ITALIAN LANGUAGE COURSE

level I
beginners

Introductory concepts
The alphabet of the Italian language:

a (a) e (e) i (i) o (o) s (this) z (zeta)

b (bi) f (effe) she p (pi) t (ti)

c (si) g (gi) m (emme) q (cu) u (u)

d (d) h (acca) n (nine) r (erre) v (vu/ vi)

!!! Note. There is still a number of 5 letters that usually appear in words of foreign origin:

j (long i)

k (cappa)

w (double u)

x (ics)

y (upsilon / Greek i)

Exercises:

Spell your first and last name letter by letter in Italian.

2. Spell the name and surname of your best friend letter by letter.

Pronunciation rules:
1. Most consonants of the Italian language are pronounced like in the Romanian language:

grandchild
nephew

The groups ce, ci, ge, gi, che, chi, ghe, ghi are pronounced as in the Romanian language:

to seek
friend

3. The consonant at the beginning of the word is not pronounced:

I have

4. The consonant is always followed by the vowel and is pronounced:

this
(that), those

5. Consonants are pronounced differently depending on the situation in which they appear in a word:

it is pronounced in Romanian when it is at the beginning of a word and is followed by a

vowels or the consonants c, f, q, p, t and inside the word if they are double

red
(spate), upper,

- it is pronounced when it is between two vowels or when it is followed by the consonants b,

d, g, l, m, n, r, v

ex.: rosa (trandafir), paese (tara, sat), luminoso (luminos), slancio (elan), snello
sprinted

6. Consonance(sizz) is pronounced fiedzfiet (as in Romanian):

- pronounced words like: zio (uncle), lezione (lesson), giustizia (justice)

justice

pronounce words like: mosquito (mosquito), zero (zero), blue (blue)

zoo

7. Double consonants are separated within words and are pronounced more emphatically.

bed

8. Letter groups:
 - group scise read and see: swimming pool (swimming pool)

- grupulscese citestese: scendere (a coborî), pesce (peste), scena (scena)

the group + vowel (a, e, o, u) is read + the respective vowel (sa, se, so, su) and the vowel
al grupuluiscinu se pronunta (apare doar în scris): lasciare (a lasa), scienza (stiinta),
strike

- grupulgnse pronounced as can muiat: companion (colleague), sir (mister), madam

(doamna), signorina (domnisoara), lavagna (tabla)

- the group pronounces cali muiat: son (fiu), daughter (fiica), family (familie), mistake
mistake

GREETING FORMULAS (Greeting formulas):

Good morning! - Good day! Good morning!

Good evening!

Good night!

Hello!

Goodbye!

COMMON EXPRESSIONS:

You're welcome!

Please! Please!

Please!

Please! Excuse me!

Please make yourself comfortable! -Take a seat! (formal)

Come in! - Please, enter!

Ready! -Hello; cat (prepared)

Volentieri! -Cu placere!, Bucuros!

Good work!

Have fun! - Have a nice party!, Enjoy!

Enjoy your meal!

Thank you, likewise!

Merry Christmas! - Merry Christmas!

Happy Easter!

You're welcome! - For a little, with pleasure!

Presentation
What's your name?

Name (+ surname)

What is your name?

I am Antonio Marchesi.

To relaunch the question we use: Is it you?

What is your name?

- Federica. And you?

Carolina.

2. Where are you from? Are you + nationality adjective?

Of + city name Yes. I am Danish (Romanian ..)

Rome

Madrid No, I am not Danish.

Nationality adjective No, I am American.

English

Italian
 German

4. Where do you live? (Where do you live? for you.) Do you live in Paris?

in France?

a + city (time) Yes, I live in Paris / in France.

to Paris

to Rome No, I do not live in Paris.

in + nation

in France

in Romania

What is your address? What is your phone number?

My address is street... number... My number is 425879

I live on ... street number ... How old are you?

I am a resident at .. number. I am twenty-two years old.

The cardinal numeral:

1 one 6 six 11 eleven 16 sixteen 21 twenty-one

2 due 7 seven 12 twelve seventeen

3 trees 8 eight 13 thirteen 18 eighteen 23 twenty-three

4 four 9 new 14 quattordici 19 diciannove 24 ventiquattro

5 five ten fifteen 20 winds 25 twenty-five

26 twenty-six 31 thirty-one sixty 1000 thousand

twenty-seven 32 thirty-two 70 seventy million

28 twenty-eight .. 80 eighty

29 twenty-nine 40 forty 90 ninety

30 thirty 50 fifty 100 hundred

Personal pronoun:

person singular plural

I I we

II you you

III he they (masculine and feminine)

The present verb essere (to be), avere (to have), abitare (to live)

to be to have to live

I am ho suit

you are hi dresses

he, she is ha live

we are we have we live

you are you have abitate

they are they have they live

A FAMILY
My name is Angelo Fabbri. I was born in Syracuse, but my mother is from Milan and my father
from Genoa. I am a doctor, I work at the Polyclinic of a small town near Bologna. My wife is
Lawyer. We have been married for four years and we have a two-and-a-half-year-old daughter, Fabrizia.
that has changed our existence.

My father was a nurse, so since I was a child I have been in contact with the world
of medicine. My mother is a housewife, she is 72 years old and lives in Rome. I have three brothers and two sisters.
with whom I get along very well. Unfortunately, I don't see them often because they all live in Rome. They are
All married, but only one of my sisters and one of my brothers have children. In total, I have five.
grandchildren. My brother Gianni, the oldest, is 43 years old and is an accountant. Paolo, the second, is
lawyer. Massimo, the third brother, is younger than me, he is 32 years old and is an Italian teacher.
for foreigners for five years. My sisters: Anna is 38 years old and is a housewife, and Giulia, who is 37
Anni works in advertising. Her husband, my brother-in-law Roberto, is a journalist. We are
all born in Syracuse, except Massimo, who was born in Rome.

Of all my relatives, the one I get along with the best is Lorenzo, my husband’s.
sister Anna. I have known her since we were children. She is my age, 39 years old, and we went
at school together. Now we are writing a book. I am happy because this way I can see it a little.
more often and chat with each other. They have two very nice children, Nicola and Daniela. I must say that
I know them much better than Paolo's children.

Vocabulary:

I am born therefore

to work unfortunately

a town = a small city thick

to be married because

mezzo = 1. jumatate; 2. mijloc all/everything = tot, all

to change in total

to be a nurse less than

since childhood between, among

since when we were children = together

light now = now = now

to be a housewife thus, so

to live a bit = putin

I get along very well better = better

to see worse

the biggest

smaller than me

merchant to be able
the second = the second I can

strain to write

less than Maximum

age

to be happy

to chat

The family tree:

☺ ☺
Giacomo Teresa

│ │
_____________________________________________

↓ ↓

☺ ☺☺ ☺
Sara Fabrizio Gianluca Ivana

______________ _________________

↓ ↓ ↓
 ☺ ☺ ☺
Claudia Renato Tiziana

parents noni father mother husband

wife son daughter brother sister

Teresa is ............. of Giacomo.

2. Giacomo and Teresa are the ....... of Sara and Gianluca.

Gianluca is Sara's ..........................

Claudia is the ........... of Sara and Fabrizio.

Renato is the .......... of Gianluca and Ivana.

Tiziana is Renato's ..........

Gianluca is Ivana's ..........

Fabrizio is Claudia's ...........

Ivana is the ............. of Tiziana and Renato.

10. Giacomo and Teresa are the.....of Claudia, Renato, and Tiziana.

The days of the week the months of the year the seasons.

(Days of the week): the months of the year the seasons.

Monday January August spring

 Tuesday February September estate

Wednesday March October autumn

Thursday April November winter

Friday May December

Saturday June

Sunday July

Exercises:

1. Complete the forms:

name ............... name .Angelo.......

surname (family name)........ surname ...........

place of birth ........... age.............

age ............... profession...

nationality.............. Marital status ..........

profession ............... children.............

Address............... Place of birth .......

Phone ..............

2. Answer the questions:

A) Who is the protagonist of the text? B) How many brothers and sisters do you have?

What does Angelo Fabbri do for a living? How many brothers does your mother have?

How many sisters does Angelo have? And how many brothers? How old are your brothers?
Why doesn't Angelo often see his family? Who is your favorite cousin?

How old are Anna and Giulia?

How many of Angelo's brothers and sisters are married?

What is Giulia's husband's name?

How many grandchildren does Angelo Fabbri have?

3. Complete the list:

Brothers and sisters of Angelo in order of age

name age born to lives in Married

with

4. Create the family tree of Angelo Fabbri. Describe in 10

propositions regarding the relationships existing between the characters as in the example presented in
precedence. (Make the family tree of Angelo Fabbri. Describe in 10
sentences about the relationships between characters as in the previously presented example.

5. Create the family tree of your family. Describe it in 10 sentences.

existing relationships between the characters as in the example presented earlier.

6. Answer the questions:

What is your name?

b. How old are you? ..........................

c. What are the 7 days of the week? ...................

...................................

d. What are the 4 seasons of the year?

Indicative mood
The present (present tense)
Regular verbs
The conjugation of regular verbs in the present tense:

In the Italian language, verbs in the infinitive mood (the form that appears in the dictionary) have three
they are terminating, -eresi-ire. Thus we have 3 classes of verbs and based on these they are added
specific endings of the present tense.

I am II -to be III-ire

to sing to see open

I song I see apro

you songs see open

he, she sings saw opens

we sing let's see let's open

you sing you see open

they sing they see aprono

Exercises:

io scrivo, tu scrivi, lui/lei scrive, noi scriviamo, voi scrivete, loro scrivono
dormire (a dormi), accompagnare (a însoti), offrire (a oferi), credere (a crede), studiare (a
study), work (to earn), receive (to receive).

Irregular verbs:

A series of verbs from the third conjugation receive the infix - between the root and the ending (desinence).
These verbs are called inchoative verbs:

- capire (a întelege), condire (a condimenta), pulire (a curata), finire (a termina), punire

(a pedepsi), colpire (a lovi), costruire (a construi), fornire (a furniza), guarire (a se
însanatosi), preferire (a prefera), spedire (a expedia), unire(a uni) etc.

to heal to understand to clean

to prefer finish
I I heal I understand I clean I prefer I finish
you heal do you understand
clean you prefer finish

he/she heals understand cleans prefers finishes

You (sg.)

We we cure let's understandlet's clean we prefer let's finish

you cured head clean prefer finite

they they heal they understandthey polish they prefer they finish

2. Frequently used old irregular verbs (irregularities usually occur because they happen)
modifications in the root of the verb to be conjugated:

to be able
to give
to put, to come

power to want duty pleasure to drink

I I can I want I must I like drink

you can you Do you want goddess market drink

he/she can wants must like beve

I (you)

we we can we want we must we please let's drink

you you can you want you must you please drink

they they can they want they must they like they drink

to know dare stare fair dire to go

I so do I am I do says I go

you sai dai stay do say go

he/she at big sta fa die go

He/She (you, formal)

we we know let's give we are let's do let's say let's go

you you know date state fate said mandate

they sanno damage they are they do they say they go

go out to hold leek to come

I I am off I have play I come

you exit hold put come

he/she he/she/it exits has puts comes

You (formal)

we let's go out we hold let's assume we come

you exits hold put on come

them they go out they hold they put they come

SERVILE VERB

The verbs DARE, WANT, CAN, and sometimes KNOW are called auxiliary verbs because
they cannot form a predicate alone. They are always followed by another verb with the help of which they create meaning.
whole. In Romanian they are followed by verbs in the subjunctive (to sleep/to go/to do etc.). In
Italian language, however, these verbs are followed by verbs in the infinitive (sleep/go/do, etc.)

