Oil—Beginning in 2009, the distillate fuel oil data (for total and transportation sector) in Step 1 include
biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel, which are non-fossil renewable fuels.

2009–2011: To remove the biodiesel portion from distillate fuel oil, data for biodiesel consumption (calculated using
data from EIA, EIA-22M, “Monthly Biodiesel Production Survey”) and biomass-based diesel fuel data (from EIA-810,
“Monthly Refinery Report,” EIA-812, “Monthly Product Pipeline Report,” and EIA-815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and
Blender Report”) are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the biodiesel heat content factor in MER Table A1, and
then subtracted from the distillate fuel oil consumption values. To remove the renewable diesel fuel portion from
distillate fuel oil, data for refinery and blender net inputs (from EIA-810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” and EIA-815,
“Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report”) are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the renewable diesel fuel
heat content factor in MER Table A1, and then subtracted from the distillate fuel oil consumption values.

2012–2020: To remove the biodiesel portion from distillate fuel oil, data for biodiesel consumption (from MER Table
10.4) is subtracted from the distillate fuel oil consumption values. To remove the renewable diesel fuel portion from
distillate fuel oil, data for refinery and blender net inputs (from EIA-810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” and EIA-815,
“Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report”) are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the renewable diesel fuel
heat content factor in MER Table A1, and then subtracted from the distillate fuel oil consumption values.

2021 forward: To remove the biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel portions from distillate fuel oil, data for refinery and
blender net inputs (from EIA-810, “Monthly Refinery Report,” and EIA-815, “Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender
Report”) are converted to trillion Btu by multiplying by the biodiesel and renewable diesel fuel heat content factors in
MER Table A1, and then subtracted from the distillate fuel oil consumption values.

Motor Gasoline—Beginning in 1993, the motor gasoline data (for total, commercial sector, industrial sector, and
transportation sector) in Step 1 include fuel ethanol, a non-fossil renewable fuel. To remove the fuel ethanol portion
from motor gasoline, data in trillion Btu for fuel ethanol consumption (from MER Tables 10.2a, 10.2b, and 10.3) are
subtracted from the motor gasoline consumption values. (Note that about 2% of fuel ethanol is fossil-based petroleum
denaturant, to make the fuel ethanol undrinkable. For 1993–2008, petroleum denaturant is double counted in the PSA
product supplied statistics, in both the original product category—e.g., natural gasoline—and also in the finished motor
224 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
gasoline category; for this time period for MER Section 11, petroleum denaturant is removed along with the fuel ethanol
from motor gasoline, but left in the original product. Beginning in 2009, petroleum denaturant is counted only in the
PSA/PSM product supplied statistics for motor gasoline; for this time period for MER Section 11, petroleum denaturant
is left in motor gasoline.)

Step 3. Remove Carbon Sequestered by Non-Combustion Use

The following fuels have industrial non-combustion uses as chemical feedstocks and other products: coal, natural gas,
asphalt and road oil, distillate fuel oil, hydrocarbon gas liquids (ethane/ethylene, propane/propylene, normal
butane/butylene, isobutane/isobutylene, and natural gasoline), lubricants (which have industrial and transportation
non-combustion uses), naphthas, other oils, petroleum coke, residual fuel oil, special naphthas, still gas, waxes, and
miscellaneous petroleum products. See Tables 1.13a and 1.13b for estimates of fossil fuel non-combustion uses.

In the non-combustion use of these fuels, some of the carbon is stored (sequestered) in the final product, and EIA
subtracts this from the fuel consumption values in Steps 1 and 2. EIA calculates the amount of carbon sequestered as
the product of the non-combustion use of fossil fuels shown in MER Table 1.13b and the following carbon sequestration
factors. The factors range from 0.00 to 1.00. A factor of 0.00 indicates that the fuel does not sequester any carbon (all is
emitted), while a factor of 1.00 indicates that the fuel sequesters all of the carbon (none is emitted). EIA uses the
following carbon sequestration factors: coal—0.75; natural gas used to produce hydrogen—0.00; natural gas used for
other manufacturing—0.44; asphalt and road oil—1.00; distillate fuel oil—0.50; hydrocarbon gas liquids—0.80;
lubricants—0.50; naphthas used for petrochemical feedstock—0.75; other oils used for petrochemical feedstock—0.50;
petroleum coke used for aluminum production—0.00; petroleum coke used for other manufacturing—0.50; residual fuel
oil—0.50; special naphthas—0.00; still gas—0.80; waxes—1.00; and miscellaneous petroleum products—1.00.

Step 4. Determine Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption

EIA calculates carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions data in million metric tons as the product of the consumption values in
trillion Btu from Steps 1 and 2 (minus the carbon sequestered by non-combustion use in Step 3) and the annual CO2
emissions factors at [Link]

Except for plant condensate and unfractionated stream (which are EIA estimates), the CO2 emissions factors for fossil
fuels are from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, Tables
A-20, A-32, and A-226. EIA converts metric tons of carbon to metric tons of CO2 using the approximate molar mass
(44/12)—see [Link]

Coal—EIA calculates coal CO2 emissions for each sector (residential, commercial, coke plants, other industrial,
transportation, electric power). Total coal emissions are the sum of the sectoral coal emissions.

Coal Coke Net Imports—EIA calculates coal coke net imports CO2 emissions for the industrial sector.

Natural Gas—EIA calculates natural gas CO2 emissions for each sector (residential, commercial, industrial,
transportation, electric power). Total natural gas emissions are the sum of the sectoral natural gas emissions.

Petroleum—EIA calculates CO2 emissions for each petroleum product and sector. Total petroleum emissions are the
sum of the product emissions. Total HGL emissions are the sum of the emissions for the component products
(ethane/ethylene, propane/propylene, normal butane/butylene, isobutane/isobutylene, and natural gasoline). EIA
estimates residential, commercial, and transportation sector HGL emissions as the product of the HGL consumption
values in trillion Btu from MER Tables 3.8a and 3.8c and the propane emissions factor. EIA estimates industrial sector
HGL emissions as total HGL emissions minus emissions by the other sectors.

Geothermal and Non-Biomass Waste—EIA estimates annual CO2 emissions data for geothermal and non-biomass waste
on Form EIA-923, "Power Plant Operations Report" (and predecessor forms). EIA estimates monthly data by dividing the
annual data by the number of days in the year and then multiplying by the number of days in the month. Annual
estimates for the current year are set equal to those of the previous year.

Biomass—EIA calculates wood, biomass waste, and biofuel CO2 emissions for each sector. Total emissions for each
biomass fuel are the sum of the sectoral emissions. EIA uses the following CO2 emissions factors, in million metric tons

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 225

CO2 per quadrillion Btu: wood—93.80; biomass waste—90.70; fuel ethanol—68.44; and biodiesel—73.84. For 1973–
1988, EIA estimates the biomass portion of waste in MER Tables 10.2a–10.2c as 67%; for 1989–2000, the annual
biomass portion of waste ranges from 67% in 1989 to 58% in 2000, based on the biogenic shares of total municipal solid
waste shown in EIA's "Methodology for Allocating Municipal Solid Waste to Biogenic and Non-Biogenic Energy," Table 1
at [Link]

226 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

 Appendix A
British Thermal Unit Conversion Factors
British Thermal Unit Conversion Factors
The thermal conversion factors presented in the following tables can be used to estimate the heat content in British
thermal units (Btu) of a given amount of energy measured in physical units, such as barrels or cubic feet. For example,
10 barrels of asphalt has a heat content of approximately 66.36 million Btu (10 barrels x 6.636 million Btu per barrel =
66.36 million Btu).
The heat content rates (i.e., thermal conversion factors) provided in this section represent the gross (or higher or upper)
energy content of the fuels. Gross heat content rates are applied in all Btu calculations for the Monthly Energy Review
and are commonly used in energy calculations in the United States; net (or lower) heat content rates are typically used
in European energy calculations. The difference between the two rates is the amount of energy that is consumed to
vaporize water that is created during the combustion process. Generally, the difference ranges from 2% to 10%,
depending on the specific fuel and its hydrogen content. Some fuels, such as unseasoned wood, can be more than 40%
different in their gross and net heat content rates. See “Heat Content” and “British Thermal Unit (Btu)” in the Glossary
for more information.
In general, the annual thermal conversion factors presented in Tables A2 through A6 are computed from final annual
data or from the best available data and labeled “preliminary.” Often, the current year’s factors are labeled “estimate,”
and are set equal to the previous year’s values until data become available to calculate the factors. The source of each
factor is described in the section entitled “Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation,” which follows Table A6 in
this appendix.
Table A1. Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum and Biofuels
(Million Btu per Barrel, Except as Noted)
Commodity Heat Content Commodity Heat Content
Asphalt and Road Oil 6.636 Motor Gasoline (Finished)–see Tables A2 and A3
Aviation Gasoline (Finished) 5.048 Motor Gasoline Blending Components (MGBC)
Aviation Gasoline Blending Components 5.048 Through 2006 5.253
Crude Oil–see Table A2 Beginning in 2007 5.222
Distillate Fuel Oil–see Table A3 for averages Oxygenates (excluding Fuel Ethanol) 4.247
15 ppm sulfur and under 5.770 Petrochemical Feedstocks
Greater than 15 ppm to 500 ppm sulfur 5.817 Naphtha Less Than 401°F 5.248
Greater than 500 ppm sulfur 5.825 Other Oils Equal to or Greater Than 401°F 5.825
Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids Petroleum Coke–see Table A3 for averages
Natural Gas Liquids Total, through 2003 6.024
Ethane 2.783 Catalyst, beginning in 2004 a 6.287

Propane 3.841 Marketable, beginning in 2004 5.719

Normal Butane 4.353 Residual Fuel Oil 6.287
Isobutane 4.183 Special Naphthas 5.248
Natural Gasoline (Pentanes Plus) 4.638 Still Gas
b 6.000
Refinery Olefins Through 2015
Ethylene 2.436 Beginning in 2016 a 6.287

Propylene 3.835 Unfinished Oils 5.825

Butylene 4.377 Waxes 5.537
Isobutylene 4.355 Miscellaneous Products 5.796
c 6.287
Hydrogen Other Hydrocarbons 5.825
Jet Fuel, Kerosene Type 5.670 Biofuels, Fuel Ethanol–see Table A3
Jet Fuel, Naphtha Type 5.355 Biofuels, Biodiesel 5.359
Kerosene 5.670 Biofuels, Renewable Diesel Fuel 5.494
Lubricants 6.065 Biofuels, Other 5.359
aPer residual fuel oil equivalent barrel (6.287 million Btu per barrel).
bPer fuel oil equivalent barrel (6.000 million Btu per barrel).
c Hydrogen has a gross heat content of 323.6 Btu per standard cubic foot (at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and 1 atmosphere), and 6.287 million Btu per

residual fuel oil equivalent barrel. For hydrogen, barrels can be converted to standard cubic feet by multiplying by 19,426 standard cubic feet per barrel
of residual fuel oil equivalent.
Note: The values in this table are for gross heat contents. See "Heat Content" in Glossary.
Web Page: [Link]
Sources: See “Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation,” which follows Table A6.
228 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 229
230 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 231
232 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 233
Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation
Approximate Heat Content of Petroleum and Natural Gas Liquids
Asphalt. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.636 million
British thermal units (Btu) per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the Petroleum
Statement, Annual, 1956.
Aviation Gasoline Blending Components. Assumed by EIA to be 5.048 million Btu per barrel or equal to the thermal
conversion factor for Aviation Gasoline (Finished).
Aviation Gasoline (Finished). EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.048 million Btu per barrel as adopted by
the Bureau of Mines from the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation publication Competition and Growth in American
Energy Markets 1947–1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.
Butylene. EIA estimated the thermal conversion factor to be 4.377 million Btu per barrel, based on data for enthalpy of
combustion from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard
Reference Database Number 69, 2018; and data for density of liquids at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and equilibrium pressure
from the American Petroleum Institute.
Crude Oil Exports. • 1949–2014: Assumed by EIA to be 5.800 million Btu per barrel or equal to the thermal conversion
factor for crude oil produced in the United States. See Crude Oil Production. • 2015 forward: Calculated annually by
EIA based on conversion of American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity ranges of crude oil exports as reported in trade
data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Specific gravity (SG) = 141.5 / (131.5 + API gravity). The higher heating value (HHV) in
million Btu per barrel = SG * (7.801796 - 1.3213 * SG2).
Crude Oil Imports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for each type of crude oil
imported weighted by the quantities imported. Thermal conversion factors for each type were calculated on a foreign
country basis, by determining the average American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity of crude oil imported from each
foreign country from Form ERA-60 in 1977 and converting average API gravity to average Btu content by using National
Bureau of Standards, Miscellaneous Publication No. 97, Thermal Properties of Petroleum Products, 1933.
Crude Oil Production. • 1949–2014: EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.800 million Btu per barrel as
reported in a Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of Various
Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.” • 2015 forward: Calculated annually by EIA based on conversion of American
Petroleum Institute (API) gravity ranges of crude oil production as reported on Form EIA-914, “Monthly Crude Oil, Lease
Condensate, and Natural Gas Production Report.” Specific gravity (SG) = 141.5 / (131.5 + API gravity). The higher
heating value (HHV) in million Btu per barrel = SG * (7.801796 - 1.3213 * SG2).
Distillate Fuel Oil Consumption. • 1949–1993: EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.825
million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average
Heating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.” • 1994 forward: Calculated by EIA as the annual quantity-
weighted average of the conversion factors for Distillate Fuel Oil, 15 ppm Sulfur and Under (5.770 million Btu per
barrel), Distillate Fuel Oil, Greater Than 15 ppm to 500 ppm Sulfur (5.817 million Btu per barrel), and Distillate Fuel Oil,
Greater Than 500 ppm Sulfur (5.825 million Btu per barrel).
Distillate Fuel Oil, 15 ppm Sulfur and Under. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.770 million Btu per barrel
(137,380 Btu per gallon) for U.S. conventional diesel from U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory,
“The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Technologies Model” (GREET), version R&D
GREET1_2024, January 2025.
Distillate Fuel Oil, Greater Than 15 ppm to 500 ppm Sulfur. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.817 million
Btu per barrel (138,490 Btu per gallon) for low-sulfur diesel from U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne Laboratory, “The
Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Technologies Model” (GREET), version R&D GREET1_2024,
January 2025.
Distillate Fuel Oil, Greater Than 500 ppm Sulfur. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.825
million Btu per barrel as reported in a Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average
Heating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.”

