DEFINITION

It is the measurement technique to record the TIME AND RHYTHM of WORK of the ELEMENTS.
FROM A DEFINED TASK CARRIED OUT UNDER DETERMINED CONDITIONS, as well as to analyze
the data in order to determine the time required to perform the task at a level of
pre-established execution.

The objective is to establish, through this technique, the standard time for the tasks that are given.
within the processes, it is necessary to have the support of qualified workers for this
task, since they have acquired the skills and knowledge, respecting the safety regulations
and quality.

The analyst responsible for the study must talk in advance with the workers.
selected regarding the purpose and objective of the time study so that at the moment of
that the duration of his task is measured, he performs it normally. If it does not happen
To count on the support of the workforce, the ANALYST must resort to using the video camera.
to record these tasks and then be able to study them

In relation to the machinery

To monitor the operation of the machines and departments; to know the % of downtime and
its causes, to program the load of the machines, to select new machinery, to study the
plant layout, select the means of transporting materials, study and design them
work teams, determine the machining costs, etc.

In relation to the workforce

To determine the number of workers needed, establish work plans, determine and
control labor costs, as a basis for direct and indirect incentives.

In relation to the product

To compare designs, to establish budgets, to schedule production processes,

compare work methods, avoid stoppages due to lack of materials, etc.

Others

Parasimplify the management problems by providing relevant data that allows for resolution.
some of its problems, to improve relations with clients by meeting deadlines
delivery, to determine the date of: acquisition of the materials, to eliminate the times
unproductive, etc.

The good functioning of companies will often depend on the various

stated activities are correctly resolved and this will depend on the goodness of the
calculated working times. The calculated times must be fair because of their duration
It depends on what the worker is going to charge and what the company has to pay.

Time measurement methods

There are many different procedures to measure the TR, evaluate the FR, and determine the K, right?
It should not surprise us that there are many systems to measure industrial-type times. The industrial sector chooses.
which is the most economical, as on one hand there is the cost of its determination and, on the other
Another, the economy that produces its exact determination.

A quick, simple, and unambitious valuation procedure will be used.

accuracy, yes it will be applied to the manufacturing of one or very few pieces.

It will use the most accurate system possible, making a large number of observations, if it has to
collaborate a large number of identical tasks. In the first case, the errors made when calculating the
time type, impact on a single piece and, in general, the economy of the results with the
company exceeding the expenses incurred by its determination.

In the second case, they are interested in taking many measurements to determine the average time with a
great accuracy, because the economically produced benefits of working on many pieces
is greater than the costs incurred by the calculation of that time.

The systems most commonly used by industrials are: estimation, historical data, sampling,
preset times, use of measuring devices: timing, data types. The two
The first indicated systems are non-technical procedures because they are based on the
professional experience. Its use is very necessary in the industry.

Estimation

The calculation of standard times by this procedure is totally subjective. It can only be applied
in those cases where the measurement error has small economic repercussions,
as it happens when having to establish working times for a few pieces. The given typical time,
to make one or a few pieces, it is an estimated value by the management or by those professionals
who have extensive experience in carrying out similar work.

Historical Data

There are companies that have the habit of recording in a specific record, one for each task in
specifically, the times taken to perform that task. By recording the times each time
the jobs are repeated, a series of data is compiled in each record, which are the ones that
They are used to calculate the standard times for this procedure.

Knowing that the distribution of consequences of the times spent performing the same
task, always following the same working method, are grouped as indicated by statistics, easy
It will be, with the obtained data, to determine the parameters that define the distribution curve.
However, and due to the fact that the collected data does not have great accuracy. The calculation of the
time is calculated by averaging a weighted average:

Tp = (To + 4 Tm + Ta) / 6

in which:

Tp. is the standard time.

It is the optimal registered time

Tm is the modal time

You are the most substantial time.

Sampling

This system is used when it is necessary to calculate the times of a large number of tasks performed in
different jobs. For its practical execution, it is necessary to have a clock.
time tracker that indicates the start and end time of each task.

The formula that determines the standard time per piece is:

Tp = TE x p x FR x (1 + K)

Indeed

If a certain job produces n pieces, and a clock has been noted

registrar, the start and the end of the task, the difference between those two readings indicates the time.
employee = TE.

If the time analyst, upon observing each workstation, notes whether the worker is working or
stopped, the recount of the data taken allows us to calculate the % time he is working or
stopped.

it is the average % that the worker is working determined by sampling.

(TE x p) is defined as clock time (TR).

it is called rhythm factor.