Italian Power

Duty + infinitive

To want

To know

Exemple: (eu) Trebuie sa dorm. Devo dormire.

I can stay.

Do you want to come.

We know how to sing. We know how to sing.

Note: The negative form of verbs is obtained by using the negation adverb 'not' in front.
verbelor (You must not sleep = Non devi dormire). Attention: do not confuse the adverbs of
negatienosinon
NO- it is used almost like an interjection, isolated from the rest of the sentence or phrase by a comma or
another punctuation mark. It can also appear alone.

Example: - Are you coming to school?

No.

NON- it never appears alone. It is always used before the verb and can
underline the negativity from NO

Example: - Are you coming to school?

I'm not coming. It emphasizes the negation 'no': - No, I'm not coming.

EXERCISES:

1. Complete with the verb to be

The book is on the table. You.....French.

Claudio and Teresa .....in Rome. Mario...tall

(We).....friends. Monica....beautiful

(You)......nice. Mom is Bianca...in Italy.

You.....lovely. (cute) Your father and your sister..special.

(I)....Spanish. You... from Florence?

You...the house (at home) They...happy.

2. Build questions:

Why are you happy?

Dove/ Rome and Florence..............

What color is your car?

Are you married?

Where are Klaus and Anna from?

Who is this person?

Whose this book?

3. Complete with the verb to have

Luca...a dog.

Lara.....a new car.

I have a house in Venice.

You... an interesting job (service).

Franca and Monica don't have many books.

Your brother...a tall bride?

The Ionescu brothers....a beautiful family.

You.....ugly books?

How old are they..?

4. Enter the necessary verb:

Luca does not know German.

They often go to the sea. often = des

My wife has to work even on Sundays. also = yes

We go out almost every evening. almost

Giovanni likes to play soccer a lot. football

The Italians..... a lot of wine. (to drink)

I cannot eat many sweets. to eat

1. Put the words in order and form sentences:

have / I / not / cat / dog / but .......................

feel/ Claudia/ in the morning (diminished)/ radio/ the ..............

when/ to work/ Italians/ often (=des)/ to sing ................

they do not understand English.

Train/ will/ depart/ in half an hour/ the .......................

The noun
The noun = the name of all objects, beings, actions (departure, arrival), relationships.
(friendship, enmity..), states of the soul (sadness, joy.)

The noun in the Italian language:

According to gender, nouns in the Italian language are divided into: feminine and masculine. It cannot be
speak of the neutral gender.

I. Masculine gender:

Generally, masculine nouns have the ending 'o'.

Ex. boy

In general, masculine nouns have the ending 'i'.

For boys

boy - boys

Observation 1: Some nouns that end in 'a' are masculine in gender (usually they are)
ends in "-ma" or in "-ista".

the problem, the theme, the cinema, the system, the program, the climate, the artist, the
dentista, il giornalista, il poeta, il pilota

Observation 2: Nouns that end with a consonant are usually masculine.

special substantive of foreign origin)

the bar, the sport, the movie

II. The feminine gender:

Singular: as a rule, feminine nouns end in 'a'

Ex. girl(fairy)
 As a rule, feminine nouns have the ending 'e'.

Former girls

girl - girls

Observation 1: Some nouns ending in "-o" are feminine.

Ex: la radio, la foto,la moto, l'auto, la mano

Observation 2: The nouns ending in '-tà' and '-tù' are feminine.

the freedom, the virtue, the youth, the city

Observation 3: Nouns ending in 'i' in the singular are feminine. They retain the same
make it plural.

the crisis

NOTE!!!: There are some nouns that end in 'e' in the singular. These will form
the plural in 'i'. Some are masculine, others are feminine.

Masculine: feminine

father - fathers mother

professor key - keys

dog

bread - water class- classes(class)

doctor - doctors profession

Observation 1: Masculine nouns ending in -ORE, -ONE, -ALE, -ILE are generally regular.
the flower

Observation 2: Nouns ending in -IONE, -IE, -ICE are generally feminine.

the lesson

AN APARTMENT
 The Verri family has purchased an apartment on the third floor of a condominium in
construction. In a few months, they have to move. Every Sunday, the whole family goes to the new
address to see how the work is progressing. Niccolino, the youngest of the family, who knows
drawing only small houses with pointed red roofs and chimneys, he is amazed when he sees that the new
Stable lacks a roof and, curious as it is, always asks questions:

Dad, don't you see that the building is not ready?

Yes, it's clear that the exterior is already finished but the installations inside are still missing.
apartments.

The roof is missing, dad, can't you see? The apartment building isn't ready.

No, it exists, but it can't be seen.

Why can’t you see it?

Because it has the shape of a terrace.

And on the terrace, will you be able to put the TV antenna?

It will not be necessary because there will be a collective antenna. Or, rather, the cable.

- Michele - interjects his wife - I know that the walls are made of reinforced concrete.

No, no worries! A layer of bricks has been added where the windows will be placed.

So, tell me, do you like that sea-green color they put on?

Well, for me it's the same!

To me, I confess, I don't like it at all.

So what?

Well then, patience!

I am happy that they did a good job with the gutters and the lightning rod. Also, I know
that the foundations are deep and we will also have a small cellar.

Will there be a cellar for each family?

Yes.

That's fine; that way there won't be any arguing. And where will the laundry be? In the basement or on the top floor?
On the top floor, because they have made us a kind of attic where we can dry.
the pans.

Dad, where will the smoke come out?

Niccolino, in our building there will be central heating - explains the mother.

It doesn't matter Amalia. The little one is right. The smoke will come out of the chimneys that already exist on
roof but they can't be seen from down here.

Hey Michele, where will we leave the car?

Yes, unfortunately, for the moment the builders have not thought of that.

Thank goodness there are plenty of shops set up on the ground floor.

Returning to the car, it will stay in the parking spot that is not ready yet, but,
They assured me that it will be paved soon.

Do you think everything will be ready in a month and they will give us the keys?

According to them, it seems to me yes. Anyway, let's hope for the best! We have paid many millions!

VOCABULAR:

to move house = to change residence to park

the chimney = horn, because location

the cellar to hand over

the basement = subsoil according to them

installation the lightning rod

central heating = central heating key

to go to pay

to proceed = a merge building

the roof

sharp

anyway
we hope well

to be amazed

to ask, to pose questions

the terrace

antenna

tell me

it's the same, the same thing, it's the same

I confess to you

jgheabul (de la streasina)

the laundry = rinsing

the attic

the pancakes = rufele

from here below

the builder

for the moment

to arrange

OPTIONAL TEXT:

THE OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSE

Husband (sings): My home, my home / however small you are / you seem like a monastery to me.

Wife: - Good boy! This way I can get straight to the point.

Husband: - What do you mean?

Wife: - Since you are a civil engineer, please help me write the description of the exterior.
of the house.

Husband: - I'll definitely help you. Tell me what interests you?

Wife: - I want to know many things; for example, how deep the foundations are, how much
the rooms of a modern apartment are high etc.

Husband: - This time you are not very sure about what you want to present. In my opinion, it i
It is important to talk about the fact that every house must have a cellar in the basement and...

Wife: - And there must be the main entrance on the ground floor.

Husband: - Dear, you're in too much of a hurry! Next to the cellar, there can be a carport or garage.

Wife: - Yes, but not always. The garage can also be isolated, built in the courtyard or
even in another place, further away. I want to remember only that, in the case of a building,
There is always the stairwell with the staircase made up of many steps.

Husband: - Then you can also remember the landing.

Wife: - Why not? And continuing, let's remember the roof and the chimneys. But we have forgotten the ...
attic.

Husband: - Well done!

Wife: - And the apartments can each have a balcony.

Husband: - And the windows can have shutters.

Wife: - Moreover, the windows are equipped with sills that are more or less wide.

Husband: - By the way, dear! Can you tell me what the building material of a construction is?

Wife: - Roughly speaking, I could remember reinforced concrete, bricks, iron, tiles, tin,
What do you say?

Husband: - Also the linoleum floor, the parquet, the lime. However, the builders construct the
constructed according to precise standards: for example, they must first make the foundations, then raise the
walls, floor by floor, and finish with the roof. Then, they move on to the work inside the building: the
masons build it, painters paint it.

Wife: - And the architects imagine the layout of the building. But tell me, don’t you want us to do
the description of an apartment?

Husband: - We can take as an example an apartment made up of four rooms - let's say
the bedroom, the dining room, the small living room, and the children's room.

Wife: - You need to add the kitchen, the bathroom, and the pantry.

Husband: - But perhaps it's better to talk about it another time and describe the rooms one by one.
Wife: - Alright!

VOCABULAR:

Badia - monastery literally

since - as, because farther - never distant

certainly - without a doubt, definitely to raise - to lift

ground floor - parterre floor by floor

the garage the works

old stuff - old things, antiques palace - block, building

the building - the construction the mason - the bricklayer

no matter how small you may be to build - a wall

the exterior the painter - the plasterer

the stairwell - Scarii house to whitewash - a painter

the staircase - ladder the building plan

the step - step tell me

the landing the room

in addition the bedroom

the attic the tile - tile

the ceiling the can - table

each the small living room - salonasul

the roller blind - the curtain, the roller the kitchen - kitchen

to be provided with the brick

I could roughly speaking

the foundation - fundatia What do you say?

tall the floor

this time the parquet - the parquet

in my opinion the lime - wolf

the door - use sea the bathroom

the entrance the pantry - chamber

you are in too much of a hurry the kitchen - kitchen

according to precise standards

the dining room (the living room) - sufrageria

RESOLUTION ARTICLE
-is used in front of determined nouns. In the Romanian language, the article is attached at the end.
the noun, attached to it. Unlike our language, in the Italian language the article is placed
in front of the noun it determines.

the boy
In the Italian language, the article is placed according to the type of sound (letter) that begins.
the noun and depending on its gender. Thus, we have the following articles:

I. Masculine gender: - it (for singular) we

it the

the

Singular:

it is used in front of masculine nouns that begin with a consonant

the boy

it is used in front of masculine nouns that begin with:

s + consonant the student

 ps [Link] (the psychologist)

pn [Link] (pneumococcus)

y yogurt (the yogurt)

x xylophone

z ex. uncle

gn [Link] (the little spirit)

It is used in front of masculine nouns that begin with a vowel.

the friend

Plural:

it is used before masculine nouns that begin with a consonant

The boys

it is used in front of masculine nouns that begin with a vowel and with the exceptions noted at
the article

friends

students

II Feminine gender: -la (for singular) the (for plural)

-the

Singular:

it is used in front of feminine nouns that start with a consonant or with the noted exceptions
the masculine article "lo"

The girl (fairy)

the student (female)

it is used in front of feminine nouns that begin with a vowel

the friend (female)

Plural:

it is used in front of all feminine nouns in plural, regardless of what type of sound
(letter) begins

the girls

the students

the friends

singular plural

masculine the i(consonant)

the (vowel) of the (vowel)

exceptions of exceptions
feminine the (cons. + exceptions) The
(for all feminine nouns)
the (voc.)