234 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Ethane. EIA estimated the thermal conversion factor to be 2.783 million Btu per barrel, based on data for enthalpy of
combustion from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard
Reference Database Number 69, 2018; and data for density of liquids at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and equilibrium pressure
from the American Petroleum Institute.
Ethylene. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 2.436 million Btu per barrel (0.058 million Btu per gallon) as
published in the Federal Register EPA; 40 CFR part 98; e-CRF; Table C1; April 5, 2019. The ethylene higher heating value
is determined at 41 degrees Fahrenheit at saturation pressure.
Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids. • 1949–1966: EIA used the 1967 factor. • 1967 forward: Calculated annually by EIA as the
average of the thermal conversion factors for all hydrocarbon gas liquids consumed (see Table A1) weighted by the
quantities consumed. The component products of hydrocarbon gas liquids are ethane, propane, normal butane,
isobutane, natural gasoline (pentanes plus), and refinery olefins (ethylene, propylene, butylene, and isobutylene). For
1967–1980, quantities consumed are from EIA, Energy Data Reports, “Petroleum Statement, Annual.” For 1981 forward,
quantities consumed are from EIA, Petroleum Supply Annual.
Hydrogen. EIA estimated a thermal conversion factor of 323.6 Btu per standard cubic foot (at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 1 atmosphere), based on data published by the National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering, in
Appendix H of The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs, 2004. EIA also assumed a
thermal conversion factor of 6.287 million Btu per residual fuel oil equivalent barrel or equal to the thermal conversion
factor for Residual Fuel Oil.
Isobutane. EIA estimated the thermal conversion factor to be 4.183 million Btu per barrel, based on data for enthalpy of
combustion from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard
Reference Database Number 69, 2018; and data for density of liquids at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and equilibrium pressure
from the American Petroleum Institute.
Isobutylene. EIA estimated the thermal conversion factor to be 4.355 million Btu per barrel, based on data for enthalpy
of combustion from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard
Reference Database Number 69, 2018; and data for density of liquids at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and equilibrium pressure
from the American Petroleum Institute.
Jet Fuel, Kerosene-Type. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.670 million Btu per barrel for
“Jet Fuel, Commercial” as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in the report Competition and
Growth in American Energy Markets 1947–1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.
Jet Fuel, Naphtha-Type. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.355 million Btu per barrel for
“Jet Fuel, Military” as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in the report Competition and Growth in
American Energy Markets 1947–1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.
Kerosene. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.670 million Btu per barrel as reported in a
Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted
January 3, 1950.”
Lubricants. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.065 million Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of
Mines and first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.
Miscellaneous Products. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.796 million Btu per barrel as estimated by the
Bureau of Mines and first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.
Motor Gasoline Blending Components. • 1949–2006: EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of
5.253 million Btu per barrel for “Gasoline, Motor Fuel” as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in
Appendix V of Competition and Growth in American Markets 1947-1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected
statistics. • 2007 forward: EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.222 million Btu per barrel (124,340 Btu per
gallon) for gasoline blendstock from U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, “The Greenhouse Gases,
Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Technologies Model” (GREET), version R&D GREET1_2024, January 2025.
Motor Gasoline Exports. • 1949–2005: EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.253 million Btu
per barrel for “Gasoline, Motor Fuel” as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in Appendix V of
Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947–1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.
• 2006 forward: Calculated by EIA as the annual quantity-weighted average of the conversion factors for gasoline
blendstock and the methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) blended into motor gasoline exports. The factor for gasoline
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 235
blendstock is 5.253 million Btu per barrel in 2006 and 5.222 million Btu per barrel beginning in 2007 (see Motor
Gasoline Blending Components). For MTBE, EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 4.247 million Btu per barrel
(101,130 Btu per gallon) from U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, “The Greenhouse Gases,
Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Technologies Model” (GREET), version R&D GREET1_2024, January 2025.
Motor Gasoline (Finished) Consumption. • 1949–1992: EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of
5.253 million Btu per barrel for “Gasoline, Motor Fuel” as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in
Appendix V of Competition and Growth in American Markets 1947-1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected
statistics. • 1993–2006: Calculated by EIA as the annual quantity-weighted average of the conversion factors for
gasoline blendstock and the oxygenates blended into motor gasoline. The factor for gasoline blendstock is 5.253 million
Btu per barrel (the motor gasoline factor used for previous years). The factors for fuel ethanol are shown in Table A3
(see Fuel Ethanol, Denatured). The following factors for other oxygenates are from U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne
National Laboratory, “The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Technologies Model” (GREET),
version R&D GREET1_2024, January 2025—methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE): 4.247 million Btu per barrel (101,130 Btu
per gallon); tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME): 4.560 million Btu per barrel (108,570 Btu per gallon); ethyl tertiary butyl
ether (ETBE): 4.390 million Btu per barrel (104,530 Btu per gallon); methanol: 2.738 million Btu per barrel (65,200 Btu
per gallon); and butanol: 4.555 million Btu per barrel (108,458 Btu per gallon). • 2007 forward: Calculated by EIA as the
annual quantity-weighted average of the conversion factors for gasoline blendstock and fuel ethanol blended into motor
gasoline. The factor for gasoline blendstock is 5.222 million Btu per barrel (124,340 Btu per gallon), which is from the
GREET model (see above). The factors for fuel ethanol are shown in Table A3 (see Fuel Ethanol, Denatured).
Motor Gasoline Imports. • 1949–2006: EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.253 million
Btu per barrel for “Gasoline, Motor Fuel” as published by the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation in Appendix V of
Competition and Growth in American Energy Markets 1947–1985, a 1968 release of historical and projected statistics.
• 2007 forward: EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.222 million Btu per barrel (124,340 Btu per gallon) for
gasoline blendstock from U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, “The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated
Emissions, and Energy Use in Technologies Model” (GREET), version R&D GREET1_2024, January 2025.
Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for
each natural gas plant liquid produced weighted by the quantities produced.
Natural Gasoline. EIA estimated the thermal conversion factor to be 4.638 million Btu per barrel, based on data for
enthalpy of combustion from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST
Standard Reference Database Number 69, 2018; and data for density of liquids at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and equilibrium
pressure from the American Petroleum Institute. EIA assumes a natural gasoline ratio of 29% isopentane, 29%
neopentane, 20% normal pentane, 13% normal hexane, 4% cyclohexane, 3% benzene, and 2% toluene in these
calculations.
Normal Butane. EIA estimated the thermal conversion factor to be 4.353 million Btu per barrel, based on data for
enthalpy of combustion from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST
Standard Reference Database Number 69, 2018; and data for density of liquids at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and equilibrium
pressure from the American Petroleum Institute.
Other Hydrocarbons. Assumed by EIA to be 5.825 million Btu per barrel or equal to the thermal conversion factor for
Unfinished Oils.
Oxygenates (Excluding Fuel Ethanol). EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 4.247 million Btu per barrel
(101,130 Btu per gallon) for methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) from U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National
Laboratory, “The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Technologies Model” (GREET), version R&D
GREET1_2024, January 2025.
Petrochemical Feedstocks, Naphtha Less Than 401 Degrees Fahrenheit. Assumed by EIA to be 5.248 million Btu per
barrel or equal to the thermal conversion factor for Special Naphthas.
Petrochemical Feedstocks, Other Oils Equal to or Greater Than 401 Degrees Fahrenheit. Assumed by EIA to be 5.825
million Btu per barrel or equal to the thermal conversion factor for Distillate Fuel Oil.
Petrochemical Feedstocks, Still Gas. Assumed by EIA to be equal to the thermal conversion factor for Still Gas.
Petroleum Coke, Catalyst. Assumed by EIA to be 6.287 million Btu per barrel or equal to the thermal conversion factor
for Residual Fuel Oil.

236 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Petroleum Coke, Marketable. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.719 million Btu per barrel, calculated by
dividing 28,595,925 Btu per short ton for petroleum coke (from U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National
Laboratory, “The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Technologies Model” (GREET), version R&D
GREET1_2024, January 2025) by 5.0 barrels per short ton (as given in the Bureau of Mines Form 6-1300-M and successor
EIA forms).
Petroleum Coke, Total. • 1949–2003: EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.024 million Btu per barrel as
reported in Btu per short ton in the Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average
Heating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3, 1950.” The Bureau of Mines calculated this factor by dividing
30.120 million Btu per short ton, as given in the referenced Bureau of Mines internal memorandum, by 5.0 barrels per
short ton, as given in the Bureau of Mines Form 6-1300-M and successor EIA forms. • 2004 forward: Calculated by EIA as
the annual quantity-weighted average of the conversion factors for Petroleum Coke, Catalyst (6.287 million Btu per
barrel) and Petroleum Coke, Marketable (5.719 million Btu per barrel).
Petroleum Consumption, Commercial Sector. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion
factors for all petroleum products consumed by the commercial sector weighted by the estimated quantities
consumed by the commercial sector. The quantities of petroleum products consumed by the commercial sector are
estimated in the State Energy Data System—see documentation at
[Link]
Petroleum Consumption, Electric Power Sector. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion
factors for distillate fuel oil, petroleum coke, and residual fuel oil consumed by the electric power sector weighted by
the quantities consumed by the electric power sector. Data are from Form EIA-923, “Power Plant Operations Report,”
and predecessor forms.
Petroleum Consumption, Industrial Sector. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors
for all petroleum products consumed by the industrial sector weighted by the estimated quantities consumed by the
industrial sector. The quantities of petroleum products consumed by the industrial sector are estimated in the State
Energy Data System—see documentation at [Link]
Petroleum Consumption, Residential Sector. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion
factors for all petroleum products consumed by the residential sector weighted by the estimated quantities consumed
by the residential sector. The quantities of petroleum products consumed by the residential sector are estimated in the
State Energy Data System—see documentation at [Link]
Petroleum Consumption, Total. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for all
petroleum products consumed weighted by the quantities consumed.
Petroleum Consumption, Transportation Sector. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion
factors for all petroleum products consumed by the transportation sector weighted by the estimated quantities
consumed by the transportation sector. The quantities of petroleum products consumed by the transportation sector
are estimated in the State Energy Data System—see documentation at
[Link]
Petroleum Products Exports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for each
petroleum product exported weighted by the quantities exported.
Petroleum Products Imports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for each
petroleum product imported weighted by the quantities imported.
Plant Condensate. • 1973–1983: Estimated to be 5.418 million Btu per barrel by EIA from data provided by
McClanahan Consultants, Inc., Houston, Texas.
Propane. EIA estimated the thermal conversion factor to be 3.841 million Btu per barrel, based on data for enthalpy of
combustion from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard
Reference Database Number 69, 2018; and data for density of liquids at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and equilibrium pressure
from the American Petroleum Institute.
Propylene. EIA estimated the thermal conversion factor to be 3.835 million Btu per barrel, based on data for enthalpy
of combustion from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard
Reference Database Number 69, 2018; and data for density of liquids at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and equilibrium pressure
from the American Petroleum Institute.
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 237
Residual Fuel Oil. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.287 million Btu per barrel as reported in the Bureau of
Mines internal memorandum, “Bureau of Mines Standard Average Heating Values of Various Fuels, Adopted January 3,
1950.”
Road Oil. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 6.636 million Btu per barrel, which was
assumed to be equal to that of Asphalt and was first published by the Bureau of Mines in the Petroleum Statement,
Annual, 1970.
Special Naphthas. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conversion factor of 5.248 million Btu per barrel, which
was assumed to be equal to that of the total gasoline (aviation and motor) factor and was first published in the
Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1970.
Still Gas. • 1949–2015: EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines estimated thermal conversion factor of 6.000 million Btu per
barrel, first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1970. • 2016 forward: Assumed by EIA to be 6.287 million
Btu per barrel or equal to the thermal conversion factor for Residual Fuel Oil.
Total Petroleum Exports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for crude oil and
each petroleum product exported weighted by the quantities exported. See Crude Oil Exports and Petroleum Products
Exports.
Total Petroleum Imports. Calculated annually by EIA as the average of the thermal conversion factors for each type of
crude oil and petroleum product imported weighted by the quantities imported. See Crude Oil Imports and Petroleum
Products Imports.
Unfinished Oils. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be 5.825 million Btu per barrel, the average of all natural
gas or equal to that for Distillate Fuel Oil and first published it in EIA’s Annual Report to Congress, Volume 3, 1977.
Unfractionated Stream. • 1979–1982: EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be 3.800 million Btu per barrel,
the average of all natural gas plant liquids calculated on their contribution to total barrels produced.
Waxes. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.537 million Btu per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of
Mines and first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956.

Approximate Heat Content of Biofuels

Biodiesel. EIA estimated the thermal conversion factor for biodiesel to be 5.359 million Btu per barrel, or 17,253 Btu per
pound.
Biodiesel Feedstock. EIA used soybean oil input to the production of biodiesel (million Btu soybean oil per barrel
biodiesel) as the factor to estimate total biomass inputs to the production of biodiesel. EIA assumed that 7.65 pounds of
soybean oil are needed to produce one gallon of biodiesel, and 5.433 million Btu of soybean oil are needed to produce
one barrel of biodiesel. EIA also assumed that soybean oil has a gross heat content of 16,909 Btu per pound, or 5.483
million Btu per barrel.
Ethanol (Undenatured). EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 3.539 million Btu per barrel published in
“Oxygenate Flexibility for Future Fuels,” a paper presented by William J. Piel of the ARCO Chemical Company at the
National Conference on Reformulated Gasolines and Clean Air Act Implementation, Washington, DC, October 1991.
Fuel Ethanol (Denatured). • 1981–2008: EIA used the 2009 factor. • 2009 forward: Calculated by EIA as the annual
quantity-weighted average of the thermal conversion factors for undenatured ethanol (3.539 million Btu per barrel),
natural gasoline used as denaturant (4.638 million Btu per barrel), and conventional motor gasoline and motor
gasoline blending components used as denaturant (5.253 million Btu per barrel). The quantity of ethanol consumed is
from EIA’s Petroleum Supply Annual (PSA) and Petroleum Supply Monthly (PSM), Table 1, data for renewable fuels and
oxygenate plant net production of fuel ethanol. The quantity of natural gasoline used as denaturant is from PSA/PSM,
Table 1, data for renewable fuels and oxygenate plant net production of natural gasoline, multiplied by -1. The
quantity of conventional motor gasoline and motor gasoline blending components used as denaturant is from
PSA/PSM, Table 1, data for renewable fuels and oxygenate plant net production of conventional motor gasoline and
motor gasoline blending components, multiplied by -1.
Fuel Ethanol Feedstock. EIA used corn input to the production of undenatured ethanol (million Btu corn per barrel
undenatured ethanol) as the annual factor to estimate total biomass inputs to the production of undenatured
ethanol. EIA used the following observed ethanol yields (in gallons undenatured ethanol per bushel of corn) from U.S.

238 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Department of Agriculture: 2.5 in 1980, 2.666 in 1998, 2.68 in 2002; and from University of Illinois at Chicago, Energy
Resources Center, “2012 Corn Ethanol: Emerging Plant Energy and Environmental Technologies”: 2.78 in 2008, and
2.82 in 2012. EIA estimated the ethanol yields in other years. EIA also assumed that corn has a gross heat content of
0.392 million Btu per bushel.
Other Biofuels. EIA assumed the thermal conversion factor to be 5.359 million Btu per barrel or equal to the thermal
conversion factor for Biodiesel.
Renewable Diesel Fuel. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.494 million Btu per barrel (130,817 Btu per
gallon) for renewable diesel II (UOP-HDO) from U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, “The
Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Technologies Model” (GREET), version R&D GREET1_2024,
January 2025.

Approximate Heat Content of Natural Gas

Natural Gas Consumption, Electric Power Sector. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of natural gas
consumed by the electric power sector by the quantity consumed. Data are from Form EIA-923, “Power Plant
Operations Report,” and predecessor forms.
Natural Gas Consumption, End-Use Sectors. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of natural gas
consumed by the end-use sectors (residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation) by the quantity consumed.
The heat content of natural gas consumed by the end-use sectors is calculated as the total heat content of natural gas
consumed minus the heat content of natural gas consumed by the electric power sector. The quantity of natural gas
consumed by the end-use sectors is calculated as the total quantity of natural gas consumed minus the quantity of
natural gas consumed by the electric power sector. Data are from Form EIA-176, “Annual Report of Natural and
Supplemental Gas Supply and Disposition”; and Form EIA-923, “Power Plant Operations Report,” and predecessor forms.

Natural Gas Consumption, Total. • 1949–1962: EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 1,035 Btu per cubic foot
as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the Petroleum Statement, Annual, 1956. • 1963–
1979: EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor calculated annually by the American Gas Association (AGA) and
published in Gas Facts, an AGA annual publication. • 1980 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the total heat
content of natural gas consumed by the total quantity consumed.
Natural Gas Exports. • 1949–1972: Assumed by EIA to be equal to the thermal conversion factor for dry natural gas
consumed (see Natural Gas Consumption, Total). • 1973 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat
content of natural gas exported by the quantity exported. For 1973–1995, data are from Form FPC-14, “Annual Report
for Importers and Exporters of Natural Gas.” Beginning in 1996, data are from U.S. Department of Energy, Office of
Fossil Energy, Natural Gas Imports and Exports.
Natural Gas Imports. • 1949–1972: Assumed by EIA to be equal to the thermal conversion factor for dry natural gas
consumed (see Natural Gas Consumption, Total). • 1973 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat
content of natural gas imported by the quantity imported. For 1973–1995, data are from Form FPC-14, “Annual Report
for Importers and Exporters of Natural Gas.” Beginning in 1996, data are from U.S. Department of Energy, Office of
Fossil Energy, Natural Gas Imports and Exports.
Natural Gas Production, Dry. Assumed by EIA to be equal to the thermal conversion factor for dry natural gas
consumed. See Natural Gas Consumption, Total.
Natural Gas Production, Marketed. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of dry natural gas
produced (see Natural Gas Production, Dry) and natural gas liquids produced (see Natural Gas Liquids Production) by
the total quantity of marketed natural gas produced.

Approximate Heat Content of Coal and Coal Coke

Coal Coke Imports and Exports. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines estimate of 24.800 million Btu per short ton.
Coal Consumption, Electric Power Sector. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of coal consumed by
the electric power sector by the quantity consumed. Data are from Form EIA-923, “Power Plant Operations Report,”
and predecessor forms.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 239

Coal Consumption, Industrial Sector, Coke Plants. • 1949–2011: Calculated annually by EIA based on the reported
volatility (low, medium, or high) of coal received by coke plants. (For 2011, EIA used the following volatility factors, in
million Btu per short ton: low volatile—26.680; medium volatile—27.506; and high volatile—25.652.) Data are from
Form EIA-5, “Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality Report—Coke Plants,” and predecessor forms. • 2012 forward:
Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of coal received by coke plants by the quantity received.
Through June 2014, data are from Form EIA-5, “Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality Report—Coke Plants”;
beginning in July 2014, data are from Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Survey of Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Coal
Users” (formerly called “Quarterly Survey of Non-Electric Sector Coal Data”).