It's the rest supplement.

n: is the number of pieces contained in the lot, whose time is being measured. In summary: The
The calculation of standard time per piece involves determining the values for each workstation.
they have the factors of the following expression:

Tp = TE x p x FR x (1 + K)

Predetermined Times (NTPD)

Time measurement systems, according to preset values, are based on analysis

the elemental movements that constitute the cycle to be measured, whose typical values appear in
tables, based on their level of performance. The various elements into which it has been broken down
Tasks are nothing more than micromovements similar to those measured in the unit of.
time called UMT (Unit of Time Measurement), whose value is:

1UMT = 0.00001 hour = 1/100,000 hour = 0.0006 minutes = 0.036 seconds.

There are more than 200 time calculation systems, differentiated by the classification of the
elements that make up the work cycle. The most well-known to industry professionals are the
called:

METHODS TIME MEASUREMENT (MTM), created by H.B. Maynard at Westinghouse Electric Corp.

MOTION TIME ANALYSIS (MTA), created by A.B. Segur.

WORK FACTOR (WF), created by Quick, Shea, and Koehler.

MOTION TIME STANDARDS (MTS), developed at General Electric.

MOTION SYSTEM (MS), developed by Walter Dill.

BASIC MOTION TIME STUDY (BMT), developed by Gerald B. Bailey and Ralph Presgrave.

DIMENSIONAL MOTION TIME (DMT), created by Helmut C, Seppinger.

MAYNARD OPERATION SEQUENCE TECHNIQUE (MOST) developed and improved by H.B.

Maynard.

Highlighting among them the MTM, and within these, its derivatives: MTM-1, MTM-2, and MTM-3, for
its application in workshops. LOC, MCD and STA, for its application in the measurement of jobs
administrative.
Advantages Disadvantages

It allows for a thorough analysis of the method. Uncommon system for all companies.
Appropriate method to obtain standard time It is used in more than twelve different systems.
It does not use direct observation or timing. To achieve credibility, practice is necessary.
to execute the method (times) continue.
Eliminate the need to evaluate performance. They cannot cover all the aspects to consider.
in an industrial process machine time and wait
Allows the calculation of process times Great difficulty in applying to manual tasks
productive in their conception phase. creative (measurement of office work).
It faces continuous and constant improvements. The analyst must have a high degree of
preparation.
Force to keep a record.

The process followed by this system to calculate standard values is as follows:

Break down the task into elementary micromovements.

Micro-movement value using the tables.

Determine the task time type by summing the elementary times, deduced from the
tables, of the various micromovements that constitute the studied work.

Timing
The calculation of work times using a stopwatch is the most used system in
industries.

It is necessary to calculate the following factors:

Time measured with the clock, which in this case will be the stopwatch.

FR = Rhythm Factor.

TN = Normal Time, and

K = Supplements.

Data Type

In a manner similar to that explained in the preset times, they are also measured in the
In the industry, standard times are calculated with the help of tables created within the company.
whose values have been determined by taking measurements with a stopwatch. The type time of
A task is also the sum of the time types of each of the elements that make it up.

This measurement system is widely used in companies that work on demand, as its
application allows you to preset the execution times of various tasks. The
Timers must be very good.

PROCEDURE:

The first step is to establish a good method for measuring your time. Simply recording the
The time of a method that is already being followed leads to endless future problems.

All information regarding the selected task must be obtained and recorded for the
study.

BASIC CRITERIA

Register manual and mechanical work separately.

2. Split the work operation into process phases.

3. Provide as much detail as possible about the work.

4. Record measurable criteria, for example, seam length in centimeters, number of stops
during sewing, number of pressings for the execution of an ironing process, etc.

5. Choose clearly recognizable measurement points. The more precise the chosen point is
(example: lower the presser foot) the more accurate the measurement results will be
different phases.

Basic Concepts
Data collection

The information collected in the Data Intake Form is essential for calculating the time.
type.

Activity or work rhythm.

Clock time, measured with a stopwatch

The activity (A) or work rate is deduced by the timer by observing the pace of the
worker, when compared to what a qualified worker would have at a typical pace.
When we divide the measured activity by the standard rate, the so-called Factor will be determined.
Rhythm (FR).

FR = A / rhythm type

The elements should not be timed only once, because the time could be inaccurate.
calculated, despite the goodwill that the operator and the timekeeper may put in to
that the processes are executed in the same way, there can always be causes that can be
call natural beings that can modify them.

For example: small changes, in the position of the materials, small changes in the situation
of the tools, small modifications in the quality of the materials, small
variations in the growth of the pieces.

Therefore, as the goal is to determine a fair time, it is necessary to record the data several times.
from each element and in this way, have the possibility to compensate for the small differences
that may exist between the recorded measurements.