UNDETERMINED ARTICLE:
The choice of the correct article is made according to the rules indicated for the definite article: it is granted
attention - the sound with which the noun begins (consonant, vowel, exceptions)

the last sound of the noun (we find out information about the gender and number
of the noun

MASCULINE UN(vowel + consonant) DEI(consonants)

Feminine UNO (exceptions) OF THE (vowel + exceptions)

UNA(consonants + exceptions) DELL (for all feminine substances)

 A (vowel)

Example:

A boy - boys a girl

A friend - friends a friend

A student a female student - of the female student

Exercises:

1. Put the definite article for the following nouns:

tree woman .....work(service)

window

cat .....address

....year (an) .....astronomer .....via

....psychologist .....doctor (little doctor)
... ..telephone

man (1. man 2. male) book Algerian

umbrella .....monument
......Spanish

....uncle girl

girl ...Indian ......friend

....son

2. Change the nouns from exercise 1 to plural and add the corresponding articles.

[Link] into Italian

Hello Marco. Can you give me your address, please? I don't have your address, I only have your number.
telephone.
Yes. I live on Dorobantilor Street, number 17. And I have a new telephone number.
This 0723562311.

Thank you. Then, I will come today on Dorobantilor street.

Hi, I am Francesca and I have a big family. My mother is a doctor and my father is
engineer. I have two older brothers and two younger sisters than me. They are: Luca, Marco, Cristina
Yes, Piera. Luca is a student and wants to become a teacher. Marco has to finish.
this year. Cristina and Piera are still students.

4. Put the indefinite article for the following nouns:

tree (copac) woman work(service)

window cat .....address

....year (an) .....astronomer .....via

psychologist .....doctor (little doctor) ... ..telephone

....man ([Link] [Link]) book Algerian

umbrella .....monument ......Spanish

....uncle girl ....girl

...Indian ......friend son

5. Change the nouns from exercise 4 to plural and add the corresponding articles.
 THE BEDROOM
Margherita, I see you are a bit worried. What is happening to you?

- I am indeed worried because, since we recently moved house, I still have to

finish furnishing the new apartment. I need to buy the furniture for the bedroom and,
I don't know what kind of furniture to choose.

It depends on the amount you have available.

You know well what the problem with expenses is: you have a certain amount and, when you visit the
stores, there is always a difference between what you think you will spend and what you have to
Pay. Well, let's leave this topic! Rather, give me a good piece of advice.

It's difficult to advise someone when the furniture style hasn't been decided yet.

In any case, by next week I will have already rented the house; so I invite you to come to us.
and your husband, Wednesday evening to see what I will have done.

‫٭٭٭‬

On Wednesday evening, friends always show up to see the purchases made by

Margherita. In the middle of the room is the double bed already set up with the mattress,
the sheets and the pillows. On the right and left there are the nightstands with two small lamps on top
at night. The wardrobe is on the other side of the door next to the dresser. In front of the bed is the
toilet with mirror. Two small chairs, a rug and pictures hanging on the walls
they complete the furnishing.

Margherita, is this bed without the side at the feet side fine for you?

I hope so. You see, I liked the high headline and therefore I wasn't interested in anything else.

And when did you have the time to prepare the bed with the sheets and pillowcases? There is
even the quilt covered with the embroidered edge of the sheet!

- I must confess, I really like the floral blanket. I wanted to surprise you.
Naturally, the bed linens are in the drawer, they don't stay like that.

The furniture you have done is very beautiful and these light-colored pieces are really very
elegant.

Sit down Giovanna, to see how soft the bed is; no, not like that on the edge. Lie down on the
bed.

Yeah, with this mattress I believe it.

Nice stool too. But shouldn't it be in front of the toilet?

- Yes, but there is no more space there. Therefore, I thought to arrange it this way. And now
come and see what changes have been made in the adjoining room.

You brought the library here and organized the study for your husband, well done!

- It is a mixed room: study and living room at the same time, since this is the most
large of the apartment.

The small sofa fits perfectly in this corner.

And you don't like the table surrounded by the comfortable modern armchairs?

Do you know what you miss here Margherita? A nice floor lamp with a lampshade of color.
clear that spreads a diffuse light.

- But where can I put it? Can't you see how everything is calculated so as not to weigh too much on the
No, I only need the desk lamp that is on the desk.

- In any case, you have arranged everything with great taste - even though you are not an interior designe
Congratulations!

VOCABULAR

furnish - a piece of furniture the sheet - cearsaf

the interior designer the pillow - leg

furniture - furnishing; furnishings the bedside table - nightstand

from the embroidered edge - with embroidery on the edges the night lamp - lamp

the floor lamp the chest of drawers - comfortable, box

the lampshade - lampshade the toilet - toilet

imagine it the carpet - rug

what kind of the living room - salon

the advice - the advice since - given that, because

so that the sofa - couch

combine - to arrange the corner - cultivator

the headboard - table from the head to the bed the small table - masuta

the pillowcase - the pillow face to overburden - to overload too much

the quilt - duvet the table lamp - desk lamp

the blanket - the rug the desk - desk, writing table

bedding to spend

soft - soft rather - rather

the edge - the side (of the bed) to spread, to propagate

the stool - the small stool stanza - camera

adjacent Congratulations! - Congratulations!

double bed the modification - the modification

the mattress - mattress

Optional text:

In the dining room

Listen Carla, we'll furnish the dining room, since mom doesn't have much time.
also for this.

And what will mom say, Silvio?

It will be a surprise for her. If she doesn't like it, she will change.

- After all, there isn't much to do here. On one side we will place the cupboard and on the other side the
food cart

- In the center the table with the chairs. Then, the painting in the center of the small wall.

Exactly. The candlestick and this crystal flower vase will look good on the shelf.

- Carla, do you know what bothers me in this dining room?

No, tell me Silvio.

The chandelier.
- Why?

Because it is made of wrought iron and I don't like it.

You're wrong, dear little brother, you're wrong! Since the furniture is all in rustic style, it fits very well.
also the chandelier.

It doesn't convince me much.

Everyone with their own taste. Come on! What else needs to be done?

- On the sideboard, let's place the two silver candlesticks and some decorative objects, and then
we're done.

‫٭٭٭‬

Mom, do you like what we did?

Thank you, my children, you have spared me the effort.

Do you like how we arranged things?

- Sure. After all, it's the classic way to furnish a dining room. Now, however, I think
to subject you to a test.

I am ready, mom.

What is it about?

Can you tell me what the different tableware services consist of?

It will be a bit difficult to get everything done, but in any case, let's try.

Let's start with table service. So, first of all the plates ...

It's not good, Silvio.

Mom, I have an idea. Let's pretend we have guests tomorrow and need to set the table.
table

Carla, your ideas are always good. So?

So they have to bring the dishes.

Wait Silvio. First we need to put the tablecloth and the napkins on the table.
 Why are wipes not good instead of napkins?

But guys, they both mean the same thing! Come on, what should we bring?

- Mah...! I don't know! Maybe the dish for appetizers

No, that one is to be brought last, because it will be full of appetizers and the guests will need to...
start to serve oneself.

- My dear, I was only thinking about the necessary items, not about the order of entry in
scene.

Mom, do us the favor of letting us enjoy the game, okay?

As you wish.

Carla, the cutlery for all the invited guests must already be ready on the table.

Well done Silvio. And the cutlery consists of: fork, knife, spoon, and teaspoon.

There must always be plates, glasses, the oil bottle, the salt shaker, and the fruit bowl on the table.
cheese holder and salad bowl.

- But Carla, we forgot to add the sugar bowl with the clip for the
sugar and the napkin holders.

Listen Silvio, what about the coffee service? It can be brought later. After eating, we
We will offer the cups and the coffee maker to the guests.

And what if I like to have mixed tea with milk?

So you will bring the teapot and the milk jug.

Guys, overall you have been better than yesterday. Perhaps more should have been added.
saucers, the tray, the soup tureen and for the fruit also the nutcracker.

- But we are not finished yet. It was you who rushed today.

You won. But I am also right because I have things to do and cannot stay by your side any longer.
to you. And one more detail: we had the opportunity to name many
useful items for setting the table, but this is not the order in which they are brought to the table.

VOCABULAR

the table service too much

the flower vase - flower vase the candlestick - the candelabrum

of crystal to arrange

the tray - tava hurry - to grab

to choose to try

the coffee service to pretend - to preface oneself

the figurine - ornament the oil dispenser - oil service

to submit / to subject - to suppose the salt shaker

the dining room - sideboard the fruit bowl - fruit bowl

the living room - sofa bed the cheese grater - container for grated cheese

given that / since

to change the salad bowl

after all - in any case the sugar grinder - grinder for sugar

the credenza - the buffet the cutlery holder - support for cutlery

the serving cart - table with wheels the small cup - listen

the shelf the milk jug - a vessel for serving milk

the sugar bowl - sugar bowl in general terms

wrought iron under cup - disc, plate under glass

the furniture - the furniture the soup tureen - supiera

it doesn't convince me The Nutcracker - The Nut Spreader

hurry - to grab oneself both

you have won

I have to do - I am at work

another detail
to bring to the table

the napkin - fabric napkin

the napkin - paper napkin

the plate for appetizers - plates for appetizers

deep plate - deep dish

flat plate - flat dishes

the bowl - basin

The smallest rooms of the apartment

Mom: - Today we are cleaning the bathroom and the kitchen.

Carla: - What shall we start with.

Mom: - With both at the same time. Silvio, because it’s more practical, will clean the bathroom and you will go
in the kitchen. I have the pantry.

Carla: - As usual, I have to work for him.

Mom: - Carla stop complaining and everyone to work!

In the bathroom

Silvio opens the window, collects the dirty towels, prepares other clean ones, puts in the paper.
cleaning and then, with the sponge in hand, she prepares to wash one after the other: the towel rack, the
sink, the washbasin without forgetting the taps, including those of the shower, the bathroom mat and
the soap dish. He dutifully prepares to organize the toothpastes, the toothbrushes
teeth, the sponges and focuses more on the tools that he has just started to use: the razor
with the blades, the shaving brush and the shaving cream. The father continues to shave with the
classic razor supplied with a very sharp steel blade. He doesn't want to know about the electric razor
Silvio intentionally goes to watch his father when he starts sharpening the blade.

After having washed the floor too, he shouts satisfied.

Mom, I’m done!

In the kitchen
Meanwhile, Carla, always grumbling, is getting ready to clean the kitchen items, which really do not
There are few. But the mother suspends her work in the pantry and comes to lend a hand to her.
daughter.

- First of all, let's turn off the gas stove. You know that the gas cylinder is about to run out. They are cleaned the
kitchen stoves, the oven, the handle and the lighter.

Carla cleans and arranges the pots, the pressure cooker, the pans in the cupboard.
letters and the pans.

Here it is, mom! I was quick with the big items. I will finish with the lids too.

Put them on the drying rack next to the plates, Carla!

Yes, yes! It's more difficult to arrange the smaller objects. Isn't it, mom?

With a bit of patience, everything can be done. But now to work: you will put in the cupboard on the left the
beat the meat with the cutting board, the rolling pin, and the grinder. In the meantime, I will prepare the meat grinder,
la grattugia, la schiumarola, la gratella, il colabrodo, lo schiacciapatate, l'apribottiglie, il
electric blender in the cupboard here on the right.

Mom, I have already finished

I'm almost done too. But should we split the last tasks?

Which mom?

- Here! I will organize everything in the refrigerator while you clean the sink. That way everything
it will shine in the kitchen. Then, if you wanted...

I understand, we will finish the handout together as well.