Coal Consumption, Industrial Sector, Other. • 1949–2007: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of
coal received by manufacturing plants by the quantity received. Data are from Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Coal
Consumption and Quality Report—Manufacturing Plants,” and predecessor forms. • 2008 forward: Calculated annually
by EIA by dividing the heat content of coal received by manufacturing, gasification, and liquefaction plants by the
quantity received. Data are from Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Survey of Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Coal Users”
(formerly called “Quarterly Survey of Non-Electric Sector Coal Data”).
Coal Consumption, Residential and Commercial Sectors. • 1949–1999: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat
content of coal received by the residential and commercial sectors by the quantity received. Data are from Form EIA-6,
“Coal Distribution Report,” and predecessor forms. • 2000–2007: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat
content of coal consumed by commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants by the quantity consumed. Data are
from Form EIA-923, “Power Plant Operations Report,” and predecessor forms. • 2008 forward: Calculated annually by
EIA by dividing the heat content of coal received by commercial and institutional users by the quantity received. Data
are from Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Survey of Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Coal Users” (formerly called
“Quarterly Survey of Non-Electric Sector Coal Data”).
Coal Consumption, Total. Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the total heat content of coal consumed by all sectors
by the total quantity consumed.
Coal Exports. • 1949–2011: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of steam coal and metallurgical
coal exported by the quantity exported. Data are from U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “Monthly
Report EM 545,” and predecessor forms. • 2012 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of
steam coal and metallurgical coal exported by the quantity exported. The average heat content of steam coal is derived
from receipts data from Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Survey of Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Coal Users” (formerly
called “Quarterly Survey of Non-Electric Sector Coal Data”), and Form EIA-923, “Power Plant Operations Report.”
Through June 2014, the average heat content of metallurgical coal is derived from receipts data from Form EIA-5,
“Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality Report—Coke Plants”; beginning in July 2014, the average heat content of
metallurgical coal is derived from receipts data from Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Survey of Industrial, Commercial, and
Institutional Coal Users” (formerly called “Quarterly Survey of Non-Electric Sector Coal Data”). Data for export quantities
are from U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “Monthly Report EM 545.”
Coal Imports. • 1949–1963: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of coal imported by the quantity
imported. Data are from U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “Monthly Report IM 145,” and
predecessor forms. • 1964–2011: Assumed by EIA to be 25.000 million Btu per short ton. • 2012 forward: Calculated
annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of coal imported (received) by the quantity imported (received). Data are
from Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Survey of Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Coal Users” (formerly called “Quarterly
Survey of Non-Electric Sector Coal Data”); Form EIA-5, “Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality Report—Coke Plants”
(data through June 2014); and Form EIA-923, “Power Plant Operations Report.”
Coal Production. • 1949–2011: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of domestic coal (excluding
waste coal) received by the quantity received. Data are from Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality
Report—Manufacturing and Transformation/Processing Coal Plants and Commercial and Institutional Users”; Form EIA-5,
“Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality Report—Coke Plants”; Form EIA-923, “Power Plant Operations Report”; and
predecessor forms. • 2012 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of domestic coal (excluding
waste coal) received and exported by the quantity received and exported. Data are from Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Survey
of Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Coal Users” (formerly called “Quarterly Survey of Non-Electric Sector Coal
Data”); Form EIA-5, “Quarterly Coal Consumption and Quality Report—Coke Plants” (data through June 2014); Form EIA-

240 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

923, “Power Plant Operations Report”; U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “Monthly Report EM 545”; and
predecessor forms.
Waste Coal Supplied. • 1989–2000: Calculated annually by EIA by dividing the heat content of waste coal consumed by
the quantity consumed. Data are from Form EIA-860B, “Annual Electric Generator Report—Nonutility,” and predecessor
form. • 2001 forward: Calculated by EIA by dividing the heat content of waste coal received (or consumed) by the
quantity received (or consumed). Receipts data are from Form EIA-3, “Quarterly Survey of Industrial, Commercial, and
Institutional Coal Users” (formerly called “Quarterly Survey of Non-Electric Sector Coal Data”), and predecessor forms.
Consumption data are from Form EIA-923, “Power Plant Operations Report,” and predecessor forms.

Table A6 Sources
Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity Net Generation, Coal. • 2001 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by using fuel
consumption and net generation data reported on Form EIA-923, “Power Plant Operations Report,” and predecessor
forms. The computation includes data for all electric utilities and electricity-only independent power producers using
anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, and beginning in 2002, waste coal and coal synfuel.
Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity Net Generation, Petroleum. • 2001 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by
using fuel consumption and net generation data reported on Form EIA-923, “Power Plant Operations Report,” and
predecessor forms. The computation includes data for all electric utilities and electricity-only independent power
producers using distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, jet fuel, kerosene, petroleum coke, and waste oil.
Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity Net Generation, Natural Gas. • 2001 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by
using fuel consumption and net generation data reported on Form EIA-923, “Power Plant Operations Report,” and
predecessor forms. The computation includes data for all electric utilities and electricity-only independent power
producers using natural gas and supplemental gaseous fuels.
Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity Net Generation, Total Fossil Fuels. • 1949–1955: The weighted annual average
heat rate for fossil-fueled steam-electric power plants in the United States, as published by EIA in Thermal-Electric Plant
Construction Cost and Annual Production Expenses—1981 and Steam-Electric Plant Construction Cost and Annual
Production Expenses—1978. • 1956–1988: The weighted annual average heat rate for fossil-fueled steam-electric power
plants in the United States, as published in EIA, Electric Plant Cost and Power Production Expenses 1991, Table 9. • 1989–
2000: Calculated annually by EIA by using heat rate data reported on Form EIA-860, “Annual Electric Generator Report,”
and predecessor forms; and net generation data reported on Form EIA-759, “Monthly Power Plant Report.” The
computation includes data for all electric utility steam-electric plants using fossil fuels. • 2001 forward: Calculated
annually by EIA by using fuel consumption and net generation data reported on Form EIA-923, “Power Plant Operations
Report,” and predecessor forms. The computation includes data for all electric utilities and electricity-only independent
power producers using coal, petroleum, natural gas, and other fossil gases (blast furnace gas, propane gas, and other
manufactured and waste gases derived from fossil fuels).
Approximate Heat Rates for Electricity Net Generation, Nuclear. • 1957–1984: Calculated annually by dividing the
total heat content consumed in nuclear generating units by the total (net) electricity generated by nuclear generating
units. The heat content and electricity generation were reported on Form FERC-1, “Annual Report of Major Electric
Utilities, Licensees, and Others”; Form EIA-412, “Annual Report of Public Electric Utilities”; and predecessor forms. For
1982, the factors were published in EIA, Historical Plant Cost and Annual Production Expenses for Selected Electric Plants
1982, page 215. For 1983 and 1984, the factors were published in EIA, Electric Plant Cost and Power Production Expenses
1991, Table 13. • 1985 forward: Calculated annually by EIA by using the heat rate data reported on Form EIA-860,
“Annual Electric Generator Report,” and predecessor forms.
Thermal Conversion Factor for Noncombustible Renewable Energy. There is no generally accepted practice for
measuring the thermal conversion rates for power plants that generate electricity from hydro, geothermal, solar
thermal, photovoltaic, and wind energy sources. Therefore, EIA uses the heat content of electricity, 3,412 Btu per
kilowatthour. See Appendix E for more information.
Heat Content of Electricity. The value of 3,412 Btu per kilowatthour, which is the heat content of electricity, is a
constant. It is used as the thermal conversion factor for electricity net generation from noncombustible renewable
energy (hydro, geothermal, solar thermal, photovoltaic, and wind), electricity sales to ultimate customers, and electricity
imports and exports.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 241

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
 Appendix B
Metric Conversion Factors, Metric Prefixes, and
Other Physical Conversion Factors
Metric Conversion Factors, Metric Prefixes, and Other Physical Conversion
Factors
Data presented in the Monthly Energy Review and in other U.S. Energy Information Administration publications are
expressed predominately in units that historically have been used in the United States, such as British thermal units,
barrels, cubic feet, and short tons. The metric conversion factors presented in Table B1 can be used to calculate the
metric‐unit equivalents of values expressed in U.S. Customary units. For example, 500 short tons are the equivalent of
453.6 metric tons (500 short tons x 0.9071847 metric tons/short ton = 453.6 metric tons).

In the metric system of weights and measures, the names of multiples and subdivisions of any unit may be derived by
combining the name of the unit with prefixes, such as deka, hecto, and kilo, meaning, respectively, 10, 100, 1,000, and
deci, centi, and milli, meaning, respectively, one‐tenth, one‐hundredth, and one‐thousandth. Common metric prefixes
can be found in Table B2.

The conversion factors presented in Table B3 can be used to calculate equivalents in various physical units commonly
used in energy analyses. For example, 10 barrels are the equivalent of 420 U.S. gallons (10 barrels x 42 gallons/barrel =
420 gallons).

244 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Table B1. Metric Conversion Factors
Type of Unit U.S. Unit Equivalent in Metric Units
Mass 1 short ton (2,000 lb) = 0.907 184 7 metric tons (t)
1 long ton = 1.016 047 metric tons (t)
1 pound (lb) = 0.453 592 37a kilograms (kg)
1 pound uranium oxide (lb U3O8) = 0.384 647b kilograms uranium (kgU)
1 ounce, avoirdupois (avdp oz) = 28.349 52 grams (g)

Volume 1 barrel of oil (bbl) = 0.158 987 3 cubic meters (m3)

1 cubic yard (yd3) = 0.764 555 cubic meters (m3)
1 cubic foot (ft3) = 0.028 316 85 cubic meters (m3)
1 U.S. gallon (gal) = 3.785 412 liters (L)
1 ounce, fluid (fl oz) = 29.573 53 milliliters (mL)
1 cubic inch (in3) = 16.387 06 milliliters (mL)

Length 1 mile (mi) = 1.609 344a kilometers (km)

1 yard (yd) = 0.914 4a meters (m)
1 foot (ft) = 0.304 8a meters (m)
1 inch (in) = 2.54a centimeters (cm)

Area 1 acre = 0.404 69 hectares (ha)

1 square mile (mi2) = 2.589 988 square kilometers (km2)
1 square yard (yd2) = 0.836 127 4 square meters (m2)
1 square foot (ft2) = 0.092 903 04a square meters (m2)
1 square inch (in2) = 6.451 6a square centimeters (cm2)

Energy 1 British thermal unit (Btu)c = 1,055.055 852 62a joules (J)
1 calorie (cal) = 4.186 8a joules (J)
1 kilowatthour (kWh) = 3.6a megajoules (MJ)

Temperatured 32 degrees Fahrenheit (ºF) = 0a degrees Celsius (ºC)

212 degrees Fahrenheit (ºF) = 100a degrees Celsius (ºC)

[a] Exact conversion.

[b] Calculated by the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
[c] The Btu used in this table is the International Table Btu adopted by the Fifth International Conference on Properties of Steam, London, 1956.
[d] To convert degrees Fahrenheit (ºF) to degrees Celsius (ºC) exactly, subtract 32, then multiply by 5/9.
Notes: • Spaces have been inserted after every third digit to the right of the decimal for ease of reading. • Most metric units belong to the International
System of Units (SI), and the liter, hectare, and metric ton are accepted for use with the SI units. For more information about the SI units, see
[Link]
Web Page: [Link]
Sources: • General Services Administration, Federal Standard 376B, Preferred Metric Units for General Use by the Federal Government
(Washington, DC, January 1993), pp. 9–11, 13, and 16. • U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special
Publications 330, 811, and 814. • American National Standards Institute/Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, ANSI/IEEE Std268-1992, pp.
28 and 29.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 245

 Table B2. Metric Prefixes
Unit Multiple Prefix Symbol Unit Subdivision Prefix Symbol
deka da 10-1 deci d
101
hecto h 10-2 centi c
102
kilo k 10-3 milli m
103
mega M 10-6 micro 
106
giga G 10-9 nano n
109
tera T 10-12 pico p
1012
peta P 10-15 femto f
1015
exa E 10-18 atto a
1018
zetta Z 10-21 zepto z
1021
yotta Y 10-24 yocto y
1024

Web Page: [Link]

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, The International System of Units (SI), NIST
Special Publication 330, 1991 Edition (Washington, DC, August 1991), p.10.

Table B3. Other Physical Conversion Factors

Energy Source Original Unit Equivalent in Final Units

Petroleum 1 barrel (bbl) = 42a U.S. gallons (gal)

Coal 1 short ton = 2,000a pounds (lb)

1 long ton = 2,240a pounds (lb)
1 metric ton (t) = 1,000a kilograms (kg)

Wood 1 cord (cd) = 1.25b shorts tons

1 cord (cd) = 128a cubic feet (ft3)

[a] Exact conversion.

[b] Calculated by the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Web Page: [Link]
Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical
Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices, NIST Handbook 44, 1994 Edition (Washington, DC, October 1993), pp. B-10, C-17, and C-21.

246 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

 Appendix C
Population, U.S. Gross Domestic Product, and U.S. Gross Output
Population, U.S. Gross Domestic Product, and U.S. Gross Output

248 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

 Appendix D
Estimated Primary Energy Consumption in the
United States, Selected Years, 1635-1945
Estimated Primary Energy Consumption in the United States,
Selected Years, 1635-1945

250 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Note. Geographic Coverage of Statistics for 1635–1945.
Table D1 presents estimates of U.S. energy consumption by energy source for a period that begins a century and a half
before the original 13 colonies formed a political union and continues through the decades during which the United
States was still expanding territorially. The question thus arises, what exactly is meant by “U.S. consumption” of an
energy source for those years when the United States did not formally exist or consisted of less territory than is now
encompassed by the 50 states and the District of Columbia?

The documents used to assemble the estimates, and (as far as possible) the sources of those documents, were reviewed
carefully for clues to geographic coverage. For most energy sources, the extent of coverage expanded more rapidly than
the nation, defined as all the official states and the District of Columbia. Estimates or measurements of consumption of
each energy source generally appear to follow settlement patterns. That is, they were made for areas of the continent
that were settled enough to have economically significant consumption even though those areas were not to become
states for years. The wood data series, for example, begins in 1635 and includes 12 of the original colonies (excepting
Georgia), as well as Maine, Vermont, and the area that would become the District of Columbia. By the time the series
reaches 1810, the rest of the continental states are all included, although the last of the 48 states to achieve statehood
did not do so until 1912. Likewise, the coal data series begins in 1850 but includes consumption in areas, such as Utah
and Washington (state), which were significant coal producing regions but had not yet attained statehood. (Note: No
data were available on state-level historical coal consumption. The coal data shown in Table D1 through 1945 describe
apparent consumption, i.e., production plus imports minus exports. The geographic coverage for coal was therefore
based on a tally of coal-producing states listed in various historical issues of Minerals Yearbook. It is likely that coal was
consumed in states where it was not mined in significant quantities.)

By energy source, the extent of coverage can be summarized as follows: • Coal—35 coal-producing states by 1885.
• Natural Gas—All 48 contiguous states, the District of Columbia, and Alaska by 1885. • Petroleum—All 48 contiguous
states, the District of Columbia, and Alaska by 1885. • Conventional Hydroelectric Power—Coverage for 1890 and 1895
is uncertain, but probably the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia. Coverage for 1900–1945 is the 48
contiguous states, and the District of Columbia. • Wood—All 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia by 1810.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 251

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
 Appendix E
Alternative Measures for the Energy Content of
Noncombustible Renewables
Alternative Measures for the Energy Content of Noncombustible Renewables
Energy sources are measured in different physical units: liquid fuels in barrels or gallons, gases in cubic feet, coal in short
tons, and electricity in kilowatthours. EIA converts each source into common British thermal units (Btu) to allow
comparison among different types of energy and to calculate total energy concepts.

Noncombustible renewables (hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, and wind energy) are resources from which energy is
extracted without burning or combusting fuel. When noncombustible renewables generate electricity, there is no fuel
combustion and, therefore, no set Btu conversion factors for the energy sources.1

There are three broadly accepted ways to convert electricity generated from noncombustible renewables into Btu of
primary energy—the captured energy, fossil fuel equivalency, and incident energy approaches. Each of these methods
are described in detail below.

Captured Energy Approach

The captured energy approach converts primary energy consumption of noncombustible renewables from kilowatthours
(kWh) to Btu using the constant conversion factor representing the heat content of electricity—3,412 Btu per kWh.
Captured energy reflects the primary energy captured for economic use and does not include losses. In other words, it
represents the net energy available for direct consumption after the transformation of a noncombustible renewable
source of energy into electricity, where captured energy is the energy measured as the "output" of a generating unit,
such as electricity from a wind turbine or solar plant.