The fair calculation of the standard time, therefore, requires: to measure clock times accurately,
accurately calculate activities or rhythms, perform the necessary number of measurements.

The basic time (Tb)

The first step for the implementation of this method, after the analyst has taken
full knowledge of the task under study consists of dividing the total operation into a series of
brief elements that correlate with a certain action, in this way, this
fractionation allows for more detailed observation, in addition to achieving greater accuracy in
the calculation of times, as well as identifying bottleneck activities.

The elements into which an operation is divided must have the following characteristics:

Be easy to identify.

Have a clearly defined beginning and end.

Have a short duration (between 0.04 and 0.33 minutes).

They must contain a well-defined action (transport, reach, grasp, etc.).

Valuation (V)

It is about determining the effective work speed of the operator by correlation with the idea.
what the analyst should have for what the typical rhythm should be.

• The assessment of rhythm and supplements are the most discussed aspects.

• They impact productivity, salaries, and workload.

The study of time is not an exact science; there are many subjective factors or criteria involved.
establish the valuation of the rhythm, therefore there is negotiation. Compare the observed rhythm
(measured) with the type rhythm requires practice. The assessment aims to determine, based on the
observed time, what is the basic time that the average worker can maintain both physically
like psychically.

Valuation (V)

Scales0 Performance description Speed of

60-80 75-100 100-133 0-100 march
Norma comparable
British (km/h)
0 0 0 0 Null activity
40 50 67 50 Very slow, clumsy movements, 3.2
insecure, the worker seems half
asleep and disinterested in work.

60 75 100 75 Constant, determined, unhurried, like of 4.8

unpaid pieceworker, but doing well
directed and monitored, it seems slow, but
doesn't waste time on purpose while it
they observe.

80 100 133 100 Active, capable, like a worker 6.4

Rhythm qualified medium paid by contract; log
type with tranquility the level of quality and
fixed precision.

100 125 167 125 Very quickly; the operator acts with great 8
security, skill and coordination of
movements well above the
skilled worker
120 150 200 150 Exceptionally fast; 9.6
concentration and intense effort without
probability of lasting long
periods; performance of a virtuoso, only
reached by a few workers
outstanding.

Rating by Speed or Pace Rating

It is a method of evaluating activity in which only the speed of execution is considered.

for work (per unit of work).

Rhythm

It is the speed at which a worker operates, it can be slow, normal, and fast, it is qualified in
percentages.
Slow Rhythm

It is a work speed below the normal, rated in percentages below 100%, 95%,
90%, 85%.

Normal Rhythm

It is a work pace that can be maintained throughout a day without producing a

excessive fatigue is rated at 100%.

Fast Rhythm

It is a work speed above normal, rated in percentages over 100%, 105%,

110%, 115%, etc. The ratings of the rhythms are done in increments of 5%.

Determination of the number of observations

Another important consideration is to estimate the sample size or the number of

observations that must be made for each element in order to obtain a reliable result
basic times, given a level of confidence and a previously set margin of accuracy
determined.

It is the number of timing readings that must be considered for it to be reliable.

time study of a completed work.

n = (st / kx)2

value in Student's T table, Normal, Poisson, Binomial

s = standard deviation
K = percentage of error

x = average time

n = number of cycles to observe

The statistical treatment is based on the number of observations made previously;

formula to apply beforehand for a confidence level of 95.45% and a margin of error of 5%
You can follow any statistical distribution function:

Confidence levels

Z* Confidence level (%)

1.00 68.00

1.64 90.00

1.96 95.00

2.00 95.45

3.00 99.73

Element 5, emptied from the box onto the assembly table, has the highest coefficient of
variation that is 0.2966, applying the formula

n = (st / kx)2
 Confidence levels

n = [(0.83)(1.4149) / (0.05)(2.81)]2 Z* Confidence level (%)

n = 69.86 to 70 cycles to observe 1.00 68.00

1.64 90.00

1.96 95.00

2.00 95.45

3.00 99.73

Objective Assessment and Synthetic Assessment

Synthetic Assessment

It is the process to determine a load factor for stress elements.

representatives of the work cycle by comparing the observed real elements with
those developed through fundamental movements.

This factor applies to at least two elements, in order to obtain the average of the factors, the
what will constitute the factor that will be applied to all elements except for the elements
controlled by machines.

P = Ft/ O

P = Performance or leveling factor

FtFundamental Movement Time

O = Elemental time by direct observation

Objective Assessment

In this grading method, there are two factors for determining the grading factor.
the performance, these are:

Appreciation of rhythm or pace. It is determined through the Assessment by speed.