- You guessed it; just dust a little and tidy up the different jars, bottles,
bags, brooms, brushes, and dustpans that have their specific place inside the pantry.

Sure mom. But anyway, it's not easy to clean a house, I tell you.

You are not original in what you say, but it's true, mom finishes.

VOCABULAR

To clean - to do the cleaning meanwhile

Bathtub - bay give a hand - to give a helping hand

kitchen turn off - to extinguish

to remain gas stove - aragaz

to work gas cylinder

Stop - at the end, at the beginning oven

Rumble - a bomb stove burner

Gather - a strange handle

Towel - towel the lighter - electric igniter

Dirty - filthy credenza - buffet, kitchen cabinet

Toilet paper - hygiene paper the pot - cratiza

The sponge - the sponge the frying pan - skillet with a handle

to undertake - to take up, to begin frying pan with handles

The towel rack - towel holder saucepan - pot with a handle

Including those - including those ones quickly

The shower - dusul lid - cap

The bath mat dish rack - rack for drying dishes

The soap dish patience

Carefully - with care meat tenderizer

Toothpaste - tooth paste the cutting board - carpenter, fund

The toothbrush - toothbrush the rolling pin - pin

Use - to use the grinder - grater

The razor - the shaving apparatus the meat grinder - meat grinding machine

Blade - blade the grater - shredder

Shaving brush - pamatuful the skimmer - frother

Provided with the grill - grater

Sharpened - sharpened the colander - soup strainer

Steel blade - steel blade the potato masher - potato press

On purpose - in a special way the bottle opener - bottle opener

Watch - to observe the electric blender - mixer

when to divide - to share

Sharpen - to sharpen the sink - kitchen sink

to wash - to wash sink

Shine - a ray of light if you wanted - if you would want

Guess - to guess bag - pouch

Dusting - to wipe off the dust scop - ripe

Jars - jars brush - brush

Bottles palette

Exercises:
1. Describe your room (bedroom) in a passage of at least 150 words.
fragment of at least 150 words.

2. Describe the apartment / house where you live using the words you have learned.
 The ordinal numeral
The ordinal numeral

thefirstyear 9. the book 18. the eighteenth child

last week the song the eighteenth daughter

Ipri school the eleventh boy 19. the nineteenth egg

the primes ignore the tenth camera ladiciannovesimazia

the second day the eleventh dog

the second election the eleventh girl the very student

3. the bank filter 12. the twelfth song

later window the twelfth student

thefourthchild the thirteenth professor

the doll thirteenth teacher

the fifth friend 14. the fourteenth year

the fifth friend the fourteenth window

they are a concert the fifteenth student

the fifteenth week of the profession (trade)

the seventh show 16. the sixteenth boy

the folder the girl says

the eighth student 17. the idiciassettesimobanco

the eighth hour ladiciassettesimacanzone

EXERCISES:

1. Transcribe the numbers below in letters according to the model:

five
9, 12, 6, 17, 4, 13, 2, 14, 7, 20, 15, 1, 8, 16, 19

[Link] the dots with the corresponding numerals:

This is the (2)............. edition of the book. Do you write the (4) ................ chapter? Take the (1) volume
from the library. We study lesson (6)................ You live on the (5)............. floor. This is
the (9)................museum that the Rossi visit.

[Link]:

The days of the week are: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday. Today is Friday.
This is the second edition. Sunday is the seventh day of the week. January is the first month of
the year. The twelfth month of the year is the most beautiful. The eighth month in the calendar
this is the warmest.

[Link] into Romanian:

This is my neighborhood. I live in this neighborhood. Do you live around here?

We are passing through these parts. In your neighborhood, there are many shops and many buildings. I live
at Via Vittorio Veneto, number 3, apartment 10. Ada lives in a building of nine floors.
Why are you in a hurry? There are shops on the ground floor of my building.

5. Translate into Italian:

I live in the third building. My apartment is on the sixth floor. In our building there are
twenty apartments. Your neighborhood is beautiful. In my neighborhood, there are two.
cinematographs.

THE PREPOSITION
The preposition is the inflexible part of speech that establishes subordination relations within
proposition. In the Italian language, we have exclusively the role of preposition:

DI - mainly the brand of the genitive (case

possession)
A - mainly the marker of the dative (the case of attribution) + shows direction towards objects, locations

DA - shows the direction towards a person and the direction from anything (people, locations, etc.)
IN - sense

CON - sense with

SU - it just means

PER - sensulpentru

sensuality

Depending on the context in which they appear, prepositions also have other meanings alongside the known ones.

main indicated above:

1. DI - can be:

a) indicates the genitive (the preposition DI helps indicate possession)

example: Maria's book (=the book of Maria - she is the one who possesses the book)

the boy's address

b) sign of the partitive (partitive = part of a whole)

example: I buy bread = I buy some bread (the meaning is "some bread")

I buy milk

c) translated with respect to:

of all things

Today you talk about Dante.

d) translation catches:

example: departure date

 to starve

e) translated as much as possible:

Mario is taller than you.

f) translated by obtaining:

to leave the house

to know by sight

Locutiuni prepozitionale construite ciDI:nel mezzo di (în mijlocul), per mezzo di (prin
the medium

2. It can be:

a) the dative marker (the case of attribution)

example: it addresses Mario

he addresses the professor

b) translated through:

I think of you

I live in Cluj.

I am going to the sea

Locutiuni construite cuA:accanto a (lânga, alaturi de), vicino a (lânga), insieme a

(together with)

3. DA - it can be:

translated catches at, from, out of:

 returning from the sea

I come from Brasov.

b) translated by:

example: verses written by Dante

Luigi is admired by you.

translated as 'before' when it precedes a noun indicating a

person

I'm going to my grandparents.

I am going to the doctor.

dress from Giovanni (I live at Giovanni)

d) translated captures (shows the purpose, quality):

something to eat

typewriter

dining room

4. IN -can be:

translated by

walking in two

return home

marble sculpture
 b) translated mainly when referring to means of
transport

to go by car

to go by train

to ride a bicycle

Locutiuni formate cu IN: in caso di (în caz de), in occasione di (cu ocazia)

5. SU - can be:

a) translated by:

The book is on the table.

lie down on the grass

b) translated about:

a treatise on the history of art

art

Expresii cu SU: parlare sul serio (a vorbi serios), decidere su due piedi (a hotarâ pe loc)

6. PER - it can be:

a) translated by

I buy an apple for my sister.

for my sister.)

fight for peace

b) translated by prinpesauprin:
 exit through the door

send by mail (to expedia by mail)

to get to know each other through correspondence

correspondence

c) translated through the direction, to (in)- used for the verb to leave indicating
distant far

example: to leave for Bucharest (to go to Bucharest)

Tomorrow we leave for France.

7. TRA (FRA) - can be:

translated through, among, between,

between life and death

between two people

among enemies

b) translated mostly (temporal value)

in two hours

in ten months

in a year

!!!!!!!!!!!NOTE: TRA and FRA are followed by the preposition DI when they are before a
personal pronoun

There is nothing between us.

 They are arguing among themselves.

work carefully

I live with my mom

ARTICULATED PREPOSITIONS

In the case where the preposition precedes a definite common noun, it is joined with
the article forming what is called a partitive article.

Preposition + article = "articulated preposition"

Forms:

For the MASCULINE gender:

SINGULAR PLURAL

The preposition IL The LO I THE

DI del of the hello of of the
A the to the hello ai to
YES lentils from the from the dai from
IN in the in the hello no in the
SU south on the on it sui on the

For the feminine gender:

SINGULAR PLURAL

PREPOSITION The The THE

DI of the of the of the
A all to the all
YES from the from the dalle
 IN in the in the in the
SU on on the on the

I speak to the girl.

I write from the sea a letter to my friend.

I am in the garden.

The student’s book is on the table.

NOTE!!!! The preposition and the article do not merge in the case of:

1. the noun is a proper one: the book of Maria (is used instead of).

the book of a girl

of this boy
(about this boy), about this girl (about this child), to that student (to that student)
student

USAGE OF SIMPLE OR ARTICULATED PREPOSITIONS:

I go to Rome I go to university

home (of Marco) theater

at school the market

a cinema the restaurant

right/left the sea

to do the shopping abroad

IN

A little in the city I am going to the office

in the countryside in the living room/in the kitchen

 in the mountains in the garage

incenter in the pizzeria (in Marco's pizzeria)

in the periphery tobacco shop

inEurope butchery

in Romania/Portugal on vacation

(in the United States) on the way

10 Pine Street

Travel by car

intreno

airborne

by bicycle

DI YES

Where are you from? From Rome. I come from London.

This is Mario's house.

of the boy. Vadodate

The Professor's Daughter daStefano

A disc by Luciano Pavarotti. from the doctor

A sculpture made of wood/glass/metal from grandmother

A 90-year-old man. How long have you known him?

A 20-year-old young man

You are stronger than me.

Day work / at night.

Silvia talked to me about her trip.

CON SU

Choose friends. The book is exciting

with Marco I am reading a book about Dante.

content Carlo is a man in his forties.

I write with a pen.

My sympathetic guardian

Luigi speaks with a strong Sicilian accent.

PER

Sea Parting. for example

I waited for you for three hours. by chance = by coincidence

Discovering. fortunately

It is a gift. please

We were talking on the phone. the telephone

TRA/ FRA

We'll see each other in two days.

It is a small town in the mountains.

Let's spend the evening with friends.

Out of all sports, I prefer soccer.

Exercises:

1. Choose the preposition: (choose the prepositions)

Mariella lives in Argentina. a/in

Tropical ice cream shop makes exquisite ice creams. in

In Stefano's apartment there are two bathrooms. in

In Bologna, there is the oldest university in the world. a/in

12 Casale Street. a/in

I really like traveling abroad. in the /to the

Tomorrow we are going to dinner at Veronica's house. a/nella

Living in the outskirts is cheaper than living in the city center. in/a; in/a

Put the prepositions.

At the restaurant "Al Mare" you can eat excellent fish.

My cousin has a house............in the center

Claudia lives in Naples.

The children go to school at 8.

Lorenzo goes to Australia in January.

I usually spend the holidays in the mountains.

Giovanni must be...........his office at 9.

There are many places I would like to visit.................America.

3. Match the sentences from the two columns.

I spend the Christmas holidays in the office

The President of the Republic lives in a plastic bottle factory.

Cristiano meets his clients in the mountains

The language school is located in the living room

Simona's boyfriend works in Rome

In the evening, I often watch television. in Tonino's delicatessen

I bought some excellent ham to the university

Studying in the United States is very expensive. at 66 Casa Bianca street

4. Replace the dots with simple or articulated prepositions:

Whose house is this? This house belongs to ..........Mario.

This house belongs to Mr. Mario.

Whose books are they?The books are ...........student.

The books belong to Gianni Rossi.

Whose notebooks are these? These notebooks belong to ........... madam.

These notebooks are .......... student.

Whose flowers are they?The flowers are ............. boy.

They are the flowers .............Mrs. Gianna.

Who are you talking to? I speak ............ professor.

Who are you talking to? You speak .........colleagues.

Who do you offer flowers to? I offer the flowers ........Luisa.

I offer the flowers ..........ma'am.

Who do you reply to? I respond ............Giorgio.

I respond ..............mom.

I will respond now ........... Mrs. Rossi and then .......... Mr. Marconi.

Where are you going? I'm going to ............mom.

Where are you going? Let's go ............doctor.

Where are you coming from? I return to the university.

Where are you from? I am coming..........my friend.