The captured energy approach is often used to show the economically significant portion of the energy transformation
associated with renewable energy sources. There is no market for the resource-specific energy apart from its immediate,
site-specific energy conversion, and there is no substantive opportunity cost to its continued exploitation.2 This
approach is preferred by the UN International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES) because the detailed data
needed to estimate quantities of incident energy are not available now and are not likely to develop soon. This approach
is also more closely tied to a physical market commodity, that is, electricity net generation, than the conceptual measure
derived using the fossil fuel equivalency approach.

Fossil Fuel Equivalency Approach

The fossil fuel equivalency approach converts the consumption of noncombustible renewable electricity (in kWh) to Btu
by applying a fossil fuel equivalency factor, based on the fossil-fuels heat rate (Table A6). The fossil-fuels heat rate is
equal to the average thermal efficiency across fossil-fueled fired generating plants based on fuel consumption and net
generation data reported to EIA. The fossil fuel equivalent consumption represents the energy consumed as if the
electricity were generated by fossil fuels and is useful for analysis when considering the amount of primary fossil fuel
energy displaced by renewable energy sources.

However, unlike the captured energy approach, the fossil fuel equivalency approach is not as directly tied to any real
market or physical quantity. The fossil fuel equivalency approach measures neither primary energy consumption nor
fossil fuels actually displaced. Additionally, its use becomes increasingly problematic as noncombustible renewables
begin to displace other renewables instead of fossil fuels.

Incident Energy Approach

Incident energy is the mechanical, radiation, or thermal energy that is measurable as the "input" of the device. EIA
defines "incident energy" for noncombustible renewables as the gross energy that first strikes an energy conversion
device:

• For hydroelectric, the energy contained in the water passing through the penstock (a closed conduit for carrying
water to the turbines)
• For geothermal, the energy contained in the hot fluid at the surface of the wellbore
• For wind, the energy contained in the wind that passes through the rotor disc
• For solar, the energy contained in the sunlight that strikes the panel or collector mirror
254 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
The incident energy approach converts noncombustible renewable electricity to Btu by accounting for the “losses” that
result from an inability to convert 100% of incident energy to a useful form of energy. EIA has not published total
primary energy consumption statistics based on this approach because it is difficult to obtain accurate estimates of input
energy without creating undue burden on survey respondents and possible concern about the quality of the resulting
data. Few renewable electricity power plants track cumulative input energy due to its lack of economic significance or
other purpose. In addition, estimated energy efficiencies of renewable conversion technologies vary significantly across
technologies, site-specific configurations, and environmental factors.3

EIA now using the captured energy approach

Starting with the September 2023 Monthly Energy Review (MER), EIA began converting electricity generation from
noncombustible renewables into Btu using the captured energy approach rather than the fossil fuel equivalency
approach in its main data tables (reflected in MER Sections 1, 2, and 10). The Btu values of hydroelectric, geothermal,
solar, and wind energy consumption and, consequently, total primary energy consumption and total energy production
are lower for all time periods because of the new conversion factor (the heat content of electricity from Table A6).

After a thorough review of the alternative approaches, EIA made the change for two primary reasons. First, adopting the
captured energy approach promotes international comparability in energy statistics by adopting the standards provided
in IRES. Second, as renewable energy continues to represent an increasingly larger portion of U.S. energy consumption
over time, the fossil fuel equivalent values of generation from renewable sources become less relevant to our data users
than the electrical energy provided by renewable sources.

Some analysts may still prefer to use the measures based on the fossil fuel equivalency approach, which was previously
used by EIA. MER Tables E1–E4 present noncombustible renewable energy statistics using the fossil fuel equivalency
approach.

1Directuse of noncombustible renewables in the form of heat (e.g., solar thermal heating) is estimated separately and is measured in Btu.
2
There is an initial opportunity cost when a facility is first built: water behind a dam might flood land that could have been used for other purposes, or a solar panel
might shade an area that could have used the sunlight. But that is a “fixed” opportunity cost that does not change during the operation of the plant.
3
Based on EIA research conducted in 2016, engineering estimates of conversion efficiencies for noncombustible renewables range from less than 20% for solar
photovoltaics and geothermal to 90% for large-scale hydroelectricity plants. Those estimates are notional indications of the energy output as a percent of energy
input at each technology based on typical equipment operating within the normal operating range for that technology.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 255

256 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 257
258 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 259
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
 Appendix F
Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
262 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
Appendix F Methodology and Sources

Data Source
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) receives administrative electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure
data from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Alternative Fuels Data
Center (AFDC).1 AFDC collects and publishes location-level charging infrastructure data that allows alternative fuel
vehicle owners to find fueling and charging stations near them or along a route. AFDC receives daily updates from many
of the networked providers.2 Networked providers that do not provide daily updates provide regular updates. AFDC
contacts non-networked3 providers every two years to determine if the stations are still in service.4 AFDC does not
collect data on charging infrastructure at single-family residential locations.

Historical annual data (2007-2014)

Historical annual data come from the AFDC Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State
([Link] and are included
in the 2023 historical data file ([Link] Estimated
location counts for 2011-2013 are from AFDC analysis ([Link]

Historical monthly data (June 2015 – December 2021)

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), which manages the AFDC, provided the historical data to EIA. The
data began in June 2015 and went through December 2021, however not all months were available. The table below
shows the months of data EIA received. For the months that are blacked out, EIA did not receive any data.

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

January January January January January January January
February February February February February February February
March March March March March March March
April April April April April April April
May May May May May May May
June June June June June June June
July July July July July July July
August August August August August August August
September September September September September September September
October October October October October October October
November November November November November November November
December December December December December December December

Monthly updates (January 2022 – present)

Beginning in January 2022, EIA began pulling the data through the AFDC API5 on the last business day of every month.

Data

EIA uses multiple variables from the AFDC database to develop the MER PDF, excel, CSV, microdata and monthly state
data output files. AFDC variables of interest include:

• Location information – station name, ID, fuel type code, open date, access code, status code, facility
type, EV renewable source, EV pricing
• Physical location information – latitude, longitude, street address, city, state, zip, intersection/directions
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 263
 • Charing port information – EV network, EV connector types, EV DC fast num, EV level 1 EVSE num, EV
level 2 EVSE num, EV other EVSE

Historical data series included variables with different names but with the same data. The charging port information was
structured differently in historical datasets. Work was completed to convert the data in the historical datasets into the
same format as the current datasets.

Data quality
The EV charging infrastructure data are administrative data and do not have the same level of statistical accuracy as data
published from many of EIA’s surveys.

Coverage

The data do not represent the entire population or a statistically representative subset of the population of EV charging
infrastructure. Instead, the data represent the known to NREL EV charging infrastructure at the time of the data pull.
NREL works with EV charging network providers to receive daily updates.6 The accuracy and timeliness of the networked
providers charging infrastructure will continue to improve as additional networked providers convert to providing daily
updates to NREL. There are also non-networked public and private EV chargers, and it is harder to track when these
ports become available for use or are decommissioned. These challenges result in less EV charging infrastructure
reported than exists, but it is unknown how many additional EV charger locations and ports exist. It is likely that the
networked EV charging infrastructure are more accurately represented than the non-networked charging infrastructure.
It is also likely that that the public charging infrastructure is more accurately represented than the private charging
infrastructure due to a lack of incentive for the owners of private charging infrastructure to make the existence of their
ports known to the public.

Data Cleaning

EIA has not verified the accuracy of the administrative data and only conducted minimal cleaning of the data. The
cleaning EIA did complete included:

• Fixing latitudes and longitudes if they equaled 0, 0 or 1, -1, to facility creation of location ID
• Normalizing the naming convention of several variables including the electric network providers and the
facility type
• Removing charging infrastructure outside of the United States, that had not opened yet, and non-EV
locations

Breaks in series

There was a break in series in the number of charging locations between December 2020 and January 2021 because of a
definitional change to align with the international standard – Open Charge Point Interface (OCPI).7

Duplicate observations

It is likely that duplicate observations exist. Duplicate observations may be introduced multiple ways:

• Multiple people adding the same charging port

• Updates to the networked providers database creating the appearance of a new charging port
• Changes in the underlying data structure of the historical data series creating the appearance of new
ports
• EIA’s imputation of number of charging ports to the date the charging port opened, not the date it first
appeared

Because EIA cannot verify if these are duplicates, the details of the possibly duplicated charging infrastructure remain in
the database.

264 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Creation of the location and port id
In most historical datasets, the AFDC data included an equipment ID variable that is helpful to identify EV charging
locations. However, this variable was inadequate to track EV charging location overtime for a couple reasons:

1. Between February 2017 and January 2018, 10 monthly datasets are missing equipment IDs
2. Ports located at the same location could have different equipment IDs for various reasons:
a. Co-located public and private ports have different equipment IDs
b. Co-located networked and non-networked ports have different equipment IDs
c. Ports that either came online or were added to the AFDC database at different times have
different equipment IDs
d. Changes in underlying systems could cause an already established port to receive a new
equipment ID

For these reasons, EIA created a new ID variable called the “Location ID” using latitude and longitude pairings and
equipment ID. It is common for a location ID to be associated with multiple latitudes and longitudes parings as well as
multiple equipment IDs due to responses to these variables changing in the historical datasets.

To allow for variation across ports at a location, EIA created a “Port ID” variable using access group (public versus private
access), network provider, port level (DC fast charger, Level 2, Level 1, or Legacy), and equipment ID. Every unique
combination of the previously mentioned variables received a different Port ID.

Imputation

EIA imputes all missing and incomplete data. Historical datasets had missing subsets of data, so EIA had to fill in the
missing data. The missing subsets varied from large (all private charging ports) to small (ports missing for one month and
then reappearing during the next month). EIA filled in the missing month with the port count data from the following
month.

EIA also imputed data in months that we did not receive any data from NREL. EIA imputed the data using data from the
first month following the missing month if the location open date was during the missing month or prior. We did not
extend the life of any ports if the last month they appeared in was the month prior to the missing month. We assumed
the last month in service was the last month the port appeared, not during the missing month.

In addition, we imputed to remove errors that only appear in one month. For each historical month, EIA compared the
previous and following months. If those months were equal but the middle month was different, then EIA updated the
middle month to match the other months. New EV ports require a long time lag to install, so it is unlikely that the
number of ports would change for a single month then return to their original number.

It is common for EV infrastructure to be added to the AFDC website months or years after the location came online.
Because of this, EIA also backfilled EV charging port data to cover all months since the port was available, not only when
it appeared in the AFDC database. The MER conducts this backfill imputation twice per year, in the May and November
MERs, to correspond with the release of data in the State Energy Data System (SEDS).8

Data quality analysis

In December 2023 and January 2024, we conducted a data quality evaluation study to assess the accuracy of the number
of electric vehicle (EV) charging ports and charging locations. The study relied on a virtual ground truthing process that
compared the number of charging ports listed for 120 randomly sampled charging locations from the August 2023 MER
File compared to what EIA observed in online resources available, particularly online street-level imagery. A paired t-test
found no significant mean difference between the MER File charging port counts versus observed charging port counts
at a 99% confidence level. The MER File reflected the observed number of charging ports approximately 94% of the
time, and the MER File reflected the observed number of charging ports within an absolute value difference of two
charging ports approximately 99% of the time. The study also identified potential sources of error that contributed to
charging port count differences but based on the quantitative findings of the study, these possible sources of error

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 265

seemed to have limited effect on the MER File’s accuracy. Overall, the study findings show that the MER File’s data
quality accuracy was generally high at reflecting observable charging port counts.

Available data

In addition to the monthly and annual national data, monthly state level data and a microdata file are also available at
[Link]

1. Alternative Fuels Data Center: [Link]

2. Networked ports are connected to the internet, can communicate with their EV service provider, have a dedicated platform that
allows users to find the chargers and pay to charge. The service provider can manage who can access the station and the cost of
charging. The charging infrastructure may also be able to communicate directly with drivers, other charging infrastructure, and
utilities.
3. Non-networked ports are not connected to the internet and provide only basic charging capabilities.
4 . Details on the EV charging infrastructure data received by AFDC:
[Link]
5. AFDC API details: [Link]
6. For more details of the networked providers NREL is currently receiving daily updates from see:
[Link]
7. For more details on the OCIP see [Link]
8. For more information on SEDS see [Link]

266 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Glossary
Alcohol: The family name of a group of organic chemical compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The
series of molecules vary in chain length and are composed of a hydrocarbon plus a hydroxyl group; CH(3)‐(CH(2))n‐OH
(e.g., methanol, ethanol, and tertiary butyl alcohol). See Fuel ethanol.
Alternative fuel: Alternative fuels, for transportation applications, include the following: methanol; denatured
ethanol, and other alcohols; fuel mixtures containing 85 percent or more by volume of methanol, denatured ethanol,
and other alcohols with motor gasoline or other fuels; natural gas; liquefied petroleum gas (propane); hydrogen;
coal‐derived liquid fuels; fuels (other than alcohol) derived from biological materials (biofuels such as soy diesel fuel);
electricity (including electricity from solar energy); and "... any other fuel the Secretary determines, by rule, is
substantially not petroleum and would yield substantial energy security benefits and substantial environmental
benefits." The term "alternative fuel" does not include alcohol or other blended portions of primarily petroleum‐based
fuels used as oxygenates or extenders, i.e., MTBE, ETBE, other ethers, and the 10‐percent ethanol portion of gasohol.
Alternative‐fuel vehicle (AFV): A vehicle designed to operate on an alternative fuel (e.g., compressed natural gas,
methane blend, or electricity). The vehicle could be either a dedicated vehicle designed to operate exclusively on
alternative fuel or a nondedicated vehicle designed to operate on alternative fuel and/or a traditional fuel.
Anthracite: The highest rank of coal; used primarily for residential and commercial space heating. It is a hard, brittle,
and black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low
percentage of volatile matter. The moisture content of fresh‐mined anthracite generally is less than 15 percent. The
heat content of anthracite ranges from 22 to 28 million Btu per short ton on a moist, mineral‐matter‐free basis. The
heat content of anthracite coal consumed in the United States averages 25 million Btu per short ton, on the as‐
received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter). Note: Since the 1980's, anthracite refuse
or mine waste has been used for steam‐electric power generation. This fuel typically has a heat content of 15 million
Btu per ton or less.
Anthropogenic: Made or generated by a human or caused by human activity. The term is used in the context of global
climate change to refer to gaseous emissions that are the result of human activities, as well as other potentially
climate‐ altering activities, such as deforestation.
Asphalt: A dark brown‐to‐black cement‐like material obtained by petroleum processing and containing bitumens as
the predominant component; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following
finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates
blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton.
ASTM: The American Society for Testing and Materials.
Aviation gasoline blending components: Naphthas that will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation
gasoline (e.g., straight run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Excludes oxygenates (alcohols,
ethers), butane, and natural gasoline. Oxygenates are reported as other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and oxygenates. See
Aviation gasoline, finished.
Aviation gasoline, finished: A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of
additives, blended to form a fuel suitable for use in aviation reciprocating engines. Fuel specifications are provided in
ASTM Specification D 910 and Military Specification MIL‐G‐5572. Note: Data on blending components are not
counted in data on finished aviation gasoline.
Barrel (petroleum): A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. Gallons.
Base gas: The quantity of natural gas needed to maintain adequate reservoir pressures and deliverability rates
throughout the withdrawal season. Base gas usually is not withdrawn and remains in the reservoir. All natural gas native
to a depleted reservoir is included in the base gas volume.
Battery electric vehicle (BEV): An all‐electric vehicle that receives power by plugging into an electric power source and
storing the power in a battery pack. BEVs do not use any petroleum‐based or other liquid‐ or gas‐based fuel during
operation and do not produce tailpipe emissions.