Degree of difficulty. The following elements are involved in determining it: extent or part of
body used, pedals, bimanuality, eye-hand coordination, sensory requirements or of
manipulation, weight that is handled or resistance that must be overcome.

Adjustment Table - Objective Grading

Description Lyrics Condition %
1 Body part used A Scarce use of the fingers 0
B Dolls and fingers 1
C Elbow, wrists and fingers 2
D Arms, etc. 5
E Trunk, etc. 8
E2 Lift off the floor with the legs 10
2 Pedals F Without pedals or a pedal with a fulcrum under the foot 0
G 5
3 Use of both hands H Hands help each other, or they work. 0
H2 alternately 18
The hands work simultaneously.
doing the same work in equal parts
4 Coordination of eye and I Rough work mainly by touch 0
hand J Moderate vision 3
K Constant, but not very close 4
L Cautious, quite close 7
M Within 0.4 mm 10
5 Requirements of N Can manipulate crudely 0
manipulation O Only a crude control 1
P It must be controlled, but it must be squeezed. 2
Q It must be handled carefully 3
R Fragile 5

Valuation by Leveling or Factor (Westinghouse System)

In this method, 4 factors are considered when evaluating the operator's performance, which are: skill,
effort or performance, conditions and consistency.

Ability. It is defined as expertise in following a given method and can be explained further.
relating it to the artisanal quality revealed by the very coordination of the mind and hands,
not subject to variation by the will of the operator.

Effort or Commitment. It is defined as a demonstration of the will to work efficiently.

performance is representative of the speed at which the skill is applied, and can be
highly controlled by the operator within the limits imposed by skill.

Conditions. They are those that affect the worker and not the operation, the elements that
The working conditions that would be affected are: temperature, ventilation, light, and noise.

Operator consistency. These are the time values that the operator performs, they must be evaluated.
while the study of the elemental values of time that repeat is taking place
constantly or infrequently.

Each of these factors is weighted according to already established tables.

 Valuation Table for Leveling (Westinghouse System)

Ability Effort
+0.15 A1 Very skilled + 0.13A1 Excessive
+0.13 A2 Very skilled + 0.12A2 Excessive
+0.11 B1 Excellent + 0.10B1 Excellent
+0.08 B2 Excellent + 0.08B2 Excellent
+0.06 C1 Good + 0.05C1 Good
+0.03 C2 Good + 0.02C2 Good
0.00 D Middle 0.00D Medium
-0.05 E1 Regular -0.04 E1 Regular
-0.10 E2 Regular -0.08 E2 Regular
-0.16 F1 Bad -0.12 F1 Bad
-0.22 F2 Bad -0.17 F2 Bad

Conditions Consistency
+ 0.06A Ideals + 0.04A Perfect
+ 0.04B Excellent + 0.03B Excellent
+ 0.02C Hello + 0.01C Good
0.00D Media 0.00D Media
-0.03 E Regulars -0.02 E Regular
-0.07 F Bad -0.04 F Bad
The judgment of activity

It is applied to stabilize all the factors of work: product, machines, tools, method of
execution, in order to avoid irregularities and obtain a short and constant work cycle.

However, there is a factor that is impossible to fully stabilize: the operator himself, who
they execute their task at their own pace which depends on their physical and mental personality and which does not
can be disturbed.

In this way, the timing of a particularly skilled and fast worker would give a time
reduced that could not be respected by a less skilled and slower worker; to the
On the contrary, the timing of a slow worker would yield an abnormally extended time.

To establish an uncontestable manual time, it is necessary to find a performer, generally

fictional, representing the average worker; this is achieved by weighting with an activity factor
each phase executed by a properly trained operator. This activity determines the
effectiveness of the operator's movements based on three factors:

Working method: the more or less rational use of movements.

•Precision: the greater or lesser certainty in hand movements.

Speed: the execution speed of movements.

Each timed period will be assigned to a reference activity that will not be arbitrary: this
it must correspond to the activity they would have in the development of their task, without affecting their health and
during the workday, an executor employing all their potential for activity and taking
the compensatory rest agreed upon based on the necessary effort, under the conditions of
environment in which it is found.

It is accepted as a normal activity that a person walks at a speed of 5

km/h in

straight line, no load, firm ground, with steps of 0.75 m, environment at 13° C with a humidity of
60%.

A trained timer is capable of appreciating the activity of an operation with an error of ±

5%.

Once we have chosen the activity scale, we must correct the observed times with the
benchmark activity (normal or optimal according to the company). To do this, we must distinguish the

different concepts of time

Observed time: It is the actual time elapsed in the various phases of the work.