I come from your parents.

Who do you receive the flowers from? I receive the flowers from Uncle Franco.
 I receive the flowers ...........Francesco.

Where are you writing from? I write ...........sea.

I write ...........Bucharest.

Where do men live? Men live in houses.

Where are you going, Maria? I go to the public garden (park).

Where is the painting? The picture is ..........room.

Where is the book? The book is ............. backpack.

[Link] the dots with simple or articulated prepositions:

The number of pages of my book is large. I write to mother. There is a book on the desk. I
I receive a letter. I receive an aunt a letter. In the class there are ten students.
I am going to university.

6. Put the appropriate partitive article:

I buy .... flowers. I see .... books. I hear .... noises. I have .... notebooks and .... books.
interesting. I write ..........letters to mom. I buy .........Italian newspapers.
On our desks there are .......pencils.

[Link] la indicativul prezent verbele PARLARE, SCRIVERE si SENTIRE:

You speak Italian well.

You .....................to Mrs. Monica. I ...................well the Italian language.

The doctor writes a letter.

of Italian. You ......................to the uncles. They .......................with the pencil.

Carla ............ the phone? Do you .......... this music? We do not ........... well. She
......................the professor? Do the children ..................... our cry? You .................. when he speaks
the uncle?

8. Replace the dots with the present form of the verb ANDARE:

Today we.................... to watch a movie. Where ...................tonight? Sunday ..................... to

visit the museum. Are you .................. at the faculty for Italian classes?

[Link] the article determined in singular and in plural:

red folder (red briefcase) red folders

diligent student diligent students

white flower white flowers

distant friend distant friends

open book open books

gray backpack gray backpacks

famous psychologist famous psychologists

.……… blonde friend (light-haired) ........................blonde friends

10. Put the indefinite article for the words above:

[Link] the dots in the second column of exercise 9 with SOME (a few) and
SOME (a few)

12. Replace the dots either with the definite article or with the articulated preposition, then

Tu mi parli ......... tuo romanzo. Le mie amiche visitano .........Italia. Vado oggi ............ facoltà.
These are the friends .......... mother. I want to visit the palace .......... Medici. This is .........
first group of Italian tourists.

13. Formulate sentences using the words below with articulated prepositions and
known verbs:

the students my group, diligent,

the lessons, manual not very interesting,

the dog your neighbor, black and white

the garden their uncle, Michele the Brave

Michael the Brave

the colors, my pencil, large

Stefano the Great Vlad the Impaler four

(Stephen the Great) Vlad the Impaler

 14. Form sentences using the words below with prepositions, articles and
known verbs:

that house grandparents

the book green my husband

the son the cousins your uncle

the sister-in-law young nice

15. Put in place of the dots the simple preposition, the articulated preposition, or the article.
decision

The pages of this book are yellow. Do you see the library of that gentleman? N...... garden
there are many flowers. Tourists return to Arad. These are not all your books. I beg you
d......... dare ........ book ....... your brother. Did you offer ........ flowers .....your dear sister? Do you remember
Where are Giulia's dad and mum? Maria, let me introduce you to my children.

16. Conjugate the following verbs in sentences (in present indicative, then in perfect.)
(compus):

drawing on the notebook

to cut oneself with the pencil sharpener - to cut oneself with the knife

turn over the folder - upside down folder

17. Complete with the definite article, with the simple or articulated preposition:

These are the students .........my father. You offer a book .........your mother. I give a notebook.
.......... my cousin. I leave on Sunday with ......... my children to the sea. This is the library ......... mine.
wife.
THE QUALIFYING ADJECTIVE
In the Italian language, adjectives are divided into:

a) variable adjective with 4 endings (depending on the gender and number of the noun with which
is agreed

beautiful
small
fat

ragazzo alto(înalt) - ragazza alta(înalta)

tall boys

cute - cute (feminine) handsome - beautiful

gross - gross new

cute - cute beautiful ugly - ugly (feminine)

new - new

b) variable adjective with 2 endings (depending on the gender and number of the noun with which
it is agreed)

intelligent
(unhappy) etc.

intelligente(singular; masc. si fem.) - intelligenti(pl., masc si fem)

difficult interesting - interesting

easy happy - happy

c) invariable adjective (usually colors): blue, pink, purple

a pink skirt

a pink dress

Degrees of comparison of adjectives:

1. positive degree: - the usual form of adjectives:

 beautiful, big, cute, easy, low, etc.

2. comparative degree:

2.1 of superiority - is formed according to the scheme:

more + adjective + than

what

by how much
example: Mario is smarter than Luca.

Mario is more intelligent than Luca.

Marco is more industrious than intelligent.

Marco is more diligent than intelligent.

It is more pleasant to walk than to run.

It is more pleasant to walk than (to) run.

He's cooler than I thought.

It's colder than I thought.

Note: For 'than':

when it is followed by a pronoun or a proper noun we use

when followed by an adjective we use 'che'

when followed by a verb we use 'quanto'

2.2 of equality: - is formed as follows:

as + adjective + as
Mihai is as tall as Cristi.

Mihai is as tall as Cristi.

 2.3 of inferiority: - it is formed as follows:

less + adjective + than

che

of how much
Maria is less ambitious than Carla.

Maria is less ambitious than Carla.

3. superlative degree:

[Link]: it is formed as follows

(article) more + adjective (noun)

less + adjective
Mario is the laziest student in the class.

Mario is the laziest student in the class.

Mario is the laziest student in the class.

Mario is the laziest student in the class.

[Link]: is formed by adding the endings issimo, issima, issimisiissime

beautiful - beautiful

beautiful - beautiful

!!!!!!!!!Observations:

Adjectives can stand both before and after nouns.

Adjectives agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they accompany. When
The nouns are more numerous and are of different genders; the agreement is made in masculine.
plural
 The engineer and his wife are nice.

The engineer and his wife are nice.

When the gender of the nouns is the same, the respective gender is maintained in agreement:

Example: Carla and Ioana are nice.

Carla and Ioana are nice.

3. The adjective grandecând is in front of masculine and feminine nouns that do not
It falls under the exceptions of the determined article using formagran:

a great book

a great lady

4. The adjectives bellosiquello (distant demonstrative adj.) are adjectives with 4 endings and not
they present irregularities when positioned after the noun. However, when they are in front of them
the 2 adjectives behave like the definite article (they have the same endings):

nice boy - nice boys beautiful girl - beautiful girls

beautiful friend - beautiful friends beautiful friend - beautiful friends

beautiful student beautiful student

that boy - those boys that girl

that friend that friend

that student that student

acela

5. The demonstrative adjective of proximity behaves the same as qualifying adjectives.

these have the 4 endings depending on the gender and number of the noun they agree with
this

this boy - this girl this student - this female student

these boys - these girls these students - these female students

 PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS

The possessive pronoun and adjective have the same form.

MALE Feminine

singular plural singular plural

I sing. mine my mine mie

You (singular) form. you age Yours you
3rd person singular. his spring Your sue
We ours ours Ours ours
You (plural) yours yours Yours your
3rd person plural. they they They they

The use of the possessive adjective:

In the Italian language, the order is as follows:

Definite / indefinite article + possessive adjective + noun

Exemple: la mia scuola, il tuo bambino, i nostri libri, le nostre figlie, il tuo indirizzo, la loro casa,
his cat, our son, your sister, her book etc.

!!!!!!EXCEPTIONS: The possessive adjective is NOT preceded by an article when:

The noun it accompanies is in the vocative case.

Well done my boy!

My friend, are you coming to school today?

2) the noun expresses a degree of kinship:

example: my mother, my father, your brother, his sister etc.

!!!!!!!NOTE: In the case of nouns that express degrees of kinship preceded by possessive adjectives,
the article is noted only and exclusively when:

a) the degree of kinship is in plural: my brothers, our cousins, his aunts, your sisters, the
his grandchildren etc.
b) gradul de rudenie este diminutivat: il mio fratellino (fratiorul meu), la mia sorellina (surioara
my mom, your granddaughter etc.

c) the degree of kinship is preceded by the possessive adjective their: their father, their grandmother, their
sister etc.

d) the degree of kinship is accompanied by another adjective alongside the possessive adj.: your nice
brother, your beautiful sister, her young mother etc

Exercises:

1. Choose the appropriate adjective to complete the sentence:

Pass me a pen...... .. (Give me a pen.)

black b) black black d) black

I know many boys......

German German c) Germans German

Silvia has an apartment with four rooms.

bowl b) at c) beautiful d) beautiful

Tonight on television there is a very ...... movie.

beautiful b) beautiful c) beautiful beautiful

My brother has a car.......

a) green green c) green d) greens

2. Find the mistakes and correct them. At most one mistake in a sentence.

The road where your cousins live is very dark.

I bought new glasses.

My wife has brown eyes and brown hair.

Your daughter is a very intelligent student.

Which tree is full of flowers.

What beautiful eyes you have!

 Cecilia is a good friend of Stefania.

I live in a quiet and very beautiful city.

Here is an extremely interesting monument.

3. Put in plural:

your house ......... their newspaper...........

my friend ........ their vacation...........

our car......... his scene............

his book.......... his gaze (glance)........

your office (=office) my room

4. Complete with simple or articulated prepositions:

I have been in Milan for a few days. I live on Via Roma No. 5. I stay at home only on
Good weekend. Yesterday afternoon I went out of the house to go to the dentist.

5. Replace the dots with a possessive accepted by the context:

We come to school with our .... friends.

We come to school with our friends.

I am going to the cinema with my brother.

Pietro and Marco come to school with the ......car.

c. Paolo goes to the theater with his ......parents.

You call your friend.

6. Put the verbs in the present indicative, in the requested person:

You will sing a beautiful song.

b. Pietro has a bright room.

We want to go to the cinema this evening. Are you coming too?

Maria washes herself every day.

7. Format sentences with comparative elements indicated by mathematical symbols.

1. Paola, her sister is nice.

.................................................................................................................

Marco, = good job, his brother.

.................................................................................................................

3. The energy crisis, - concerning, pollution (=pollution)

.................................................................................................................

4. Your sister, = calm down, you.

.................................................................................................................

5. You, bigger, your brother.

.................................................................................................................

6. This book is more interesting than that one.

.................................................................................................................

7. Michela, spend =, Carla.

.................................................................................................................

8. Luisa, - brave in French, her brother.

.................................................................................................................
My trip is more interesting than yours.

.................................................................................................................

Your task is difficult, mine.

.................................................................................................................

11. This summer, - hot, last summer.

.................................................................................................................

12. This city is beautiful, that one.

.................................................................................................................

That girl, + beautiful, intelligent.

.................................................................................................................

14. It's hot in Milan, in Naples.

.................................................................................................................

15. My work (= the work), more interesting, convenient.

.................................................................................................................

16. To be - important, to know, to understand.

.................................................................................................................

[Link] by car is faster than going by train.

.................................................................................................................

18. Being + boring, washing the dishes, cooking.

.................................................................................................................

8. Complete with the appropriate possessive adjective.

You see ......................................... friends.

Take the car.

Anna loves her sister very much.

We prefer to be a baker.

5. I write a letter to ......................................... professors.

6. With ....................................... money he wants to buy a backpack.

[Link] father at 2 PM.

8. They left with .................................... children for Rome.

Tomaso often takes his little brother to the cinema.

10. (the cats) ................................................... sleep on the armchair.

[Link] and Filippo listen to ............................................ records.

Your sister likes spaghetti with pesto.

13. (but your) friends are always late.