268 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Biodiesel: Renewable fuel consisting of mono alkyl esters (long chain fatty acids) that are produced through the
conversion of animal fats, vegetable oils, and recycled grease feedstocks (transesterification). Biodiesel is typically
blended with petroleum‐based diesel fuel in concentrations of 2% to 20% biodiesel, or B2 to B20.
Biofuels: Liquid fuels and blending components produced from biomass (plant) feedstocks, used primarily for
transportation. See Biodiesel, Fuel ethanol, Other biofuels, and Renewable diesel fuel.
Biogas: A mixture of methane and other gases produced by decomposing matter in an oxygen‐free (anaerobic)
environment with the assistance of microbes. Biogas is typically produced at landfills and anaerobic digesters.
Biogenic: Produced by biological processes of living organisms. Note: EIA uses the term “biogenic” to refer only to
organic nonfossil material of biological origin.
Biomass: Organic nonfossil material of biological origin constituting a renewable energy source. See Biodiesel, Biofuels,
Biomass waste, Densified biomass, Fuel ethanol, Other biofuels, Renewable diesel fuel, and Wood and wood‐derived
fuels.
Biomass‐based diesel fuel: Biodiesel and other renewable diesel fuel or diesel fuel blending components derived
from biomass, but excluding renewable diesel fuel coprocessed with petroleum feedstocks. See Biodiesel and
Renewable diesel fuel.
Biomass waste: Organic non‐fossil material of biological origin that is a byproduct or a discarded product. “Biomass
waste” includes municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural crop byproducts,
straw, and other biomass solids, liquids, and gases; but excludes wood and wood‐derived fuels (including black
liquor), biofuels feedstock, biodiesel, fuel ethanol, other biofuels, and renewable diesel fuel. Note: EIA “biomass
waste” data also include energy crops grown specifically for energy production, which would not normally constitute
waste.
Bituminous coal: A dense coal, usually black, sometimes dark brown, often with well‐defined bands of bright and
dull material, used primarily as fuel in steam‐electric power generation, with substantial quantities also used for heat
and power applications in manufacturing and to make coke. Bituminous coal is the most abundant coal in active U.S.
mining regions. Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. The heat content of bituminous coal ranges
from 21 to 30 million Btu per short ton on a moist, mineral‐matter‐free basis. The heat content of bituminous coal
consumed in the United States averages 24 million Btu per short ton, on the as‐received basis (i.e., containing both
inherent moisture and mineral matter).
Black liquor: A byproduct of the paper production process, alkaline spent liquor that can be used as a source of
energy. Alkaline spent liquor is removed from the digesters in the process of chemically pulping wood. After
evaporation, the residual "black" liquor is burned as a fuel in a recovery furnace that permits the recovery of certain
basic chemicals.
British thermal unit (Btu): The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of liquid water by 1
degree Fahrenheit at the temperature at which water has its greatest density (approximately 39 degrees Fahrenheit).
See Heat content.
Btu: See British thermal unit.
Btu conversion factor: A factor for converting energy data between one unit of measurement and British thermal
units (Btu). Btu conversion factors are generally used to convert energy data from physical units of measure (such as
barrels, cubic feet, or short tons) into the energy‐equivalent measure of Btu. (See
[Link] for further information on Btu conversion factors.)
Butane (C4H10): A straight‐chain or branch‐chain hydrocarbon extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams,
which is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure. It includes isobutane and normal butane and is designated in
ASTM Specification D1835 and Gas Processors Association specifications for commercial butane.
Butylene (C4H8): An olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from refinery or petrochemical processes, which is gaseous at
standard temperature and pressure. Butylene is used in the production of gasoline and various petrochemical
products. See Olefinic hydrocarbons (olefins).
U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 269
Capacity factor: The ratio of the electrical energy produced by a generating unit for a given period of time to the
electrical energy that could have been produced at continuous full‐power operation during the same period.
Carbon dioxide (CO2): A colorless, odorless, non‐poisonous gas that is a normal part of Earth's atmosphere. Carbon
dioxide is a product of fossil‐fuel combustion as well as other processes. It is considered a greenhouse gas as it traps
heat (infrared energy) radiated by the Earth into the atmosphere and thereby contributes to the potential for global
warming. The global warming potential (GWP) of other greenhouse gases is measured in relation to that of carbon
dioxide, which by international scientific convention is assigned a value of one (1).
Chained dollars: A measure used to express real prices. Real prices are those that have been adjusted to remove the
effect of changes in the purchasing power of the dollar; they usually reflect buying power relative to a reference year.
Prior to 1996, real prices were expressed in constant dollars, a measure based on the weights of goods and services in a
single year, usually a recent year. In 1996, the U.S. Department of Commerce introduced the chained‐dollar measure.
The new measure is based on the average weights of goods and services in successive pairs of years. It is “chained”
because the second year in each pair, with its weights, becomes the first year of the next pair. The advantage of using
the chained‐ dollar measure is that it is more closely related to any given period and is therefore subject to less
distortion over time.
CIF: See Cost, insurance, freight.
Citygate: A point or measuring station at which a distribution gas utility receives gas from a natural gas
pipeline company or transmission system.
Climate change: A term used to refer to all forms of climatic inconsistency, but especially to significant change from
one prevailing climatic condition to another. In some cases, "climate change" has been used synonymously with the
term "global warming"; scientists, however, tend to use the term in a wider sense inclusive of natural changes in
climate, including climatic cooling.
Coal: A readily combustible black or brownish‐black rock whose composition, including inherent moisture, consists of
more than 50 percent by weight and more than 70 percent by volume of carbonaceous material. It is formed from
plant remains that have been compacted, hardened, chemically altered, and metamorphosed by heat and pressure
over geologic time. See Anthracite, Bituminous coal, Lignite, Subbituminous coal, Waste coal, and Coal synfuel.
Coal coke: A solid carbonaceous residue derived from low‐ash, low‐sulfur bituminous coal from which the volatile
constituents are driven off by baking in an oven at temperatures as high as 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit so that the fixed
carbon and residual ash are fused together. Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast
furnace. Coke from coal is grey, hard, and porous and has a heating value of 24.8 million Btu per ton.
Coal stocks: Coal quantities that are held in storage for future use and disposition. Note: When coal data are collected
for a particular reporting period (month, quarter, or year), coal stocks are commonly measured as of the last day of the
period.
Coal synfuel: Coal‐based solid fuel that has been processed by a coal synfuel plant; and coal‐based fuels such as
briquettes, pellets, or extrusions, which are formed from fresh or recycled coal and binding materials.
Coal synfuel plant: A plant engaged in the chemical transformation of coal into coal synfuel.
Coke: See Coal coke and Petroleum coke.
Coking coal: Bituminous coal suitable for making coke. See Coal coke.
Combined cycle: An electric generating technology in which electricity is produced from otherwise lost waste heat
exiting from one or more gas (combustion) turbines. The exiting heat is routed to a conventional boiler or to a heat
recovery steam generator for utilization by a steam turbine in the production of electricity. This process increases the
efficiency of the electric generating unit.
Combined‐heat‐and‐power (CHP) plant: A plant designed to produce both heat and electricity from a single heat
source. Note: This term is being used in place of the term "cogenerator" that was used by EIA in the past. CHP better

270 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

describes the facilities because some of the plants included do not produce heat and power in a sequential fashion
and, as a result, do not meet the legal definition of cogeneration specified in the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
(PURPA).
Commercial sector: An energy‐consuming sector that consists of service‐providing facilities and equipment of:
businesses; federal, state, and local governments; and other private and public organizations, such as religious, social,
or fraternal groups. The commercial sector includes institutional living quarters. It also includes sewage treatment
facilities. Common uses of energy associated with this sector include space heating, water heating, air conditioning,
lighting, refrigeration, cooking, and running a wide variety of other equipment. Note: This sector includes generators
that produce electricity and/or useful thermal output primarily to support the activities of the above‐ mentioned
commercial establishments. See End‐use sectors and Energy‐use sectors.
Completion: The installation of permanent equipment for the production of oil or gas. If a well is equipped to
produce only oil or gas from one zone or reservoir, the definition of a well (classified as an oil well or gas well) and
the definition of a completion are identical. However, if a well is equipped to produce oil and/or gas separately from
more than one reservoir, a well is not synonymous with a completion.
Conventional fuel ethanol: Fuel ethanol produced by fermenting cornstarch. Fuel ethanol is typically blended with
motor gasoline as an oxygenate or octane enhancer in concentrations of 10% ethanol, but it can be blended up to a
15% concentration in some markets for vehicle models manufactured to use E15. In higher concentrations of 51%–
83% fuel ethanol, it is used in alternative or flex‐fuel vehicles.
Conventional hydroelectric power: Hydroelectric power generated from flowing water that is not created by
hydroelectric pumped storage.
Conventional motor gasoline: See Motor gasoline conventional.
Conversion factor: A factor for converting data between one unit of measurement and another (such as between short
tons and British thermal units, or between barrels and gallons).
(See [Link] See Btu conversion factor and Thermal conversion
factor.
Cost, insurance, freight (CIF): A sales transaction in which the seller pays for the transportation and insurance of
the goods to the port of destination specified by the buyer.
Crude oil: A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in liquid phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains
liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities. Depending upon the characteristics
of the crude stream, it may also include: (1) small amounts of hydrocarbons that exist in gaseous phase in natural
underground reservoirs but are liquid at atmospheric pressure after being recovered from oil well (casing head) gas in
lease separators and are subsequently commingled with the crude stream without being separately measured. Lease
condensate recovered as a liquid from natural gas wells in lease or field separation facilities and later mixed into
the crude stream is also included; (2) small amounts of nonhydrocarbons produced with the oil, such as sulfur and
various metals; and (3) drip gases, and liquid hydrocarbons produced from tar sands, oil sands, gilsonite, and oil shale.
Liquids produced at natural gas processing plants are excluded. Crude oil is refined to produce a wide array of
petroleum products, including heating oils; gasoline, diesel and jet fuels; lubricants; asphalt; ethane, propane, and
butane; and many other products used for their energy or chemical content.
Crude oil f.o.b. price: The crude oil price actually charged at the oil‐producing country’s port of loading. Includes
deductions for any rebates and discounts or additions of premiums, where applicable. It is the actual price paid with
no adjustment for credit terms.
Crude oil (including lease condensate): A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in liquid phase in underground
reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities. Included are
lease condensate and liquid hydrocarbons produced from tar sands, gilsonite, and oil shale. Drip gases are also
included, but topped crude oil (residual oil) and other unfinished oils are excluded. Where identifiable, liquids
produced at natural gas processing plants and mixed with crude oil are likewise excluded.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 271

Crude oil landed cost: The price of crude oil at the port of discharge, including charges associated with the purchase,
transporting, and insuring of a cargo from the purchase point to the port of discharge. The cost does not include
charges incurred at the discharge port (e.g., import tariffs or fees, wharfage charges, and demurrage).
Crude oil refinery input: The total crude oil put into processing units at refineries.
Crude oil stocks: Stocks of crude oil and lease condensate held at refineries, in pipelines, at pipeline terminals, and on
leases.
Crude oil used directly: Crude oil consumed as fuel by crude oil pipelines and on crude oil leases.
Crude oil well: A well completed for the production of crude oil from one or more oil zones or reservoirs. Wells
producing both crude oil and natural gas are classified as oil wells.
Cubic foot (natural gas): The amount of natural gas contained at standard temperature and pressure (60 degrees
Fahrenheit and 14.73 pounds standard per square inch) in a cube whose edges are one foot long.
Degree Day Normals: Simple arithmetic averages of monthly or annual degree days over a long period of time
(usually the 30‐year period 1961–1990). The averages may be simple degree day normals or population‐weighted
degree day normals.
Degree Days, Cooling (CDD): A measure of how warm a location is over a period of time relative to a base
temperature, most commonly specified as 65 degrees Fahrenheit. The measure is computed for each day by
subtracting the base temperature (65 degrees) from the average of the day’s high and low temperatures, with
negative values set equal to zero. Each day’s cooling degree days are summed to create a cooling degree day
measure for a specified reference period. Cooling degree days are used in energy analysis as an indicator of air
conditioning energy requirements or use.
Degree Days, Heating (HDD): A measure of how cold a location is over a period of time relative to a base
temperature, most commonly specified as 65 degrees Fahrenheit. The measure is computed for each day by
subtracting the average of the day’s high and low temperatures from the base temperature (65 degrees), with
negative values set equal to zero. Each day’s heating degree days are summed to create a heating degree day
measure for a specified reference period. Heating degree days are used in energy analysis as an indicator of space
heating energy requirements or use.
Degree Days, Population‐weighted: Heating or cooling degree days weighted by the population of the area in which
the degree days are recorded. To compute state population‐weighted degree days, each state is divided into from
one to nine climatically homogeneous divisions, which are assigned weights based on the ratio of the population of
the division to the total population of the state. Degree day readings for each division are multiplied by the
corresponding population weight for each division and those products are then summed to arrive at the state
population‐weighted degree day figure. To compute national population‐weighted degree days, the nation is divided
into nine Census regions, each comprising from three to eight states, which are assigned weights based on the ratio
of the population of the region to the total population of the nation. Degree day readings for each region are
multiplied by the corresponding population weight for each region and those products are then summed to arrive at
the national population‐weighted degree day figure.
Denaturant: Petroleum, typically natural gasoline or conventional motor gasoline, added to fuel ethanol to make it
unfit for human consumption. Fuel ethanol is denatured, usually prior to transport from the ethanol production facility,
by adding 2 to 5 volume percent denaturant. See Fuel ethanol and Fuel ethanol minus denaturant.
Densified biomass fuel: Raw biomass, primarily wood, that has been condensed into a homogenously sized, energy‐
dense product, such as wood pellets, intended for use as fuel. It is mainly used for residential and commercial space
heating and electricity generation.
Design electrical rating, net: The nominal net electrical output of a nuclear unit as specified by the electric utility for the
purpose of plant design.
Development well: A well drilled within the proved area of an oil or gas reservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon
known to be productive.
272 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
Diesel fuel: A fuel composed of distillate fuel oils obtained in petroleum refining operation or blends of such distillate
fuel oils with residual fuel oil used in motor vehicles. The boiling point and specific gravity are higher for diesel fuels
than for gasoline.
Direct use: Use of electricity that (1) is self‐generated, (2) is produced by either the same entity that consumes the
power or an affiliate, and (3) is used in direct support of a service or industrial process located within the same facility
or group of facilities that house the generating equipment. Direct use is exclusive of station use.
Direct‐use energy: Energy, usually in the form of heat, used by an onsite application.
Distillate fuel oil: A general classification for one of the petroleum fractions produced in conventional distillation
operations. It includes diesel fuels and fuel oils. Products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 diesel fuel are used in on‐
highway diesel engines, such as those in trucks and automobiles, as well as off‐highway engines, such as those in
railroad locomotives and agricultural machinery. Products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 fuel oils are used primarily
for space heating and electricity generation.
Dry hole: An exploratory or development well found to be incapable of producing either oil or gas in sufficient
quantities to justify completion as an oil or gas well.
Dry natural gas production: See Natural gas (dry) production.
E85 (Flex fuel): High‐level ethanol‐gasoline blend containing 51 to 83 volume percent ethanol, depending on geography
and season. Also includes ethanol‐gasoline blends containing greater than 83 volume percent and not greater than 85
volume percent ethanol where such blends exist.
Electric power plant: A station containing prime movers, electric generators, and auxiliary equipment for converting
mechanical, chemical, and/or fission energy into electric energy.
Electric power sector: An energy‐consuming sector that consists of electricity only and combined‐heat‐and‐power (CHP)
plants whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public‐‐i.e., North American Industry
Classification System 22 plants. See combined‐heat‐and‐power (CHP) plant, electricity‐only plant, electric utility, and
independent power producer. The electric power sector consumes primary energy to generate electricity and heat
(forms of secondary energy). Electricity is sold to the four end‐use sectors (residential, commercial, industrial, and
transportation), stored for future use, and exported to other countries.
Electric utility: Any entity that generates, transmits, or distributes electricity and recovers the cost of its generation,
transmission or distribution assets and operations, either directly or indirectly, through cost‐based rates set by a separate
regulatory authority (e.g., State Public Service Commission), or is owned by a governmental unit or the consumers that
the entity serves. Examples of these entities include: investor‐owned entities, public power districts, public utility
districts, municipalities, rural electric cooperatives, and state and federal agencies. Electric utilities may have Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission approval for interconnection agreements and wholesale trade tariffs covering either cost‐
of‐service and/or market‐based rates under the authority of the Federal Power Act. See Electric power sector.
Electric vehicle (EV): A general term for any on‐road licensed vehicle that can plug into an electric power source and
uses electric power to move. EVs plug into a source of electricity and store power in a battery pack for all or part of
their power needs. Includes Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and Plug‐in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs). Can also be referred
to as Plug‐in Electric Vehicles (PEV).
Electric Vehicle charging location: A geographically distinct place, based on latitude and longitude with one or more
Electric Vehicle (EV) charging ports. One charging location can include co‐located public and private EV charging ports,
networked and non‐networked EV charging ports, and EV charging ports of various speeds such as Level 2 and DC fast
chargers. Multiple EV charging locations can be associated with a common development area, such as a parking lot or
parking garage serving a shopping center or office building.
Electric Vehicle charging port: The electric vehicle (EV) charging equipment that connects to and charges an EV. The
number of ports is the total number of vehicles that can charge simultaneously at an EV charging location. A single EV
charging port can connect to and charge one vehicle at a time. If the EV charging equipment can connect to and
charge more than one vehicle simultaneously than that would count as multiple charging ports.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 273