Chosen time: It is the real observed time, statistically selected according to the
activity, also selected. This selection is made by the Gauss method or others.

Corrected time: It is the chosen time, adjusted based on the activity performed and the
reference activity (normal or optimal, for example, with a scale of 75/100 it is usually corrected to
activity 100).

Indexes for the appreciation of the activity

Comparison table of activities of international labor measurement systems

Table of conversion factors for time in international measurement systems of work

The clock time (CT)

It is the time that the worker is working on the execution of the assigned task and that is
measure with the clock. (The stops made by the producer are not counted, both to attend to their
personal needs such as to rest from the fatigue caused by one's own work.
The rhythm factor (RF)

This new concept is used to correct the differences produced when measuring the TR, motivated by
there are fast, normal, and slow workers in the execution of the same task. The coefficient
corrector, FR, falls calculated by comparing the work rate developed by the producer that
carry out the task, with which a skilled normal operator would be developed, and knowledgeable about it
homework.

Normal time (NT)

It is the TR that a trained operator (knowledgeable of the work and performing it at a normal pace)
It would be employed in the execution of the task subject to the study. Its value is determined by multiplying TR.
by FR:

TN = TR x FR = Constant

and it must be constant, as it is independent of the work pace that has been used in its
execution.

Work supplements (K)

As the worker cannot be working all the time of presence in the workshop, due to being
Human, it is necessary for you to take some breaks that allow you to recover from the fatigue caused.
for their own work and to attend to their personal needs. These periods of inactivity,
evaluated according to a K% of the TN based on the specific characteristics of the worker and of the
difficulties that arise in the

execution of the task. In reality, those periods of inactivity occur when the operator
he/she wants it

Supplements = TN x K = TR x FR x K

The standard time (Tp)

According to the previously established definition, the typical time is made up of two addends: the
normal time and the supplements. It is the time needed for a trained worker and
Familiar with the task, I performed it at a normal pace plus the necessary interruption supplements.
so that the aforementioned worker can rest from the fatigue caused by the work itself and be able to attend to
their personal needs.

Tp = TN x (1 + K)
Content of the time spent on a job
SUPPLEMENT TABLE - OIT

Example 4

If it is considered that it works at the type rate valuation = 1 in cycle 1 and 5, it works at 90% of
Performance V= 0.9 in cycle 3, and it works 15% above what we consider typical, V= 1.15
for cycles 2 and 4, we have:
 cycle TO (min) Assessment basic tpo

1 0.600 1 0.600

2 0.480 1.15 0.552

3 0.750 0.9 0.675

4 0.520 1.15 0.598

5 0.588 1 0.588

Timing process

The technique used to calculate the standard time for a given task consists of
break it down into the various parts that make it up, called elements, and calculate each one
The sum of the elementary time types determines the value of the task time.

the studies and calculations necessary to determine the value of the typical time.

IN THE WORKPLACE IN THE OFFICE

Task analysis.
Data recount.
Observation and annotation of information.
Job Identification Supplements and granted.
Selection of the worker to be measured
Analysis of the Environmental Job Conditions Frequencies.
Machines
Tools Calculation of the type time.
Characteristics of the material
Characteristics of the machinery
Sketch of the position
Description of the method and element decomposition
Data collection.
Assessment of rhythms.
Clock time annotations.
Calculation of the number of observations.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ELEMENTS

CYCLE

Regular or repetitive.
 Irregular or frequency.
Casual to strangers.
Interiors.
Exteriors.

PERFORMER

Manuals.
Mechanics.

DURATION

Constants.
Variables.

Regular or repetitive. These are the ones that appear only once in each work cycle.

Irregulars or of frequency. They are the ones that appear every certain number of cycles.

Strangers. They are those who do not belong to the work cycle.

Interiors. They are the ones carried out by the operator when the machine is working with

automatic. These elements do not modify the duration of the work cycle.

Exteriors. They are the ones performed by the operator while the machine is stopped. These elements form
part of the work cycle.

Manuals. They are the ones executed by the operator during the work cycle.

Mechanics. They are the employees of the machine to execute an element with the automatic on.
functioning.

Constants. They are those whose value remains unchanged, they practically always have the
same value.

Variables. They are those whose duration is a function of the value of a certain parameter.

Casuals to strangers.

Timing sequence
Conditions that must be met by the elements that make up a work cycle

Their beginning and end must be perfectly defined. This condition is essential for
to be able to make the measurement accurately.