14.(but ours) flowers are always beautiful.

15. (but only) ........................................................ brothers went to the cinema with (their)
............................ uncle.

The human body

Hello Maria, how are you?

Hello Marta, thank you for the question, but I am feeling unwell.

Why?

Why does my head hurt.

- To help you get rid of your headache, I suggest we have a little chat together.
Italian. This way we learn to converse.

In what way?

Here, you will try to describe the head of your daughter, Anna, who is so cute.

- I will gladly try; maybe this way the pain will pass. At least I no longer think about the illness.
Of course. So, my beautiful daughter has a great personality...

- No, Maria, not like that. We have decided to describe only your daughter's head, for the
At the moment we are not interested in anything else.

Alright. So: he has two blue eyes, this big!

It's not good at all!

But how is that possible? You are never happy.

Let's proceed systematically. I will ask you questions and you will answer me. How are his/her...
hair?

They are brown, not too long nor too short.

Intertwined?

Loose. Doesn't like braids. Is that okay with you?

Yes, in telegraphic style. How's the forehead?

High and....

Thank you. What color is your daughter's skin?

- Rather dark, that is, she never has very light skin. When she comes back from the sea, she looks like a
Gipsy. The cheeks are almost always red as are the lips. She is truly beautiful.
especially when he laughs as his white, regular, and clean teeth can also be seen. The
the chin is normal and the nose is a bit small.
- Your daughter is really beautiful. Well, I have to go now but we will continue next time.

But after a couple of hours, Maria returned to Marta and they continued the conversation.

I'm asking you a rather difficult question. The head connects to the trunk through the neck or
the throat?

Now I'll explain. The neck is what we see on the outside, while we refer to the throat when we
It deals with the inside, that is, I absolutely have to say I have a sore throat and not otherwise.

Exactly. But what can a man's shoulders be like?

It depends. Generally, men have broad shoulders and narrower hips while the
The woman presents herself entirely in reverse. It is not a rule: there are tall and slender girls.
that have the same width both in the shoulders and in the hips.

- But you know, to go into more detail with the description of the human body we need to
remember other things for this area as well. So, we can add that there are also
of the muscles and the skin.

- But not only. Inside we find the lungs, the heart, the liver, the stomach, the spleen, the
kidneys, intestines, ribs, back, belly, spine ...

- Stop it! You look like you're in an anatomy class. And you're so silly.

- Well, by now ... it's better to finish the description of the limbs...

Yes, but I'm not as good as you at speaking Italian. So, you have to tell me.
How are the limbs of the human body?

- Since we are no longer talking about your daughter, but about the human body in general, also the
Description of the limbs will seem like an anatomy course. So, the arm is formed
from the arm proper, connected via the elbow to the forearm. Then we have
the wrist and, finally, the hand with the five fingers: the thumb, the index, the middle, the ring, the
pinky

Do you know what the person who writes with their left hand is called?

That person is left-handed. But what could you tell me about the legs?

The leg is made up of the thigh, the knee, the calves, the ankle, and the foot.
The foot, in turn, is made up not only of the toes but also of the heel and the sole of the foot.

- That's enough for today. Despite everything, we have finished the discussion on the human body. We have left
I'm putting off talking about Anna. So, next time you will also tell me about her personality.
of Anna.
VOCABULAR

I'm feeling bad mento - barbie

headache the nose

to have a chat - to tell stories trunk

the head - the skull collar - groove (external part)

gladly - with pleasure gola - ridge (inner part)

try - to attempt the shoulders - the backs

At least - macar otherwise - differently

So - then sold

Only narrow - tight, constricted

Not at all - deloc on the contrary - oppose

Hair - by slim - agile

Chestnut - satin add

Blond lungs - lungs

Moreno - brunette liver

Short kidney

Braided - woven spleen - spleen

Braid - weaving ribs

Dissolved - unfolded the back - the back

Smooth - lines comic, funny

Riccioli - loops the belly

forehead arm

skin elbow - cot

Rather - rather forearm - forearm

Dark - dark (in color) The finger/fingers

Cheek - image thumb

The lip/ the lips - lip/ the lips the index - the indicator

Especially - above all middle - middle finger

Laugh - a raid the ring - the ring

Dantatura - dantura the little finger

Tooth - tooth left-handed - staunch

Gamba - leg heel - heel

Thigh - thigh plant - sole of the foot

Knee The foot

Shank - pulp Ankle

Despite everything

If we want to make a portrait, we will use the following words:

Statura: alta, bassa (scund), medio; di alta statura, di bassa statura, di media statura

Head: large, normal, small

Capelli: castani, bianchi, biondi, neri, rossi, mori(brunet); lunghi, corti, ricciuti (ondulati,
smooth (right, line)

Eyes: black, blue or sky blue, brown (hazel)

long, short, thin, fat

Exercises:

1. What is the human body made of? What is the head made of? What are the
Most important organs? What are the names of the fingers on the hand? What are they composed of?
le gambe? Qual'è l'altezza del Suo corpo? Qual'è il Suo peso? Che colore hanno i tuoi
Eyes? And the hair?
2. Draw a portrait of your favorite friend. Make your own portrait (self-portrait).
THE IMPERFECT OF VERBS

The imperfect tense of regular verbs

I - ARE II - ERE III -IRE

Wash to believe to sleep

I I washed I believed I was sleeping

You I have washed you thought I slept

Him wash I believed was sleeping

We were washing we believed we were sleeping

You were washing creed dormivate

They were washing. they believed they were sleeping

I was washing

The reflexive imperfect

to wash oneself to see each other to serve oneself

I I was washing myself I saw myself I was using myself

You I washed you you saw yourself you served

Him he/she was washing it could be seen if it served

We were washing ourselves we saw each other we needed

You were washing you were seeing you served

They were washing themselves they were seen if they served

I was washing myself

The imperfect of irregular verbs

Fare dire dare

I made I was saying dabo

You I faced you were saying
davi

Him was doing he/she said dava

We were doing we said we were giving

You were doing you said davate

They were doing they said they gave

I had

to have to be

I I had ero

you you had he/she

him he/she had era

we we had we were

you you had you were

they they had they were

Exercises:

[Link] the imperfect verbs from the following sentences:

Open the window to let in the fresh air. Meet two friends on the tram. Correct the mistakes.
of the task.

2. Put the verbs in parentheses in the imperfect.

Before going out, Maria closed the windows. I wanted to go out quickly. Be careful and
Wear the coat. They work in a factory and are very happy. Must write and
read a lot. Who did you write to last night? Where were we on Tuesday evening? (Come) from
your dear professor.

3. Conjugate the verbs in parentheses in the imperfect tense:

Dana, why not use my dictionary? She ate everything she had. Not
(to be able to) bear. They cried because (to get lost) in the woods (forest). She (to come) to me yesterday, and
I say that I do not study carefully. We greet our colleagues and move away.
sunny road. Giorgio fell to the ground and broke the glass. We had the honor of
Tell them that the show should take place at the Athenaeum.

THE PERFECT COMPOUND TENSE

The compound perfect tense indicates a completed action in the past, but within a past context.
appropriately. Structurally, this tense is formed from an auxiliary verb and the participial form of
auxiliary verbs to conjugate. In the Italian language, the auxiliary verbs that make up this tense
compounds and verbs are to be used in their present tense form.

We have thus:

To have + the participle of the verb to be conjugated

To be
(at present)
In the Italian language, the verbs in the participle mood are regular and irregular.

[Link] PARTICIPLES: - the form of the participle of verbs is obtained by adding

specific endings of the other three verb groups I, II, and III. If the regular verbs in the infinitive
at the termination -are -eresi -irela regular participle these will transform, in participle, into
-ato -utosi-ito. Thus we have:

I -ARE II - ERE III - IRE

(participle) I -ATO II - UTO III - ITO

exemplu: cantare(infinitiv) - cantato(participiu) (cântat)

to know

to sleep

Therefore, in the perfect tense we will have:

I will sing The knowledge III sleep

I have sung I found out I slept

You have sung Did you know? Did you sleep?

He sang he/she knew he/she has slept

We have sung we have learned we slept

You have sung you have known have you slept

They sang they have known they slept

2. IRREGULAR PARTICIPLES: -a series of verbs form the participle with the help of
other terminations. We have as follows:

[Link] that end in -so

to turn on

to wait

Close - closed

Running - ran (to flee, to run - flees)

decide

to defend

Spread - spread

to divide

Bite - bite (to fly)

Offend - offended

to take

Return - returned (to give back)

To laugh - laughter (to laugh)

Descend - descended

speso
 To kill - killed (he/she kills)

2. Verbs ending in -tto

to correct

cooked (to bake)

to say

made (a face)

fry - fried (to fry, to cook)

read - read (to cite)

to break

to write - written (to write)

to tighten - tight

to translate

product

to conduct

3. Verbs that end in a consonant + to

to ask

to pick

to collect

to paint

to reach

to die

to hide
 to offer

to cry

to extend - to carry

place - set (to put)

to prick - point (to prick)

to summarize

to solve

to respond

to choose

to turn off

to see - seen (to see)

to win

4. Form of participle without a specific rule

to drink - drunk (by Bea)

put - put (to place)

to move

to be born

to come - come (to come)

pleasure - pleased (to please) - attention!!! This verb is conjugated in the tenses
composition, to guess

live - lived (to attract) - attention!!!! This verb is conjugated in compound tenses,
thus

1. With being has an intransitive meaning (he lived in Cluj his whole life - he had th
Cluj all my life)
 2. With a transitive verb (I lived a beautiful experience - I lived a)
beautiful experience)

!!!!!!!!OBSERVATIONS:
1. All transitive verbs (verbs that accept alongside them) are conjugated using the auxiliary verb.
direct complement

2. It is conjugated using the auxiliary verb essere: - intransitive verbs (verbs that do not accept a

direct complement next to them; especially verbs of movement

all verbs in the passive voice

all verbs in the reflexive voice

3. All conjugated verbs had the participle agreed with the number and gender of the subject.

Example: Maria left quickly. Maria left early.

Luca has arrived at school.

We were in a hurry.

3. Conjugation of the verbs avere / essere in the present perfect.

TO HAVE TO BE
I I had I have been

You have you had you have been

Him, her has had it was (to be)

We we have had we have been (and)

You you have had you have been

They they had they were

Exercises
1. Put the verbs in the perfect compound, to the requested person:

Were you at school yesterday?

Maria is going to do the shopping.

c. I will write you a letter.

2. Transform the following sentences into plural:

I take the smallest room.

Why won't this book open?

This poem is difficult to understand.

You discuss, examine, analyze and never conclude anything.

In the afternoon I will go to visit Barbara.

The lesson starts at eight.

The law is the same for everyone.

Mario reads the newspaper every morning.

Why do you come in and out without ever asking for permission?

If you want to become a great actor, you have to work hard and give up many things.

I get up at seven, get dressed, have breakfast, prepare my books, rush out and remember: it is
Sunday.

3. Complete the following sentences with the present indicative of the verbs in parentheses:
 Every day the grandfather accompanies Luisa to the gardens.

Come on, Mr. Rossi: I'll offer you a coffee.

Mario always dresses with a lot of elegance.

We believe little in your promises.

We do not see each other very often, but we talk to each other every day on the phone.

(you) are late and if you do not hurry you will miss the plane.

Franco, instead of wine, prefers beer.

My son wants to enroll in the classical high school.

I do not like modern furniture, I prefer antique ones. Maria is coming to...
meet us twice a year.