Electrical system energy losses: The amount of energy lost during generation, transmission, and distribution of
electricity, including plant and unaccounted‐for uses.
Electricity: A form of energy characterized by the presence and motion of elementary charged particles generated by
friction, induction, or chemical change.
Electricity generation: The process of producing electric energy, or the amount of electric energy produced by
transforming other forms of energy, commonly expressed in kilowatthours (kWh) or megawatthours (MWh).
Electricity generation, gross: The total amount of electric energy produced by generating units and measured at the
generating terminal in kilowatthours (kWh) or megawatthours (MWh).
Electricity generation, net: The amount of gross electricity generation less station use (the electric energy consumed at
the generating station(s) for station service or auxiliaries). Note: Electricity required for pumping at hydroelectric
pumped‐storage plants is regarded as electricity for station service and is deducted from gross generation.
Electricity only plant: A plant designed to produce electricity only. See also Combined heat and power (CHP) plant.
Electricity sales to ultimate customers: Electricity sales that are consumed by the customer and not available for resale.
Includes electric sales to end users by third‐party owners of behind‐the‐meter PV solar systems.
End‐use energy consumption: End‐use sector (residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation) consumption of
primary energy plus electricity sales to ultimate customers. The energy associated with electrical system energy losses is
not included.
End‐use sectors: The residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors of the economy.
Energy: The capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of doing work (potential energy) or the conversion of
this capability to motion (kinetic energy). Energy has several forms, some of which are easily convertible and can be
changed to another form useful for work. Most of the world’s convertible energy comes from fossil fuels that are
burned to produce heat that is then used as a transfer medium to mechanical or other means in order to accomplish
tasks. Electrical energy is usually measured in kilowatthours, while heat energy is usually measured in British thermal
units.
Energy‐consuming sectors: The residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, and electric power sectors of the
economy.
Energy consumption: The use of energy as a source of heat or power or as an input in the manufacturing process.
Energy service provider: An energy entity that provides service to a retail or end‐use customer.
Energy‐use‐sectors: A group of major energy‐consuming components of U.S. society developed to measure and analyze
energy use. The sectors most commonly referred to in EIA are: residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, and
electric power.
Ethane (C2H6): A straight‐chain saturated (paraffinic) hydrocarbon extracted predominantly from the natural gas
stream, which is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure. It is a colorless gas that boils at a temperature of ‐127
degrees Fahrenheit. See Paraffinic hydrocarbons.
Ethanol (C2H5OH): A clear, colorless, flammable alcohol. Ethanol is typically produced biologically from
biomass feedstocks such as agricultural crops and cellulosic residues from agricultural crops or wood. Ethanol
can also be produced chemically from ethylene. See Biomass, Fuel ethanol, and Fuel ethanol minus
denaturant.
Ether: A generic term applied to a group of organic chemical compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen,
characterized by an oxygen atom attached to two carbon atoms (e.g., methyl tertiary butyl ether).
Ethylene (C2H4): An olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from refinery or petrochemical processes, which is gaseous at
standard temperature and pressure. Ethylene is used as a petrochemical feedstock for many chemical applications and
the production of consumer goods. See Olefinic hydrocarbons (olefins).

274 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Exploratory well: A well drilled to find and produce oil or gas in an area previously considered an unproductive area,
to find a new reservoir in a known field (i.e., one previously found to be producing oil or gas in another reservoir), or
to extend the limit of a known oil or gas reservoir.
Exports: Shipments of goods from within the 50 states and the District of Columbia to U.S. possessions and territories
or to foreign countries.
Federal Energy Administration (FEA): A predecessor of the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC): The Federal agency with jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales,
wholesale electric rates, hydroelectric licensing, natural gas pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification.
FERC is an independent regulatory agency within the U.S. Department of Energy and is the successor to the Federal
Power Commission.
Federal Power Commission (FPC): The predecessor agency of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. The Federal
Power Commission was created by an Act of Congress under the Federal Water Power Act on June 10, 1920. It was
charged originally with regulating the electric power and natural gas industries. It was abolished on September 30, 1977,
when the U.S. Department of Energy was created. Its functions were divided between the U.S. Department of Energy and
the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, an independent regulatory agency.
First purchase price: The price for domestic crude oil reported by the company that owns the crude oil the first time it is
removed from the lease boundary.
Flared natural gas: Natural gas burned in flares on the base site or at gas processing plants.
F.O.B. (free on board): A sales transaction in which the seller makes the product available for pick up at a specified port
or terminal at a specified price and the buyer pays for the subsequent transportation and insurance.
Footage drilled: Total footage for wells in various categories, as reported for any specified period, includes (1) the
deepest total depth (length of well bores) of all wells drilled from the surface, (2) the total of all bypassed footage
drilled in connection with reported wells, and (3) all new footage drilled for directional sidetrack wells. Footage
reported for directional sidetrack wells does not include footage in the common bore, which is reported as footage for
the original well. In the case of old wells drilled deeper, the reported footage is that which was drilled below the total
depth of the old well.
Former U.S.S.R.: See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.).
Fossil fuel: An energy source formed in the Earth’s crust from decayed organic material, such as petroleum, coal, and
natural gas.
Fossil fueled steam electric power plant: An electricity generation plant in which the prime mover is a turbine rotated
by high‐pressure steam produced in a boiler by heat from burning fossil fuels.
Fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV): An electric vehicle that generates on‐board electricity with a fuel cell powered by
hydrogen rather than relying on electricity from a high capacity battery.
Fuel ethanol: Ethyl alcohol for fuel use that is produced by the fermentation of sugars. Fuel ethanol is denatured with
petroleum products (for example, natural gasoline) to render it unfit for human consumption.
Fuel ethanol minus denaturant: An unobserved quantity of anhydrous, biomass‐derived, undenatured ethanol for
fuel use. The quantity is obtained by subtracting the estimated denaturant volume from fuel ethanol volume. Fuel
ethanol minus denaturant is counted as renewable energy, while denaturant is counted as nonrenewable fuel. See
Denaturant, Ethanol, Fuel ethanol, Nonrenewable fuels, Oxygenates, and Renewable energy.
Full power operation: Operation of a nuclear generating unit at 100 percent of its design capacity. Full‐power
operation precedes commercial operation.
Gasohol: A blend of finished motor gasoline containing alcohol (generally ethanol but sometimes methanol) at a
concentration between 5.7 percent and 10 percent by volume. See Motor gasoline, oxygenated.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 275

Gas turbine plant: A plant in which the prime mover is a gas turbine. A gas turbine consists typically of an axial‐flow
air compressor and one or more combustion chambers where liquid or gaseous fuel is burned and the hot gases are
passed to the turbine and where the hot gases expand drive the generator and are then used to run the compressor.
Gas well: A well completed for production of natural gas from one or more gas zones or reservoirs. Such wells contain
no completions for the production of crude oil.
Geothermal energy: Hot water or steam extracted from geothermal reservoirs in the earth’s crust and used for
geothermal heat pumps, water heating, or electricity generation.
Global warming: An increase in the near‐surface temperature of the Earth. Global warming has occurred in the
distant past as the result of natural influences, but the term is today most often used to refer to the warming some
scientists predict will occur as a result of increased anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. See Climate
change.
Global warming potential (GWP): An index used to compare the relative radiative forcing of different gases without
directly calculating the changes in atmospheric concentrations. GWPs are calculated as the ratio of the radiative
forcing that would result from the emission of one kilogram of a greenhouse gas to that from the emission of one
kilogram of carbon dioxide over a fixed period of time, such as 100 years.
Greenhouse gases: Those gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride, that are transparent to solar (short‐wave) radiation but opaque
to long‐wave (infrared) radiation, thus preventing long‐wave radiant energy from leaving Earth's atmosphere. The net
effect is a trapping of absorbed radiation and a tendency to warm the planet's surface.
Gross domestic product (GDP): The total value of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the
United States. As long as the labor and property are located in the United States, the supplier (that is, the workers and,
for property, the owners) may be either U.S. residents or residents of foreign countries.
Heat content: The amount of heat energy available to be released by the transformation or use of a specified physical
unit of an energy form (e.g., a ton of coal, a barrel of oil, a kilowatthour of electricity, a cubic foot of natural gas, or a
pound of steam). The amount of heat energy is commonly expressed in British thermal units (Btu). Note: Heat
content of combustible energy forms can be expressed in terms of either gross heat content (higher or upper heating
value) or net heat content (lower heating value), depending upon whether or not the available heat energy includes or
excludes the energy used to vaporize water (contained in the original energy form or created during the combustion
process). The U.S. Energy Information Administration typically uses gross heat content values.
Heat rate: A measure of generating station thermal efficiency commonly stated as Btu per kilowatthour. Note: Heat
rates can be expressed as either gross or net heat rates, depending whether the electricity output is gross or net
generation. Heat rates are typically expressed as net heat rates.
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV): A vehicle that combines an internal combustion engine (ICE) with a battery pack,
regenerative braking, and an electric motor to provide high fuel economy. HEVs rely on gasoline or diesel fuel for power
and cannot be plugged into an electric power source. The battery packs are charged by the ICE and regenerative braking.
Hydrocarbon: An organic chemical compound of hydrogen and carbon in the gaseous, liquid, or solid phase. The
molecular structure of hydrocarbon compounds varies from the simplest (methane, the primary constituent of
natural gas) to the very heavy and very complex.
Hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL): A group of hydrocarbons including ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, and
natural gasoline, and their associated olefins, including ethylene, propylene, butylene, and isobutylene. As marketed
products, HGL represents all natural gas liquids (NGL) and olefins. EIA reports production of HGL from refineries
(liquefied refinery gases, or LRG) and natural gas plants (natural gas plant liquids, or NGPL). Excludes liquefied
natural gas (LNG). See Olefinic hydrocarbons (olefins).
Hydroelectric power: The production of electricity from the kinetic energy of falling water.
Hydroelectric power plant: A plant in which the turbine generators are driven by falling water.

276 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Hydroelectric pumped storage: Hydroelectricity that is generated during peak load periods by using water previously
pumped into an elevated storage reservoir during off‐peak periods when excess generating capacity is available to do
so. When additional generating capacity is needed, the water can be released from the reservoir through a conduit to
turbine generators located in a power plant at a lower level.
Hydrogen (H): The lightest of all gases, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combination with oxygen in water. It also exists
in acids, bases, alcohols, petroleum, and other hydrocarbons.
Imports: Receipts of goods into the 50 states and the District of Columbia from U.S. possessions and territories or from
foreign countries.
Independent power producer: A corporation, person, agency, authority, or other legal entity or instrumentality that
owns or operates facilities for the generation of electricity for use primarily by the public, and that is not an electric
utility.
Industrial sector: An energy‐consuming sector that consists of all facilities and equipment used for producing,
processing, or assembling goods. The industrial sector encompasses the following types of activity: manufacturing
(NAICS codes 31‐33); agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting (NAICS code 11); mining, including oil and gas extraction
(NAICS code 21); and construction (NAICS code 23). Overall energy use in this sector is largely for process heat and
cooling and powering machinery, with lesser amounts used for facility heating, air conditioning, and lighting. Fossil
fuels are also used as raw material inputs to manufactured products. Note: This sector includes generators that
produce electricity and/or useful thermal output primarily to support the above‐mentioned industrial activities. See
End‐use sectors and Energy use sectors.
Injections (natural gas): Natural gas injected into storage reservoirs.
Internal combustion engine (ICE): Generates mechanical power by burning a liquid, such as gasoline, diesel, or biofuels,
or a gaseous fuel, such as compressed natural gas.
Internal combustion plant: A plant in which the prime mover is an internal combustion engine. An internal combustion
engine has one or more cylinders in which the process of combustion takes place, converting energy released from the
rapid burning of a fuel‐air mixture into mechanical energy. Diesel or gas‐fired engines are the principal types used in
electric plants. The plant is usually operated during periods of high demand for electricity.
Isobutane (C4H10): A branch‐chain saturated (paraffinic) hydrocarbon extracted from both natural gas and refinery gas
streams, which is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure. It is a colorless gas that boils at a temperature of 11
degrees Fahrenheit. See Paraffinic hydrocarbons.
Isobutylene (C4H8): A branch‐chain olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from refinery or petrochemical processes, which is
gaseous at standard temperature and pressure. Isobutylene is used in the production of gasoline and various
petrochemical products. See Olefinic hydrocarbons (olefins).
Isopentane (C5H12): A saturated branched‐chain hydrocarbon obtained by fractionation of natural gasoline or
isomerization of normal pentane.
Jet fuel: A refined petroleum product used in jet aircraft engines. See Jet fuel, Kerosene‐type, and Jet fuel, Naphtha‐
type.
Jet fuel, kerosene‐type: A kerosene‐based product having a maximum distillation temperature of 400 degrees
Fahrenheit at the 10‐percent recovery point and a final maximum boiling point of 572 degrees Fahrenheit and meeting
ASTM Specification D 1655 and Military Specifications MIL‐T‐5624P and MIL‐T‐83133D (Grades JP‐5 and JP‐8). It is used
for commercial and military turbo jet and turbo prop aircraft engines.
Jet fuel, naphtha‐type: A fuel in the heavy naphtha boiling range having an average gravity of 52.8 degrees API, 20% to
90% distillation temperatures of 290 degrees to 470 degrees Fahrenheit, and meeting Military Specification MIL‐T‐5624L
(Grade JP‐4). It is used primarily for military turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines because it has a lower freeze point
than other aviation fuels and meets engine requirements at high altitudes and speeds.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 277