They must have a duration of between 0.04 and 0.35 minutes. It is impossible for them to last
less than 4 hundredths because more time than specified is needed to be able to note in the
Data Collection Sheet: the element, the time and the rhythm

Manual elements must be separated from machine elements. The former may suffer
some variation, because the worker can vary the pace of work, while the second is
always fixed, as it depends solely on the established speeds and advances for the
machining.

Manual elements must be separated from machine elements when the machine is stopped.
march.

The constant elements, the variables, and the strange ones must be separated, as each one of them
They are calculated differently and intervene in the duration of the cycle in different ways.

The elements that require different coefficients of restitution should be separated, because this is a
normal time factor and, therefore, modifies the value of the elementary type time.

All elements that make up the work cycle with the object must be analyzed.
to improve the working method. Therefore, the possibility will be studied over several cycles,
change tools, distances traveled, sequences of the elements, move indoors
some outdoors, etc., always trying to reduce the duration of the work cycle.

Timing Reading Methods

Work Measurement

It is the application of techniques to determine the time that a skilled worker invests in
carry out a defined task by performing it according to a pre-established execution standard

Time Study

It is a Work Measurement technique used to record work times and rhythms.

corresponding to the elements of a defined task, carrying it out under conditions
determined, and to analyze the data in order to ascertain the time required to carry out the
task according to a pre-established execution standard.

There are two methods for recording the elemental times during a study, these are:

Continuous or Cumulative Timing

The stopwatch is started during the study, it starts at the beginning of the first
element of the first cycle at the end of each element the time indicated by the stopwatch is recorded, and
The times for each element are obtained by making the respective subtractions after finishing the
study.
Timing with zero lap

The times are taken directly at the end of each element, the second hand is reset to zero and
it is immediately put back in motion to time the next element, without
the clock mechanism does not stop at any moment.

Time Study Format

study_date Term: Name of Name
the operation del Study No.
Beginning: worker
Time Sheet No.
elapsed

Element No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Observed by:

Approved by:

Strange elements

Symbol Description

Cycle No

Total

Number of observations

Media

Assessment

Basic time
Continuous Timing

In this case, the stopwatch starts when the study begins and is allowed to run until the
final

The timing includes all elements considered within the study.

When taking the timing, the time recorded by the stopwatch is noted each time that
finish an element without resetting the timer to zero. The times accumulate preventing
that certain fractions of time are lost that would not be considered in the decision-making method
time to reset.

To choose from the continuous times those that will be used in the evaluation of
The following policies can be considered for cycle time:

• Do not use those values that for an element it has been observed have had a
possibility of disturbance.

• Consider percentages that are established as limits of data deviation with

regarding the average (between 10% and 20%).

• Do not use data that is above or below a set value.

• Remove from the data table those extreme values that deviate from the values
probables time for this element.

Example 5

It is necessary to know the standard time for a production cycle that includes four processes.
productive: A, B, C, D. For this, a time-taking by timing has been developed.
I continue, resulting in the following table:

The assessment was developed following the Westhinghouse scale, having:

C1 D Conditions

The work was observed by measuring times for a group of workers over four cycles.
consecutive.

There is visual tension due to precision work (2%) and constant supplements (11%), in addition to the
frequency time percentage is 2%.

Solution

The times corresponding to each element in each cycle must be determined by the
differences in continuous readings based on the last measurement:

Cycle
Process
I II III IV

A 10.2 10.0 9.8 10.0

B 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.0

C 20.0 20.6 20.0 21.0

D 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.2

Then the average time of each element and the cycle time is determined.0):

Average observed time (t0)

Process
(min)

A 10.0

B 5.1

C 20.4

D 4,1

For the cycle (t0) 39.6

The Westinghouse factor (fW) and the normal time is evaluated (tn):
 Factor

C1 Skill + 0.06

tn= t0x (1 + fw) Effort D 0.00

tn=(39.6)(1 + 0.04) Conditions D 0.00
tn41.18 minutes
Consistency E 0.02

fW +0.04

Taking the values from the supplement system, the supplement factor is evaluated (fS).

Visual tension due to precision work (Operator) 2%

Constant supplements (Worker) 11%

Supplement factors (fS) 13%

Finally, the standard time is determined (te)

tand= tn(1 + ff) (1 + fs)

te= 41.18 (1 + 0.02) (1 + 0.13)

te47.46 min

Lap timing reset:

In this case, for the analysis of the times, the start and end points must be fixed.
activity under study.

For timing, the activity will start at the same time the stopwatch is marking.
zero (0), allowing it to progress as the activity develops, when it reaches its
The endpoint stops the timer by recording the time registered on it. It
the stopwatch resets to zero and a new timing begins.
At the same time that the time is recorded, the evaluation of the performance of the
worker.