4. Put the following sentences in plural or singular:

I sing my song, you sing your song.

We learn our lesson.

I look at my hand.

You read in your book, I read in his notebook.

You have not received my letter, we have received yours.

The traveler arrives with his luggage.

The young lady has her flaws.

This is her hat.

This is my benefactor.

They have a very good lawyer.

My neighbors are nice, yours are unfriendly.

 The student has his difficult problem.

Their dreams are unattainable.

The young lady arrives with her little dog.

This doctor has his regular clients.

5. Conjugate the verbs in parentheses in the present tense, in the requested person:

I do not know if today is the party.

You (will stay)..... here, I (will arrange)....... the suitcases and (will return)....... to you right away.

We (do not sing) ........ Neither this nor that song.

Paolo is an egotist, thinking only of himself.

The boy couldn’t stay there anymore, now he is coming down.

Today I do not take a coffee, I desire a cup of tea.

We always do our duty and want to continue doing it.

Today we cannot go out because we are having a reception at our house.

6. Put the verbs in the Present Perfect:

Are you reading the book that I lent you?

Are you going to book the table at the restaurant?

(we, buy)........the tickets at the cinema. You (see).....the movie already yesterday?

(you, eat)......the strawberries?

The friends that we meet are leaving for India.

Are you (plural) going to work?

 Today I bought a nice pen.

We were reading a book while you were watching TV.

(you, understand).......what I (I, say)........

you (plural) put the bag on the table.

They (write)........a letter. Have you (received).......?

Are you going to turn off the lights?

(we, spend).........a lot at the market.

7. Put the verbs in the present indicative:

(do you know) ..... what time it is? (we are) ........ late.

(You) can come with us to the theater, if (you) want.

What (are you going to do) later? (Are you going out) with Maria?

He is tired, going to sleep.

When she finishes her homework, Francesca has to do the shopping.

The director cares a lot about punctuality, we must be on time.

8. Put the verbs in the perfect tense:

An unfortunate thief

A thief enters _____________ a bank with weapons in hand. He takes _____________ the
money from the safe Eva ______________ quickly. Slips through the streets
_______________because of a banana peel and a big dog he falls
__________________ on the criminal. The robber is trying ____________in vain to free himself from the
dog. In the end, the police, alerted by the bank, arrives and arrests
______________the thief.

9. True or false? Circle the correct option based on the text from point 8:

A student enters a bank with weapons in hand. True or false

The thief takes a famous painting from the safe. True false

The thief slips on a banana peel. True false

 The robber plays with the dog. True false

The police, alerted by the dog, arrest the thief. True false

10. Answer the following questions based on the text in point 8:

a. Why does the thief enter the bank?

..................................

b. What happens when the thief leaves the bank?

..................................

c. Why can't the thief escape from the police?

..................................

d. How does the story of the unfortunate thief end?

..................................

11. Complete with the perfect tense and the present indicative:

Last Sunday, Cristina and I went to Arezzo. (We chose) _______________

this very day because in this city, every first Sunday of the month, (to be)
We are leaving for a very famous antique fair.
Car at 8 and at 9:30 (arrive) ______________. Immediately (we go) _____________ to the
historic center of the city where the fair is usually held. (We see) _______________ things
Very beautiful and interesting: antique furniture, paintings, jewelry, watches. (We walk)
________________ for a long time and (have fun) _______________ admiring so many strange objects and
Cristina in the end could not resist.
(to buy)__________________ a rather antique bracelet.

THE PERSONAL PRONOUN

The personal pronoun

The personal pronoun can function as a SUBJECT and as a COMPLEMENT.

1. The forms of the personal pronoun used as the subject (the person who...
speaks/person with whom one speaks:

person singular plural

I I us
 II you you

III lui they (masculine and feminine)

Ex.: I write a letter (I write a letter); we are happy (we are pleased); you
perchè taci? (tu de ce taci?);voinon siete a casa (voi nu sunteti acasa)

2. Personal pronoun with complement value. We have 2 types of forms:

unaccentuated forms (atonal forms)

a) STRESSED FORMS (the tonic forms) are used in sentences having the following
functions:

-complement direct (the action falls directly on the object); in this situation, the pronoun is NOT
accompanied by a preposition (unlike Romanian when for the direct complement indicating a
we use the preposition 'on'

person singular plural

I me us (about us)

II you you (to you)

III him/ her (on him/ on her) them (for him/for her)

Example: Mario saw me, not him.

They really wanted you. (I wanted you clearly)

Today, Maria sees them.

- indirect complement in dative (we assign, give 'to someone'); in this situation the personal pronoun
this is accompanied by the preposition:

person singular plural

I to me to us (new)

II to you (tie) to you (plural)

III to him/to her (him, her) to them (them)

I offer her a bouquet of flowers.

 I give you the book.

other complements, a situation in which the emphatic form of the pronoun is preceded by prepositions
to, from, with, on, etc.

Person singular plural

I of, from, with me of, from, with we

between, in, on among, in, on

II di, da, con you of, from, with you

between, in, on between, in, on

III of, from, with him, her di, da, con they

between, in, on in

I am talking about you.

we arrived before them.

smile. (it will be fine)

There is something between him and her.

b) UNACCENTED FORMS (the unstressed forms): they are always used without prepositions; they
they are also called pronominal particles:

-me, -you, -him for the first and second person singular and plural. They are the same forms.
both for the direct object and for the indirect one.

I told you

he/she offers a bouquet of flowers

we have praised you

I will gladly see you again.

short form (unaccented) long form (accentuated)

I told you - I have told you

offers flowers (neofera flowers) - offer fioria noi (nor offers)

we have praised you - we have praised you

I will gladly see you - I will gladly see you again

(I will gladly see you again) (I will see you with pleasure)

the third person unaccented forms with the function of direct object (Accusative case)
always) are different from those with indirect complement function (Dative case):

direct object: him (masc. sg) the (masculine plural)

the (fem. sg.) the (feminine plural)

loconosco

laosservo (oobserv)

I warn

to limit (you limit)

the indirect complement: gli (masc. sg.) they (masculine and feminine plural)

the (fem. sg.)

I offer a flower (îiofer o floare) (masc.)

I offer her a flower.

offroloroun flower (lionflower or flower)

short form (unaccented) long form (accentuated)

I recognize him/her I know him

laosservo observed (the observation of it)

I warn you I warn them

limit imitate them (the imitated ones)

I offer a flower I offer her a flower.

I offer you a flower I offer her a flower.

offroloroun fiore I offer them a flower.

PRONOUNS AND IDENTITY ADJECTIVES

Pronouns and identity adjectives

Forms of the pronoun and adjective of identity:

stesso, stessa, stessi, stesse

medesimo, medesima, medesimi, medesime

1. As an adjective of reinforcement, it is similar to...

They always follow personal pronouns, proper names, or nouns.

with definite articles or determined by demonstrative adjectives.

- If in Romanian these forms agree in gender, number and person, in the Italian language
these are granted in terms of number:

I myself myself

Yourself - yourself yourself

Himself herself

Ourselves we ourselves - we ourselves

Yourself - yourselves you yourselves - you mean

They themselves themselves

You have done it yourselves!

The strengthening adjectives can still stand between a possessive adjective and a noun reinforcing the meaning.
of the adjective:

This is your own work.

If in the same context it is placed after the noun, then it strengthens the meaning of the noun:

my own work, indeed my own work

The term 'medesimose' is used less frequently in the current language. We encounter it more in older texts.
2. As an adjective and demonstrative pronoun of identity, 'stesso' ("the same") 'stessimo'
(the same) is always found before nouns that have a definite article (rarely an indefinite one)

lost watch (the same watch)

last photo (the same photo)

same facts

glistessigiardini (the same stairs)

the same stories

the same lies

That man is always the same / he is always the same.

the same)

- when the noun is preceded by a possessive, the demonstrative will precede them
both: my adjunct - this is my adjunct (the same adjunct of mine); the
your cousin (your cousin) - last your cousin (the same cousin of yours)

- sometimes the possessive can also be after the noun: the same cousin of mine - the same
my aunt.

While demonstrative adjectives of identity (depending on the context) can also play a role
As for pronouns, reinforcing adjectives never appear as pronouns.

This film is the same as the one I saw last year.

whom I saw last year.) - pronoun value

You don't seem the same to me anymore.

pronoun

e.g.: Know yourself. - has the value of an adjective not of

pronouns considering the presence of struggle

!!!!!!Observation:

The same can have an adverbial function; in this case, it is translated as anyhow, all.

Even if you don't want to, I will leave anyway.

Exercises:

1. Replace the italicized words with the appropriate personal pronoun.

1. Paola loves jewelry: we will give Paola some jewelry.

..............................................................................................................................

Franco saw his friend, greeted his friend, and spoke to the friend.
.................................................................................................................................

Did you forget the keys?

..............................................................................................................................

4. Damnoil disca me and I register the disc for Anna.

.................................................................................................................................

They must give him the necklace so that he can take the necklace to his mother.

.................................................................................................................................

[Link] will visit the city with us.

..........................................................................................................................................

Carla buys this bag for Maria.

..........................................................................................................................................

8. Buy this puppy from Franco!

..........................................................................................................................................

9. Tell me the truth!

..........................................................................................................................................

This will please your parents!

..........................................................................................................................................

Piero gave flowers to mom.

..........................................................................................................................................

I bought a nice puzzle for my father.

..........................................................................................................................................

We offered ice cream to the friends.

..........................................................................................................................................

I just spoke with my grandparents a little while ago.

..........................................................................................................................................

I gave the book to the professor.

..........................................................................................................................................

He has bought some records for Pia and Laura.

..........................................................................................................................................

17. I took some photos of my Roman friend.

..........................................................................................................................................

I told my cousins to come early.

..........................................................................................................................................

2. Complete with the appropriate personal pronoun.

Are you studying Italian? ........................... studio.

Do you also know the English language? Yes, I know it.

Do you know the irregular verbs? Yes, ................. I have studied them.

Do you remember all the fountains of Rome? Yes, I remember them very well.

5. Bring the basket to the grass! Yes, .............. I'll bring it right away.

6. How do you find this salami?................ I find it really good.

Where do you lay the tablecloth? ............ I lay it on the grass.

8. Do you see that tree in the meadow? Yes, I see it.

Do you want some wine? - No, thank you, I don't want it.

10.- How many pages have you read? - ............ I have read twenty.
11.- Did you do all the exercises? - No, I only did half of them.

12. The dessert is very good: ............ I will have it again.

13.- How much money have you spent? - ............ we have spent a little.

14. How many gifts have you received? - I have received four.

15.- Do you have many friends? - Yes, .......... I have a lot.

16.- How many letters have you written? - ............ we have written two.

17.- Do you have some money to lend me? - I'm sorry, but I don't have any.

18.- How old is your brother? - ............ is thirty-three.

19.- How many candies did you eat? - I haven't eaten any.

20.- How many trams do you take to come to school? - ............ I take just one.

I looked for my friends, but I didn't find anyone.

22.- Do you want more dessert? - No, we don't want any more.

23.- How much bread do you buy every day? - ............ I buy a kilogram.
 THE FUTURE

I. THE FUTURE OF REGULAR VERBS:

I -ARE II -ERE III -IRE

sing to write to leave

I I will sing I will write I will leave

You Canterai you will write I will leave

He, she will sing will write will depart

We we will sing we will write we will leave

You poem you will write you will leave

They they will sing they will write they will leave

TO HAVE TO BE

I will have I will be

you will have inn

will have it will be

we will have we will be

you will have you're going to be

they will have they will be

Exercises:

1. Pass the following sentences to all the people:

I will always remember this holiday.