Kerosene: A light petroleum distillate that is used in space heaters, cook stoves, and water heaters and is suitable for
use as a light source when burned in wick‐fed lamps. Kerosene has a maximum distillation temperature of 400 degrees
Fahrenheit at the 10‐percent recovery point, a final boiling point of 572 degrees Fahrenheit, and a minimum flash point
of 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Included are No. 1‐K and No. 2‐K, the two grades recognized by ASTM Specification D 3699
as well as all other grades of kerosene called range or stove oil, which have properties similar to those of No. 1 fuel oil.
See Jet fuel, kerosene‐type.
Kilowatt: A unit of electrical power equal to 1,000 watts.
Kilowatthour (kWh): A measure of electricity defined as a unit of work or energy, measured as 1 kilowatt (1,000 watts)
of power expended for 1 hour. One kilowatthour is equivalent to 3,412 Btu. See Watthour.
Landed costs: The dollar‐per‐barrel price of crude oil at the port of discharge. Included are the charges associated with
the purchase, transporting, and insuring of a cargo from the purchase point to the port of discharge. Not included are
charges incurred at the discharge port (e.g., import tariffs or fees, wharfage charges, and demurrage charges).
Lease and plant fuel: Natural gas used in well, field, and lease operations (such as gas used in drilling operations,
heaters, dehydrators, and field compressors) and used as fuel in natural gas processing plants.
Lease condensate: Light liquid hydrocarbons recovered from lease separators or field facilities at associated and non‐
associated natural gas wells. Mostly pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons. Normally enters the crude oil stream after
production.
Lignite: The lowest rank of coal, often referred to as brown coal, used almost exclusively as fuel for steam‐electric
power generation. It is brownish‐black and has a high inherent moisture content, sometimes as high as 45 percent.
The heat content of lignite ranges from 9 to 17 million Btu per short ton on a moist, mineral‐matter‐free basis. The
heat content of lignite consumed in the United States averages 13 million Btu per short ton, on the as‐received basis
(i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter).
Liquefied natural gas (LNG): Natural gas (primarily methane) that has been liquefied by reducing its temperature to ‐260
degrees Fahrenheit at atmospheric pressure.
Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG): A group of hydrocarbon gases, primarily propane, normal butane, and isobutane,
derived from crude oil refining or natural gas processing. These gases may be marketed individually or mixed. They can
be liquefied through pressurization (without requiring cryogenic refrigeration) for convenience of transportation or
storage. Excludes ethane and olefins. Note: In some EIA publications, LPG includes ethane and marketed refinery olefin
streams, in accordance with definitions used prior to January 2014.
Liquefied refinery gases (LRG): Hydrocarbon gas liquids produced in refineries from processing of crude oil and
unfinished oils. They are retained in the liquid state through pressurization and/or refrigeration. The reported
categories include ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, and refinery olefins (ethylene, propylene, butylene,
and isobutylene).
Low power testing: The period of time between a nuclear generating unit’s initial fuel loading date and the issuance of
its operating (full‐power) license. The maximum level of operation during that period is 5 percent of the unit’s design
thermal rating.
Lubricants: Substances used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces or as process materials either incorporated into
other materials used as processing aids in the manufacturing of other products or as carriers of other materials.
Petroleum lubricants may be produced either from distillates or residues. Other substances may be added to impart or
improve certain required properties. Excluded are byproducts of lubricating oil refining, such as aromatic extracts derived
from solvent extraction or tars derived from deasphalting. Included are all grades of lubricating oils from spindle oil to
cylinder oil and those used in greases. Lubricant categories are paraffinic and naphthenic.
Marketed production (natural gas): See Natural gas marketed production.
Methane (CH4): A colorless, flammable, odorless hydrocarbon gas which is the major component of natural gas. It is
also an important source of hydrogen in various industrial processes. Methane is a greenhouse gas. See Greenhouse
gases.
278 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
Methanol (CH3OH): A light, volatile alcohol eligible for gasoline blending. See Motor gasoline blending and Oxygenates.
Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) ((CH3)3COCH3): An ether intended for gasoline blending. See Motor gasoline
blending and Oxygenates.
Miscellaneous petroleum products: All finished petroleum products not classified elsewhere—for example,
petrolatum, lube refining byproducts (aromatic extracts and tars), absorption oils, ram‐jet fuel, petroleum rocket
fuels, synthetic natural gas feedstocks, and specialty oils.
Motor gasoline blending components: Naphtha (e.g., straight‐run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene,
xylene) used for blending or compounding into finished motor gasoline. These components include reformulated
gasoline blendstock (RBOB) but exclude oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and natural gasoline. Note: Oxygenates
are reported as individual components and are included in the total for other hydrocarbons, hydrogens, and oxygenates.
Motor gasoline, conventional: Finished motor gasoline not included in the oxygenated or reformulated motor
gasoline categories. Note: This category excludes reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB) as
well as other blendstock. Conventional motor gasoline can be leaded or unleaded; regular, midgrade, or premium. See
Motor gasoline grades.
Motor gasoline (finished): A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of
additives, blended to form a fuel suitable for use in spark‐ignition engines. Motor gasoline, as defined in ASTM
Specification D 4814 or Federal Specification VV‐G‐1690C, is characterized as having a boiling range of 122 to 158
degrees Fahrenheit at the 10 percent recovery point to 365 to 374 degrees Fahrenheit at the 90 percent recovery point.
Motor gasoline includes conventional gasoline; all types of oxygenated gasoline, including gasohol; and reformulated
gasoline, but excludes aviation gasoline. Note: Volumetric data on blending components, such as oxygenates, are not
counted in data on finished motor gasoline until the blending components are blended into the gasoline. See Motor
gasoline, conventional; Motor gasoline, oxygenated; and Motor gasoline, reformulated.
Motor gasoline grades: The classification of gasoline by octane ratings. Each type of gasoline (conventional,
oxygenated, and reformulated) is classified by three grades: regular, midgrade, and premium. Note: Gasoline sales
are reported by grade in accordance with their classification at the time of sale. In general, automotive octane
requirements are lower at high altitudes. Therefore, in some areas of the United States, such as the Rocky Mountain
States, the octane ratings for the gasoline grades may be 2 or more octane points lower.
Regular Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than or equal to 85 and
less than 88. Note: Octane requirements may vary by altitude. See Motor gasoline grades.
Midgrade Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than or equal to 88 and less
than or equal to 90. Note: Octane requirements may vary by altitude. See Motor gasoline grades.
Premium Gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index, i.e., octane rating, greater than 90. Note: Octane
requirements may vary by altitude. See Motor gasoline grades.
Motor gasoline, oxygenated: Finished motor gasoline, other than reformulated gasoline, having an oxygen content
of 2.7 percent or higher by weight and required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to be sold in
areas designated by EPA as carbon monoxide (CO) nonattainment areas. Note: Oxygenated gasoline excludes
oxygenated fuels program reformulated gasoline (OPRG) and reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate
blending (RBOB). Data on gasohol that has at least 2.7 percent oxygen, by weight, and is intended for sale inside CO
nonattainment areas are included in data on oxygenated gasoline. Other data on gasohol are included in data on
conventional gasoline.
Motor gasoline, reformulated: Finished motor gasoline formulated for use in motor vehicles, the composition and
properties of which meet the requirements of the reformulated gasoline regulations promulgated by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency under Section 211(k) of the Clean Air Act. Note: This category includes
oxygenated fuels program reformulated gasoline (OPRG) but excludes reformulated gasoline blendstock for
oxygenate blending (RBOB).

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 279

Motor gasoline retail prices: Motor gasoline prices calculated each month by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in
conjunction with the construction of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Those prices are collected in 85 urban areas
selected to represent all urban consumers‐about 80 percent of the total U.S. population. The service stations are
selected initially, and on a replacement basis, in such a way that they represent the purchasing habits of the CPI
population. Service stations in the current sample include those providing all types of service (i.e., full‐, mini‐, and self‐
service).
Motor gasoline (total): For stock level data, a sum including finished motor gasoline stocks plus stocks of motor
gasoline blending components but excluding stocks of oxygenates.
MTBE: See Methyl tertiary butyl ether.
NAICS (North American Industry Classification System): A coding system developed jointly by the United States,
Canada, and Mexico to classify businesses and industries according to the type of economic activity in which they are
engaged. NAICS replaces the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes. For additional information on NAICS, go to
[Link]
Naphtha: A generic term applied to a refined or partially refined petroleum fraction with an approximate boiling
range between 122 degrees and 400 degrees Fahrenheit.
Natural Gas: A gaseous mixture of hydrocarbon compounds, primarily methane, used as a fuel for electricity generation
and in a variety of ways in buildings, and as raw material input and fuel for industrial processes.
Natural gas, dry: Natural gas which remains after: (1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been removed from the
gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant separation); and (2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have
been removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas unmarketable. Note: Dry natural gas is also
known as consumer‐grade natural gas. The parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and
14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.
Natural gas (dry) production: The process of producing consumer‐grade natural gas. Natural gas withdrawn from
reservoirs is reduced by volumes used at the production (lease) site and by processing losses. Volumes used at the
production site include (1) the volume returned to reservoirs in cycling, repressuring of oil reservoirs, and
conservation operations; and (2) vented natural gas and flared natural gas. Processing losses include (1)
nonhydrocarbon gases (e.g., water vapor, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen) removed from the
gas stream; and (2) gas converted to liquid form, such as lease condensate and natural gas plant liquids. Volumes of
dry gas withdrawn from gas storage reservoirs are not considered part of production. Dry natural gas production
equals natural gas marketed production less natural gas plant liquids production.
Natural gas liquids (NGL): A group of hydrocarbons including ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, and natural
gasoline. Generally include natural gas plant liquids and all liquefied refinery gases except olefins. See Paraffinic
hydrocarbons.
Natural gas marketed production: Gross withdrawals of natural gas from production reservoirs, less gas used for
reservoir repressuring; nonhydrocarbon gases removed in treating and processing operations; and quantities of
vented natural gas and flared natural gas.
Natural gas plant liquids (NGPL): Those hydrocarbons in natural gas that are separated as liquids at natural gas
processing, fractionating, and cycling plants. Products obtained include ethane, liquefied petroleum gases
(propane, normal butane and isobutane), and natural gasoline. Component products may be fractionated or
mixed. Lease condensate and plant condensate are excluded. Note: Some EIA publications categorize NGPL
production as field production, in accordance with definitions used prior to January 2014.
Natural gas wellhead price: The wellhead price of natural gas is calculated by dividing the total reported value at the
wellhead by the total quantity produced as reported by the appropriate agencies of individual producing states and
the U.S. Minerals Management Service. The price includes all costs prior to shipment from the lease, including
gathering and compression costs, in addition to state production, severance, and similar charges.

280 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Natural gasoline: A commodity product commonly traded in natural gas liquids (NGL) markets that comprises liquid
hydrocarbons (mostly pentanes and hexanes) and generally remains liquid at ambient temperatures and atmospheric
pressure. Natural gasoline is equivalent to pentanes plus.
Net summer capacity: The maximum output, commonly expressed in kilowatts (kW) or megawatts (MW), that
generating equipment can supply to system load, as demonstrated by a multi‐hour test, at the time of summer peak
demand (period of June 1 through September 30). This output reflects a reduction in capacity due to electricity use
for station service or auxiliaries.
Neutral zone: A 6,200 square‐mile area shared equally between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia under a 1992 agreement.
The Neutral zone contains an estimated 5 billion barrels of oil and 8 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.
Nominal dollars: A measure used to express nominal price.
Nominal price: The price paid for a product or service at the time of the transaction. Nominal prices are those that
have not been adjusted to remove the effect of changes in the purchasing power of the dollar; they reflect buying
power in the year in which the transaction occurred.
Non‐biomass waste: Material of non‐biological origin that is a byproduct or a discarded product. “Non‐biomass waste”
includes municipal solid waste from non‐biogenic sources, such as plastics, and tire‐derived fuels.
Non‐combustion use: Fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum products) that are not burned to release energy and
instead used directly as construction materials, chemical feedstocks, lubricants, solvents, waxes, and other products.
Sometimes used synonymously with “nonfuel use (of energy).”
Nonhydrocarbon gases: Typical nonhydrocarbon gases that may be present in reservoir natural gas are carbon dioxide,
helium, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen.
Nonrenewable fuels: Fuels that cannot be easily made or "renewed," such as crude oil, natural gas, and coal.
Normal butane (C4H10): A straight‐chain saturated (paraffinic) hydrocarbon extracted from both natural gas and
refinery gas streams, which is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure. It is a colorless gas that boils at a
temperature of 31 degrees Fahrenheit. See Paraffinic hydrocarbons.
Nuclear electric power (nuclear power): Electricity generated by the use of the thermal energy released from the
fission of nuclear fuel in a reactor.
Nuclear electric power plant: A single‐unit or multiunit facility in which heat produced in one or more reactors by the
fissioning of nuclear fuel is used to drive one or more steam turbines.
Nuclear reactor: An apparatus in which a nuclear fission chain reaction can be initiated, controlled, and sustained at a
specific rate. A reactor includes fuel (fissionable material), moderating material to control the rate of fission, a heavy‐
walled pressure vessel to house reactor components, shielding to protect personnel, a system to conduct heat away
from the reactor, and instrumentation for monitoring and controlling the reactor's systems.
OECD: See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Offshore: That geographic area that lies seaward of the coastline. In general, the coastline is the line of ordinary low
water along with that portion of the coast that is in direct contact with the open sea or the line marking the seaward
limit of inland water.
Oil: See Crude oil.
Oil from algae: Oil processed from unicellular and multicellular algae harvested specifically to produce biofuel.
Olefinic hydrocarbons (olefins): Unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds with the general formula CnH2n containing at
least one carbon‐to‐carbon double‐bond. Olefins are produced at crude oil refineries and petrochemical plants and are
not naturally occurring constituents of oil and natural gas. Sometimes referred to as alkenes or unsaturated
hydrocarbons. Excludes aromatics.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 281

Olefins: See Olefinic hydrocarbons (olefins).
OPEC: See Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.
Operable unit (nuclear): In the United States, a nuclear generating unit that has completed low‐power testing and been
issued a full‐power operating license by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, or equivalent permission to operate.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): An international organization helping governments
tackle the economic, social and governance challenges of a globalized economy. Its membership comprises about 30
member countries. With active relationships with some 70 other countries, non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) and
civil society, it has a global reach. For details about the organization, see [Link]
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): An intergovernmental organization whose stated
objective is to "coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of member countries." It was created at the Baghdad
Conference on September 10–14, 1960. Current and former members (with years of membership) include Algeria
(1969 forward), Angola (2007 forward), Congo‐Brazzaville (2018 forward), Ecuador (1973–1992 and 2007–2019),
Equatorial Guinea (2017 forward), Gabon (1974–1994 and 2016 forward), Indonesia (1962–2008 and 2016), Iran (1960
forward), Iraq (1960 forward), Kuwait (1960 forward), Libya (1962 forward), Nigeria (1971 forward), Qatar (1961–
2018), Saudi Arabia (1960 forward), United Arab Emirates (1967 forward), and Venezuela (1960 forward).
Other biofuels: Fuels and fuel blending components, except biodiesel, renewable diesel fuel, and fuel ethanol,
produced from renewable biomass.
Other energy losses: Energy losses throughout the energy system as they are consumed, usually in the form of heat, that
are not separately identified by U.S. Energy Information Administration. Examples include heat lost in the process of
burning motor gasoline to move vehicles or in electricity used to power a lightbulb.
Other fossil gases: Includes manufactured gas, coke‐oven gas, blast‐furnace gas, and refinery gas. Manufactured gas is
obtained by distillation of coal, by the thermal decomposition of oil, or by the reaction of steam passing through a bed of
heated coal or coke.
Other fuel alcohol: Alcohols intended for fuel use that are not elsewhere specified.
Other hydrocarbons: Materials received by a refinery and consumed as a raw material. Includes hydrogen, coal tar
derivatives, gilsonite. Excludes natural gas used for fuel or hydrogen feedstock.
Oxygenates: Substances which, when added to gasoline, increase the amount of oxygen in that gasoline blend. Ethanol,
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE), Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE), and methanol are common oxygenates.
PAD Districts or PADD: Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts. Geographic aggregations of the 50 states and the
District of Columbia into five districts for the Petroleum Administration for Defense in 1950. The districts were originally
instituted for economic and geographic reasons as Petroleum Administration for War (PAW) Districts, which were
established in 1942.
Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD): The 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia are divided into
five districts, with PADD 1 further split into three subdistricts. PADDs 6 and 7 encompass U.S. territories. The PADDs
include the states and territories listed below:
PADD 1 (East Coast).
PADD 1A (New England): Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
PADD 1B (Central Atlantic): Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.
PADD 1C (Lower Atlantic): Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia.
PADD 2 (Midwest): Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota,
Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Wisconsin.
PADD 3 (Gulf Coast): Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, and Texas.
PADD 4 (Rocky Mountain): Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming.
PADD 5 (West Coast): Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.
PADD 6: U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico.
PADD 7: Guam, American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands Territory.
282 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025
Paraffinic hydrocarbons: Saturated hydrocarbon compounds with the general formula CnH2n+2 containing only single
bonds. Sometimes referred to as alkanes or natural gas liquids.
Pentanes plus: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, mostly pentanes and heavier, extracted from natural gas in a gas
processing plant. Pentanes plus is equivalent to natural gasoline.
Petrochemical feedstocks: Chemical feedstocks derived from refined or partially refined petroleum fractions, principally
for use in the manufacturing of chemicals, synthetic rubber, and a variety of plastics.
Petroleum: A broadly defined class of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures. Included are crude oil, lease condensate,
unfinished oils, refined products obtained from the processing of crude oil, and natural gas plant liquids. Note:
Volumes of finished petroleum products include nonhydrocarbon compounds, such as additives and detergents, after
they have been blended into the products.
Petroleum coke: A residue high in carbon content and low in hydrogen that is the final product of thermal
decomposition in the condensation process in cracking. This product is reported as marketable coke or catalyst
coke. The conversion is 5 barrels (of 42 U.S. gallons each) per short ton. See Petroleum coke, Catalyst and
Petroleum coke, marketable.
Petroleum coke, catalyst: The carbonaceous residue that is deposited on the catalyst used in many catalytic operations
(e.g., catalytic cracking). Carbon is deposited on the catalyst, thus deactivating the catalyst. The catalyst is reactivated
by burning off the carbon producing heat and carbon dioxide (CO2). The carbonaceous residue is not recoverable as a
product. See Petroleum coke.
Petroleum coke, marketable: Those grades of coke produced in delayed or fluid cokers that may be recovered as
relatively pure carbon. Marketable petroleum coke may be sold as is or further purified by calcining. See Petroleum
coke.
Petroleum consumption: See Products supplied (petroleum).
Petroleum imports: Imports of petroleum into the 50 states and the District of Columbia from foreign countries and
from Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U.S. territories and possessions. Included are imports for the
Strategic Petroleum Reserve and withdrawals from bonded warehouses for onshore consumption, offshore bunker
use, and military use. Excluded are receipts of foreign petroleum into bonded warehouses and into U.S. territories
and U.S. Foreign Trade Zones.
Petroleum products: Products obtained from the processing of crude oil (including lease condensate), natural gas, and
other hydrocarbon compounds. Petroleum products include unfinished oils, hydrocarbon gas liquids, aviation gasoline,
motor gasoline, naphtha‐type jet fuel, kerosene‐type jet fuel, kerosene, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petrochemical
feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, waxes, petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, still gas, and miscellaneous products.
Petroleum stocks, primary: For individual products, quantities that are held at refineries, in pipelines, and at bulk
terminals that have a capacity of 50,000 barrels or more, or that are in transit thereto. Stocks held by product retailers
and resellers, as well as tertiary stocks held at the point of consumption, are excluded. Stocks of individual products
held at gas processing plants are excluded from individual product estimates but are included in other oils estimates
and total.
Pipeline fuel: Gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors.
Plant condensate: Liquid hydrocarbons recovered at inlet separators or scrubbers in natural gas processing plants at
atmospheric pressure and ambient temperatures. Mostly pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons.
Plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV): A vehicle that can both (1) plug into an electric power source and store power in a
battery pack and (2) use petroleum‐based or other liquid‐ or gas‐based fuel to power an internal combustion engine (ICE).
Primary energy: Energy in the form that it is first accounted for in a statistical energy balance, before any
transformation to secondary or tertiary forms of energy. For example, coal can be converted to synthetic gas, which
can be converted to electricity; in this example, coal is primary energy, synthetic gas is secondary energy, and electricity
is tertiary energy. See Primary energy production and Primary energy consumption.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 283