To this end, any of the valuation systems can be used. However, the most common one is the
from the British Scale, which designates the time as a rating of 100 (typical rhythm).

Work Supplements

The supplements are expressed as a percentage and are applied to the basic time in order to
obtain the standard time, these time percentages can be found in tables prepared by
the ILO, with the aim of offering rest or recovery times for the worker
can continue normally with his work.

Rest supplements

Rest supplements are divided into two groups:

Constant or fixed supplements. Those referring to personal needs and recovery.

of fatigue, whose value does not change based on the work being done. There is only one variation.
due to the worker's sex.

Variable supplements. They are those whose value depends on the type of work being performed.
worker, contemplating aspects such as the use of his strength, physical assumption in the
work, mental tension, auditory in the level of monotony that occurs.

Tp = TN + TNxK = TN (1 + K)

Supplements for contingencies

In this case, the inevitable waits caused by the machine or the operator are considered.
motivated by some external cause.

These waits may be due to small adjustments, tool changes, lost time.
due to variations in the material interruptions of the inspectors.

The class and amount of waits for a given working time must be determined by
studies that encompass the entire day or sampling studies conducted during a
sufficient time period to obtain reliable data.

These supplements are also known as wait supplements. Their application can
to represent them as a percentage of normal time, or if it is convenient, the evaluation will be done.
time corresponding to the wait will be added to the normal time to obtain the time
standard.

It is advisable to define the frequency of presentation of the waits in some cases in order to
added according to the shift: day, week, or month of occurrence.
 In some cases, these times are presented for each production batch. Therefore, it will be necessary
calculate them according to their presentation.

Working Supplements Table - ILO

Constant Supplements H M Variable Supplements H M

Constant supplements 5 7 E. Air quality (includes factors 0 0

- Supplement for needs 4 4 climatic 5 5
personal 2 4 - Good verification or outdoors. 5 15
- Basic supplements for fatigue. 0 1 - Poor ventilation, but without 0 0
Total 2 3 toxic or harmful emissions. 2 2
2. Supplement added variables 7 7 - proximities of ovens, 5 5
to the basic supplement for fatigue. 0 1 boilers, etc. 0 0
A. Supplement for working while standing.1 2 F. Visual tension 2 2
B. Supplement abnormal posture 2 3 - certain precision jobs 3 3
- Slightly uncomfortable 3 4 - Precision or tedious work 5 5
- Uncomfortable inclined 4 6 - High precision or very work 1 1
- Very uncomfortable (lying-stretched) 6 9 tiring. 4 4
C. Lifting by weights and use 8 12 G. Auditory tension 8 8
of strength (lift, throw or push). 10 15 - Continuous sound 0 0
- Weight lifted or force exerted 12 18 - Intermittent and strong 1 1
(in kg). 14 20 - Intermittent and very strong. 4 4
2.50 19 - - Strident and loud 0 0
5.00 33 - H. Mental tension 2 1
7.50 58 - - Quite a complex process 5 2
10.00 0 0 - Complex process or attention
12.50 2 2 very divided.
15.00 5 5 - Very complex
17.50 I. Mental monotony
20.00 - Some monotonous work
22.50 - Quite monotonous work
25.00 - Monotonous work
30.00 J. Physical monotony
40.00 - Boring job
50.00 - Boring work
D. Light intensity - Very boring job.
- Slightly below the
recommended.
- Quite below
- Absolutely insufficient

Work Supplements
 Example 6

Supplements

Fixed Variables Total

Elements: NP F TP PA IP IL CA TV TA TM MM MF S%
1 Bring the box closer to the Band 5 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.15
Carrier
2 Emptying the Box onto the Belt 5 4 4 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0.16
Carrier
3 Labeling and filling of the grid 5 4 2 1 0 0 0 4 2 0 4 2 0.24
4 Emptying the Grid into the Box 5 4 4 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0.17
5 Emptying the box onto the table of 5 4 2 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0.17
ensemble
6 Assembly of the piece 5 4 4 1 0 0 0 2 2 1 4 2 0.25
7 Box filling with the piece 5 4 4 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0.18
assembled

Where:
NP = Personal Needs
Air Quality
Fatigue
Visual Tension
TP= Standing Work
Auditory Tension
Weightlifting
Mental Tension
PA = Abnormal posture
MM= Mental Monotony
IL = Luminous Intensity
Physical Monotony
Standard Time

To understand the importance of the uses of time study, we must understand what
what we mean by the term standard time. According to its definition, it is the time
required to develop a product in a workstation with the three conditions
following:

a qualified and well-trained operator.