Tomorrow I will leave for a long journey.

I will not fear the difficulties of the exam.

Next week I will speak in public.

I will never pay this high price.

2. Replace the infinitive with the future tense:

You will find the desired book on the table. You always believe in men.
Monday Marialavarei clothes (ruffles). Tomorrow, ladies, will you be present at the classes? Soon
Lucia is having guests for dinner. We are also invited. I will take Italian courses and when
speak well, also write beautiful poems.

3. Conjugate the verbs in the future tense:

to eat
 THE IRREGULAR FUTURE
THE IRREGULAR FUTURE
1. The verbs of the first conjugation ending in -are in the future receive an 'h' between the root and
future terminus (if in the present they receive only for the second person singular and first person plural.
in the future these will be received by each person

SEARCH PAYABLE

I I will search I will pay

You you will search you will pay

He/She will seek he/she will pay

We we will search we will pay

You you will look for you will pay

They they will search they will pay

2. Observation!!!! IFYOUdoNOT change the vowel in

DARE FARE DUTY POWER

I will give I will do I will have to I will be able to

you will give I will do you will have to you will be able to

he/she will give will do will have to will be able to

we will give we will do we will have to we could

you will give you will do you will have to you will be able to

they will give they will do they will havethey

to will be able to

TO GO SEE TO HEAR TO LIVE

I I will go I'll see I will go I will live

you will go you will see nobody I will live

he will go will see udrà will live

we will go we will see, we will hear we will live

you will go you will see you will strike

you will live

they will go they will see, they will hear they will live

TO KNOW DIRE STARE PLEASURE

I will know I will say I will stay I will please

You will know I will say starai you will please

He will know he/she will say

will be will please

We will know we will say we will stay we will please

You will know you will say you will stare you will please

They will know they will say they will staythey will please

WANT BEAR KEEP to come

I will want I will drink I will hold I will come

You would like he/she/it bears
land will come

He will want berrà land will come

We would like we will drink we will hold we will come

You will want crazy hat you will come

They will want berranno terranno they will come

to put DIE TO REMAIN

I will put I will die I will stay

You could I will die you will remain

He will put will die will remain

We will place we will die we will remain

You will be able to Die you will remain

They will put they will die they will remain

REFLEXIVE VERB IN THE FUTURE

It is formed like regular verbs in the future.

WAKING UP to realize to correct oneself

(to wake up) (to realize) (to be corrected)

I will wake up I will notice I will correct myself

you will wake up you will notice you will correct yourself

he will wake up he/she will notice it will be corrected

we will wake up we will notice we will correct ourselves

you will wake up you will notice you will correct

they will wake up they will realize they will be corrected

EXERCISES:
1. Conjugate the verbs in parentheses in the future tense.

Luisa is writing a letter to her friend.

What do the boys do?

Don't forget the address!

We (WALK) ................................................................ to the sea.

You are having fun on vacation.

We must leave early.

[Link] (COME) ................................................................. with us.

8. Samuel (WILL) ................................................................ come with us.

2. Complete the following sentences with the verbs, SAY, GIVE, DO (in the present, then in the past)
next, then in the imperfect

1. "Why not ................................................................. that you have a beautiful house?"

- I don't do it ................................................................................... because it's not true. »

In the morning, I .................................................................. the bed before going to school.

3. The living room windows ............................................................. overlook the garden but the window
of the kitchen ................................................................................ on the way.

What are these girls doing? Is it nice weather?

5. We are taking a tour of the city and you are doing the homework at home.

You will read this book if you lend me your pen.

You think this movie is bad but we

that is beautiful.

8. What do you do when you are free? And what do they do?
.............................................

THE PAST PERFECT

(More than perfect)

This verb tense of the indicative mood is formed in Italian from the imperfect form of
Auxiliary verbs (to have, to be) are formed from the participle of the verb to be conjugated.

To have + the participle of the verb

To be
 I - ARE II-EAR III - TO GO

To wash to believe to sleep

I I had washed I had believed I had slept

You you had washed you had believed you had slept

Him he/she had washed had believed had slept

We had washed we had believed we had slept

You had washed you had believed you had slept

They had washed had believed they had slept

I washed / I believed / I slept

As for any verb at a time corpus: intransitive verbs, motion verbs, those in the diathesis
reflexive or passive is always conjugated with essere.

Go

I I went

You you went

Him he/she had gone

We had gone (and)

You had gone (and)

They had gone (and)

The past perfect of reflexive verbs:

to wash oneself to see each other to serve oneself

I I had washed myself. I had seen myself I had served myself

you you had washed yourself you saw yourself (a) you were served

him he/she was washing he/she was seen was served

we we had washed (ourselves) we had seen each other we had served ourselves
you you had been washed you were seen you were served

they had washed (themselves) they had seen each other they had served themselves

I washed / saw / served... we washed / saw / served...

The past perfect of auxiliary verbs avere, essere

to have to be

I I had had I was

You you had had you have been

Him had had he was (a)

Us we had had we had been (and)

You you had you had been

They they had they had been

Exercises:
1. Replace the verbs from the previous exercises (from the chapter dedicated to the perfect tense corpus) with
verb in the pluperfect.

RECAPITULATIVE EXERCISES - HOLIDAY HOMEWORK

Complete that conquest.

Which shoes do you choose? ....................................... with high heels?

Do you see ................................... trees in ................................. the meadow over there?

3. "You are always ......................................, you haven't changed at all!", he said to me when we met.
we would meet again twenty years later.

Where are your glasses?

I don't know foreigners; instead, it seems to me that ...

we have already seen in Lugano.
Those who are sleepy should be able to go to sleep!

7. You need to take first ..................................... the road and then ................................. to the right.

I didn't understand what he wanted.

9. Choose from the clothes you prefer.

10.................................... who has nothing to ask should be silent!

11................................... the student is Swiss, while ............................. students there (from there)
they are Americans.

12 friends of Mauro will come on vacation with us.

13.I don't understand ........................................ the exercise, how do you do it?

14. It is better to choose another place, the table is too close.

to the window.

15.- How beautiful ............................ the painting!

- I instead prefer ................................. those drawings over there, they are more beautiful.

2. Complete the following sentences with prepositions.

At his house there is always plenty to drink and eat to your heart's content.

2.................... garden ..................... neighbors have ......................... tropical plants.

We usually go to school at eight eleven.

We haven't seen each other for three years and we will meet only in two months.
London.

Do you want to come to the theater with us or do you prefer to stay at home?
Mattia has been living in France for the last month.

Who is this wool pullover?

8.I'm leaving for Milan tomorrow, do you want to come with me.

9. Davide is not here, he went out an hour ago and will only be back in two hours.
went ................................... to buy a record ................................nearby store
station.

This summer I am going on vacation to the mountains.

I've been waiting for you for an hour.

12. He arrived an hour ago and will leave in two hours.

I will turn eighteen years old in two months.

14. I instead turned five months ...

15............................... when she got her license, she no longer goes out with us.

A quarter of an hour .................................. you said: 'I will be ready ...................... in five minutes.'
Uffà!

Are you going to Marco's?

No, I don't see him/her for fifteen days.

Is it true that Luisa is going on a trip to Rome?

- No, she already went to that city a year ago.

19.- How long has it been since you listened to this album?

- But I heard it no more than an hour .................!

I learn Italian in a few months.

3. Make the following sentences plural.

In that century there was a serious economic crisis.

.................................................................................................................

My uncle has never had a university degree.

.................................................................................................................

Don't drink that coffee, it's not fresh and it can make you sick!

.................................................................................................................

During the night, there is little noise near the lake.

.................................................................................................................

Where is my shirt? I can't find it and I need to leave right away.

.................................................................................................................

When he saw me, he raised his arm to greet me.

.................................................................................................................

Marco is an old friend, he is a modest and sensitive boy.

.................................................................................................................

That beach is magnificent and my cousin really likes it.

.................................................................................................................

My hand has become big and bulky.

................................................................................................................

The man who came to greet me is my grandfather.

.................................................................................................................

4. Conjugate the verbs in parentheses in the present tense.

1. Giulio, do not do the stupid thing, listen.

... your mother!

2. (STARE - him) ...................................................... be quiet for just a moment.

3. (CALL - you) ......................................................... your friends and

(GO)............................................................. to the cinema with them.

4. (TAKE-you) ..................................................... the money and do not (FORGET)

...the newspaper, is it okay?

5. (MUST) ........................................................have patience, you know he's always late!

We must hurry otherwise we will miss the train!

7. Will you finish the soup and go?

.............................................................. in bed !

8. Do not (BE-you) ............................................................ rude to your teachers.

5. Insert the appropriate possessive adjective or pronoun

Miss, how is your mother?

Carlo, when is your brother coming with his girlfriend?

Paolo and Franca stay for another two days at the seaside villa.

I care about (my + adj. poss.) ...... parents.

Paola, can I take ......bag?

Silvia, is your schoolmate also coming this afternoon?

Franco has a house, ..... the house is big.

Guys, do you want to come to the party?

You can invite all your friends to the birthday.

Franco lives with....... cousins? - No, with ...

Paola and Vittoria live together, ..... the apartment is large.

I invite my friends (from + poss. adj.)...... grandparents.

6. COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT ARTICLES AND PREPOSITIONS

The scene takes place in Rome in Piazza della Rotonda. A boy, Francesco, and a girl, Maria,
They are sitting outdoors, at the tables of a coffee shop. Francesco asks Maria for the newspaper and sees that
It's an Italian newspaper. It understands that Maria is not a foreign tourist. .... two boys start
... to speak. Maria is from Milan. She is in Rome ... her parents are visiting their grandparents. She comes every year.
... Then .... two boys are talking. ... Milan, where Maria was born, about Rome (Francesco lives there .... six
years), from Florence, where he was born and about sports. In fact, Francesco is a fan of ... Rome. Maria instead, who
she is not very sporty, she prefers .... trips ... by bicycle. Francesco does not live ... neighborhood of
Pantheon lives around ... Colosseum; but he really likes Piazza ... Rotonda. Who comes ....
feet or ... the bus? Maria, even though she lives .... Milan, knows Rome well and likes it a lot.
visit ancient monuments and museums, particularly in summer, when Rome, due to the heat,
There are many fewer people. Francesco instead prefers ... coffee .... open and ... beautiful tourists.

7. COMPLETE BY CONJUGATING THE VERBS

While she (eating) ....., he (tells) .... her that she is too greedy and that (will do) ...... well
to go on a diet (=regimen).

I did not like the last detective movie I watched last week.
it was good, but I really liked the actors.

3. I know that they had the residence permit in 1990.

Yesterday we got up at seven because we wanted to go to Bern to see.

an exhibition of Picasso. On the train (to meet) ...... your cousins from Lausanne.

5. (You - want) ...... to go to Brazil next year, but I (displeasure) ........ to leave everyone.
your friends in Geneva.
We talked with your sister. She thinks that you have.
need for rest. So, why not (leave) .... two months on vacation?

Every evening when Paola goes out, she closes the door of the house, but yesterday she did not close it.

8. You always say that you care about our friendship, but since I met you, you haven't.
I took the phone to ask myself: "How are you ......?"

9. "Franco, what sport (to practice) ......?" - "None, but (to go) ...... often to the stadium."