Primary energy consumption: Consumption of primary energy. EIA includes the following in U.S. primary energy
consumption: coal; coal coke net imports; petroleum consumption (equal to petroleum products supplied, excluding
biofuels); dry natural gas—excluding supplemental gaseous fuels; nuclear electricity net generation (converted to Btu
using the average annual heat rate of nuclear plants); conventional hydroelectricity net generation (converted to Btu
using the heat content of electricity); geothermal electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the heat content of
electricity), geothermal heat pump energy, and geothermal direct‐use thermal energy; solar thermal and photovoltaic
electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the heat content of electricity), and solar thermal direct‐use energy;
wind electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the heat content of electricity); wood and wood‐derived fuels;
biomass waste; biofuels (fuel ethanol, biodiesel, renewable diesel, and other biofuels); losses and co‐products from the
production of biofuels; electricity net imports (converted to Btu using the electricity heat content of 3,412 Btu per
kilowatthour). Primary energy consumption includes all non‐combustion use of fossil fuels. Primary energy consumption
also includes other energy losses throughout the energy system. See Total energy consumption. Energy sources
produced from other energy sources—e.g. coal coke from coal—are included in primary energy consumption only if their
energy content has not already been included as part of the original energy source. As a result, U.S. primary energy
consumption does include net imports of coal coke, but it does not include the coal coke produced from domestic coal.
Primary energy production: Production of primary energy. The U.S. Energy Information Administration includes the
following in U.S. primary energy production: coal production, waste coal supplied, and coal refuse recovery; crude oil
and lease condensate production; natural gas plant liquids production; dry natural gas—excluding supplemental
gaseous fuels—production; nuclear electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the nuclear plants heat rate);
conventional hydroelectricity net generation (converted to Btu using the heat content of electricity); geothermal
electricity net generation (converted to Btu using the heat content of electricity), and geothermal heat pump energy
and geothermal direct‐use energy; solar thermal and photovoltaic electricity net generation (converted to Btu using
the heat content of electricity), and solar thermal direct‐use energy; wind electricity net generation (converted to Btu
using the heat content of electricity); wood and wood‐derived fuels production; biomass waste consumption; and fuel
ethanol and biodiesel feedstock; and renewable diesel fuel and other biofuels production.
Prime mover: The engine, turbine, water wheel, or similar machine that drives an electric generator; or, for reporting
purposes, a device that converts energy to electricity directly.
Product supplied (petroleum): Approximately represents consumption of petroleum products because it measures
the disappearance of these products from primary sources, i.e., refineries, natural gas‐processing plants, blending
plants, pipelines, and bulk terminals. In general, product supplied of each product in any given period is computed as
follows: field production, plus refinery production, plus imports, plus unaccounted‐for crude oil (plus net receipts
when calculated on a PAD District basis) minus stock change, minus crude oil losses, minus refinery inputs, and minus
exports.
Propane (C3H8): A straight‐chain saturated (paraffinic) hydrocarbon extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams,
which is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure. It is a colorless gas that boils at a temperature of ‐44 degrees
Fahrenheit. It includes all products designated in ASTM Specification D1835 and Gas Processors Association
specifications for commercial (HD‐5) propane. See Paraffinic hydrocarbons.
Propylene (C3H6): An olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from refinery or petrochemical processes, which is gaseous at
standard temperature and pressure. Propylene is an important petrochemical feedstock. See Olefinic hydrocarbons
(olefins).
Real dollars: These are dollars that have been adjusted for inflation.
Real price: A price that has been adjusted to remove the effect of changes in the purchasing power of the dollar. Real
prices, which are expressed in constant dollars, usually reflect buying power relative to a base year.
Refiner acquisition cost of crude oil: The cost of crude oil to the refiner, including transportation and fees. The
composite cost is the weighted average of domestic and imported crude oil costs.
Refinery and blender net inputs: Raw materials, unfinished oils, and blending components processed at refineries, or
blended at refineries or petroleum storage terminals to produce finished petroleum products. Included are gross inputs
of crude oil, natural gas liquids, other hydrocarbon raw materials, hydrogen, oxygenates (excluding fuel ethanol), and

284 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

renewable fuels (including fuel ethanol). Also included are net inputs of unfinished oils, motor gasoline blending
components, and aviation gasoline blending components. Net inputs are calculated as gross inputs minus gross
production. Negative net inputs indicate gross inputs are less than gross production. Examples of negative net inputs
include reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB) produced at refineries for shipment to
blending terminals, and unfinished oils produced and added to inventory in advance of scheduled maintenance of a
refinery crude oil distillation unit.
Refinery and blender net production: Liquefied refinery gases, and finished petroleum products produced at a refinery
or petroleum storage terminal blending facility. Net production equals gross production minus gross inputs. Negative
net production indicates gross production is less than gross inputs for a finished petroleum product. Examples of
negative net production include reclassification of one finished product to another finished product, or reclassification
of a finished product to unfinished oils or blending components.
Refinery gas: Still gas consumed as refinery fuel.
Refinery (petroleum): An installation that manufactures finished petroleum products from crude oil, unfinished oils,
natural gas liquids, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol.
Refuse mine: A surface site where coal is recovered from previously mined coal. It may also be known as a silt bank,
culm bank, refuse bank, slurry dam, or dredge operation.
Refuse recovery: The recapture of coal from a refuse mine or the coal recaptured by that process. The resulting
product has been cleaned to reduce the concentration of noncombustible materials.
Renewable diesel fuel: Renewable fuel consisting of hydrocarbon molecules, produced through the hydrotreating of
animal fats, vegetable oils, and recycled grease feedstocks. It is considered a drop‐in replacement to petroleum‐based
diesel fuel (for example, it can be used in diesel engines without modification). Renewable diesel fuel reported on the
EIA‐819 is produced at dedicated biorefineries or co‐processed at petroleum refineries
Renewable energy: Energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible (unlike, for example, the fossil
fuels, of which there is a finite supply). Renewable sources of energy include conventional hydroelectric power,
biomass, geothermal, solar, and wind.
Renewable fuels except fuel ethanol: See Biodiesel, Other biofuels, and Renewable diesel fuel.
Repressuring: The injection of a pressurized fluid (such as air, gas, or water) into oil and gas reservoir formations to
effect greater ultimate recovery.
Residential sector: An energy‐consuming sector that consists of living quarters for private households. Common uses
of energy associated with this sector include space heating, water heating, air conditioning, and lighting, refrigeration,
cooking, and running a variety of other appliances. The residential sector excludes institutional living quarters. See
End‐use sectors and Energy‐use sectors.
Residual fuel oil: A general classification for the heavier oils, known as No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oils, that remain after
the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery operations. It conforms to ASTM
Specifications D 396 and D 975 and Federal Specification VV‐F‐815C. No. 5, a residual fuel oil of medium viscosity, is
also known as Navy Special and is defined in Military Specification MIL‐F‐859E, including Amendment 2 (NATO
Symbol F‐770). It is used in steam‐powered vessels in government service and inshore power plants. No. 6 fuel oil
includes Bunker C fuel oil and is used for the production of electric power, space heating, vessel bunkering, and
various industrial purposes.
Road oil: Any heavy petroleum oil, including residual asphaltic oil used as a dust palliative and surface treatment on
roads and highways. It is generally produced in six grades, from 0, the most liquid, to 5, the most viscous.
Rotary rig: A machine used for drilling wells that employs a rotating tube attached to a bit for boring holes through
rock.
Short ton (coal): A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 285

SIC (Standard Industrial Classification): A set of codes developed by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget which
categorizes industries into groups with similar economic activities. Replaced by NAICS (North American Industry
Classification System).
Small‐scale: Generators at a site that has a total generating nameplate capacity of less than 1 megawatt (MW).
Solar energy: See Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy and Solar thermal energy.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy: Energy, radiated by the sun that is converted into direct‐current electricity by solar
photovoltaic cells. Examples of solar PV technologies include solar panels on residential and commercial rooftops
(generally small‐scale solar PV energy) and mirrors or dishes that concentrate solar rays onto solar PV panels
(concentrating PV or CPV). Utility‐scale solar PV electric generation typically relies on installations of solar PV panels
on or near the ground (solar farms).
Solar thermal direct‐use energy: Heat from the sun used by an onsite application, such as a solar thermal water
heating system.
Solar thermal energy: Energy, radiated by the sun that is converted into electricity or heat by means of solar
concentrating collectors. Examples of solar thermal energy technologies include pool heaters, dark water bladders, or
thermal panels (generally small‐scale solar thermal energy). Utility‐scale solar thermal electric generation typically
relies on a large array of mirrors to heat fluids and turn a turbine, which generates electricity.
Special naphthas: All finished products within the naphtha boiling range that are used as paint thinners, cleaners, or
solvents. These products are refined to a specified flash point. Special naphthas include all commercial hexane and
cleaning solvents conforming to ASTM Specification D1836 and D484, respectively. Naphthas to be blended or
marketed as motor gasoline or aviation gasoline, or that are to be used as petrochemical and synthetic natural gas
(SNG) feedstocks are excluded.
Station use: Energy that is used to operate an electric power plant. It includes energy consumed for plant lighting,
power, and auxiliary facilities, regardless of whether the energy is produced at the plant or comes from another
source.
Steam coal: All nonmetallurgical coal.
Steam‐electric power plant: A plant in which the prime mover is a steam turbine. The steam used to drive the turbine is
produced in a boiler where fossil fuels are burned.
Still gas: Any form or mixture of gases produced in refineries by distillation, cracking, reforming, and other
processes. The principal constituents are methane and ethane. May contain hydrogen and small/trace amounts of
other gases. Still gas is typically consumed as refinery fuel or used as petrochemical feedstock. Still gas burned for
refinery fuel may differ in composition from marketed still gas sold to other users. See Refinery gas.
Stocks: See Coal stocks, Crude oil stocks, or Petroleum stocks, primary.
Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR): Petroleum stocks maintained by the federal Government for use during periods of
major supply interruption.
Subbituminous coal: A coal whose properties range from those of lignite to those of bituminous coal and used
primarily as fuel for steam‐electric power generation. It may be dull, dark brown to black, soft and crumbly, at the
lower end of the range, to bright, jet black, hard, and relatively strong, at the upper end. Subbituminous coal contains
20 to 30 percent inherent moisture by weight. The heat content of subbituminous coal ranges from 17 to 24 million Btu
per short ton on a moist, mineral‐matter‐free basis. The heat content of subbituminous coal consumed in the United
States averages 17 to 18 million Btu per ton, on the as‐received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and
mineral matter).
Supplemental gaseous fuels: Synthetic natural gas, propane‐air, coke oven gas, still gas (refinery gas), biomass gas, air
injected for Btu stabilization, and manufactured gas commingled and distributed with natural gas.

286 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025

Synthetic natural gas (SNG): (Also referred to as substitute natural gas) A manufactured product, chemically similar in
most respects to natural gas, resulting from the conversion or reforming of hydrocarbons that may easily be substituted
for or interchanged with pipeline‐quality natural gas.
Thermal conversion factor: A factor for converting data between physical units of measure (such as barrels, cubic feet,
or short tons) and thermal units of measure (such as British thermal units, calories, or joules); or for converting data
between different thermal units of measure. See Btu conversion factor.
Total energy consumption: Primary energy consumption in the end‐use sectors, plus electricity sales to ultimate
customers and electrical system energy losses. Also includes other energy losses throughout the energy system.
Transportation sector: An energy‐consuming sector that consists of all vehicles whose primary purpose is transporting
people and/or goods from one physical location to another. Included are automobiles; trucks; buses; motorcycles;
trains, subways, and other rail vehicles; aircraft; and ships, barges, and other waterborne vehicles. Vehicles whose
primary purpose is not transportation (e.g., construction cranes and bulldozers, farming vehicles, and warehouse
tractors and forklifts) are classified in the sector of their primary use. See End‐use sectors and Energy‐use sectors.
Underground storage: The storage of natural gas in underground reservoirs at a different location from which it was
produced.
Unfinished oils: All oils requiring further processing, except those requiring only mechanical blending. Unfinished oils
are produced by partial refining of crude oil and include naphthas and lighter oils, kerosene and light gas oils, heavy
gas oils, and residuum.
Unfractionated streams: Mixtures of unsegregated natural gas liquids components, excluding those in plant
condensate. This product is extracted from natural gas.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.): A political entity that consisted of 15 constituent republics: Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The U.S.S.R. ceased to exist as of December 31, 1991.
United States: The 50 states and the District of Columbia. Note: The United States has varying degrees of jurisdiction
over a number of territories and other political entities outside the 50 states and the District of Columbia, including
Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, Johnston Atoll, Midway Islands, Wake Island, and the
Northern Mariana Islands. EIA data programs may include data from some or all of these areas in U.S. totals. For
these programs, data products will contain notes explaining the extent of geographic coverage included under the
term "United States."
Uranium: A heavy, naturally radioactive, metallic element (atomic number 92). Its two principally occurring isotopes
are uranium‐235 and uranium‐238. Uranium‐235 is indispensable to the nuclear industry because it is the only isotope
existing in nature, to any appreciable extent, that is fissionable by thermal neutrons. Uranium238 is also important
because it absorbs neutrons to produce a radioactive isotope that subsequently decays to the isotope plutonium‐239,
which also is fissionable by thermal neutrons.
Uranium concentrate: A yellow or brown powder obtained by the milling of uranium ore, processing of in situ leach
mining solutions, or as a byproduct of phosphoric acid production. See Uranium oxide.
Uranium ore: Rock containing uranium mineralization in concentrations that can be mined economically, typically one
to four pounds of uranium oxide (U3O8) per ton or 0.05 percent to 0.2 percent U3O8.
Uranium oxide (U3O8): Uranium concentrate or yellowcake.
Useful thermal output: The thermal energy made available in a combined‐heat‐and‐power system for use in any
industrial or commercial process, heating or cooling application, or delivered to other end users, i.e., total thermal
energy made available for processes and applications other than electrical generation.
U.S.S.R.: See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.).
Utility‐scale: Generators at a site that has a total generating nameplate capacity of 1 megawatt (MW) or more.

U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025 287

Vented natural gas: Natural gas released into the air on the production site or at processing plants.
Vessel bunkering: Includes sales for the fueling of commercial or private boats, such as pleasure craft, fishing boats,
tugboats, and ocean‐going vessels, including vessels operated by oil companies. Excluded are volumes sold to the U.S.
Armed Forces.
Waste: See Biomass waste and Non‐biomass waste.
Waste coal: Usable material that is a byproduct of previous coal processing operations. Waste coal is usually
composed of mixed coal, soil, and rock (mine waste). Most waste coal is burned as‐is in unconventional fluidized‐bed
combustors. For some uses, waste coal may be partially cleaned by removing some extraneous noncombustible
constituents. Examples of waste coal include fine coal, coal obtained from a refuse bank or slurry dam, anthracite
culm, bituminous gob, and lignite waste.
Watt (W): The unit of electrical power equal to one ampere under a pressure of one volt. A watt is equal to 1/746
horsepower.
Watthour (Wh): The electrical energy unit of measure equal to one watt of power supplied to, or taken from, an electric
circuit steadily for one hour.
Wax: A solid or semi‐solid material consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons obtained or derived from petroleum fractions, or
through a Fischer‐Tropsch type process, in which the straight‐chained paraffin series predominates. This includes all
marketable wax, whether crude or refined, with a congealing point (ASTM D 938) between 100 and 200 degrees
Fahrenheit and a maximum oil content (ASTM D 3235) of 50 weight percent.
Wellhead price: The value of crude oil or natural gas at the mouth of the well.
Wind energy: Kinetic energy present in wind motion that can be converted to mechanical energy for driving pumps,
mills, and electric power generators.
Wood and wood‐derived fuels: Wood and products derived from wood that are used as fuel, including round wood
(cord wood), limb wood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, forest residues, charcoal, paper pellets, railroad ties, utility poles,
black liquor, red liquor, sludge wood, spent sulfite liquor, densified biomass (including wood pellets), and other
wood‐ based solids and liquids.
Working gas: The quantity of natural gas in the reservoir that is in addition to the cushion or base gas. It may or may
not be completely withdrawn during any particular withdrawal season. Conditions permitting, the total working
capacity could be used more than once during any season. Volumes of working gas are reported in thousand cubic
feet at standard temperature and pressure.

288 U. S. Energy Information Administration / Monthly Energy Review August 2025