(2) that works at a normal speed or pace.

(3) it performs a specific task. These three conditions are essential for understanding a
time study, so an additional analysis is necessary.

Qualified and well-trained operator

Experience is what makes an operator qualified and well-trained, and the time
At work, it is our best indicator. The time required to become qualified varies.
according to the person and the job.

For example, sewing machine operators, welders, upholsterers, mechanics, and many others.
high-tech jobs require long periods of learning. The biggest mistake that
the staff commits, who starts studying time is measuring too soon the
someone's times.

A good rule of thumb is to start with a qualified, fully trained person and give them
two weeks on the job before the time study. In new jobs or tasks, they are used
predetermined time study systems. At first glance, these standards seem
demanding or strict (difficult to achieve), because the deadlines have been set for
well-trained qualified operators.

Normal rhythm

A time standard can only be applied to each job even though the differences in the
operators produce different results. A normal pace is comfortable for almost everyone. In the
development of the concept of normal rhythm, 100% will be the usual rhythm. The common standards of
normal rhythm time is:

Walk 80 meters in 1,000 minutes (4.8 kilometers per hour).

Distribute 52 cards into four equal piles in 0.500 minutes (on a gaming table).

Fill a perforated board with 30 needles in 0.435 minutes (using both hands).

To meet these points, training films have also been used for qualification.

A specific task
It is a detailed description of what must be executed. The task description should include:

The prescribed method of work.

The material specification.

The tools and equipment that will be used.

The entry and exit positions of the material.

Other requirements such as security, quality, cleanliness, and maintenance tasks.

The time standard is only good for this set of conditions. If something changes, the
the time standard will have to change. In these studies, time is always measured in minutes
decimals, as it makes calculations easier.

Standard Time

The time standard is expressed with the following three numbers:

The decimal minute (always to three decimal places, for example 0.001).

Parts per hour (rounded to whole numbers, unless it is less than 10 per hour).

Hours per piece (always with five decimals, for example 0.00001). Many companies use
hours between 1,000 pieces, because the numbers are more understandable or meaningful.

The time standards conversion table can be useful as a quick reference when needed.
necessary. It can be used when the minutes per unit, the hours per unit are known,
units per hour or the units for every eight hours and it is necessary to determine the value of the
three other figures corresponding to the standard. It also serves to set line goals.
assembly or work cells.

Standard time

It is the time required for an average, fully qualified, trained operator.

and working at a normal pace, I carried out the operation.

TN = TO(f)(V) = TO(FV)(FD)

TN = average of observed times multiplied by frequency and valuation

V= valuation

FV = valuation by speed
FD = difficulty factor

Tt = TN + Tk = TN (1 + k)

total time

Tk = extra time

supplements

Ts = TN(k)

Ts = standard time

Ts = TO(f)(V) + k + Tf

Ts = TN + k + Tf

Ts = Tt + Tf

Tf = is the time of occurrence after starting or finishing a specific operation

Importance and uses of time studies

The importance of time standards is demonstrated by the three statistical data:

yields of 60%, 85%, and 120%. An operation that does not follow standards typically operates at
60% of the time, while that which works with standards achieves a performance of 85%.
This increase in productivity is approximately 42%. In a small plant of
100 people, this improvement represents 42 fewer people or 1 million monetary units per year in savings. The
The time standard is not only very important, but it is also extremely profitable.
regarding costs.

The time standard is one of the most important pieces of information in the
manufacturing department. With it, answers are provided to the following problems:

Determine the number of machine tools that need to be acquired.

Determine the number of production workers that need to be hired.

Determine manufacturing costs and selling prices.

Program machines, operations, and people to get the work done and deliver it on time, using
less inventory.
Determine the balancing of the assembly lines, the speed of the conveyor belt, load
the work cells with the appropriate amount of work and balance them.

Determine the performance of the workers and identify the operations that have problems.
to be corrected.

Pay incentives for extraordinary performance by team or individual.

Evaluate cost reduction ideas and choose the most economical method based on an analysis.
of costs and not on opinions.

Evaluate the new equipment acquisitions in order to justify their expense.

Prepare operating personnel budgets to measure management performance.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
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FREE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
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SUBJECT METHODS
LABORATORY WORK GUIDE
NIEBEL, BENJAMIN & FREIVALDS, ANDRIS
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING. METHODS, STANDARDS AND WORK DESIGN. 10TH EDITION
ALFA OMEGA EDITORIAL
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METHODS ENGINEERING. 4TH EDITION
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