A compression helical spring is made with musical wire of gauge

No. 16 (0.037in). The outer diameter of the spring is 7/16”. The ends are
squared and has a total of 12.5 turns. G=11.5 Mpsi. It is desired: (5 points):

a) Evaluate the yield strength in torsion

b) Determine the static load corresponding to the yield strength
c) The deformation that this force would produce
d) What should be the length of the spring, so that when it is compressed and then it is
released does not result in a change in free length?
Will there be buckling?
f) What is the value of the spring's helix pitch?

Solution

a) Evaluate the creep strength of the spring:

= 0.45 * S

186
= = = 318.24 kpi
(0.037)0.163

= 0.45 * 318.24 = 143.25 Kpi

Determine the static load corresponding to the yield strength:

8*F*D ∗ ∗ 3
= ∗ → =
∗ 3 ∗8∗D

7
= − = in - 0.037in = 0.4005in
16
D 0.4005
== = 10.82
0.037
2C + 1 2 * 10.82 + 1
= = = 1.046
2C 2 ∗ 10.82
∗ ∗ 31432.53∗ π ∗ 0.0373
= = 6.8018 lb
*8*D 1.046 ∗ 8 ∗ 0.4005

The deformation that this force would produce

8 * F * D3∗ 8 ∗ 6.8018 ∗ 0.40053∗ 10.5

= 4∗
= = 1.7in
0.0374∗ 11.5 ∗ 106
= + 2→ = - 2 = 12.5

What should be the length of the spring, so that when it is compressed and then released it does not
does a change in free length occur?

1
To avoid failure due to fluency, it must comply with: = +

= ( )
+ 10.037 12.5( + 10.4995
) in

L = a + L0 = 1.7 + 0.4995 = 2.1995 in

Will there be bending?

To avoid buckling, the following must be fulfilled: L ≤ 2.63 *

By not providing us with data, it is considered that = 0.5

L = 2.1995 in

0.4005
2.63 * = 2.63 * = 2.1066in
0.5
2.1995 < 2.1066 … No problem! → í ℎ

How much is the pitch of the spring's helix?

Lyo - 3d 2.1995 − 3(0.037)

= = = 0.1989 in
10.5

2
 A compression helical spring made from musical wire
0.092", it has an outer diameter of 9/16", a free length of 4 1/8", 21 turns
active and extreme to square and flattened. The spring must be installed with a preload
of 5 lbs and will work with a maximum load of 35 lbs. during operation. Calculate the
F.S. for fatigue and the critical operating frequency. What will the frequency be?
recommended for operation? (5 points)

Solution

d=0.092 in.

.0.5625 in

.=D +d

0.4705 in
4.125 in
Na=21, squared and flattened ends.
5lbs

35 lbs

C=D/d=5.1141

+
= = 20 lb.
2
−
= = 15lb.
2
2*C+1 4*C+2
= = 1.0978 ; = 1.2864
2*C 4*C-3

186
= = 274.4149 kg
(0.092)0.163

0.67*Sut=183.8613 ksi

Sse=45 ksi

K*8*F*D
= 33.7823 KAi
∗ 3

3
 Kb * 8 * Fg * D
ta = = 29.6895 KAi
∗ 3
ta 1
+ =
Ssu Sse F. .

F.S.=1.1855

Critical frequency:

∗
fcr = 0.5 * √

) 2 ( ∗0.4705∗21∗ )
( 0.092∗
∗
= ∗ ∗ = = 0.0585 lb.
4

= 7850 →R = 0.2836
3 3

g = 9.81 →g
2
= 386.2207 2

4∗
= 47.8847
8 * D3∗

So: fcr = 0.5 *√47.8847∗386.2207

0.0585
= 281.1307 Hz.

4
The system in figure 3 shows a manual press for printing logos on a cardboard box.
printing is achieved by manually operating the lever, which through a gear in the
the joint acts on a zipper that lowers the printing plate. After printing, the system
it returns to its initial position due to the action of a spring, which in its resting state is elongated 28mm
(it's not about the weight of the iron but for constructive reasons). The spring has squared ends.
rectified and made of ASTM A-228 material. Outer diameter of the spring = 96mm; spring index = 8.
Total number of turns = 15 and G=11.5e6 psi. Find the fatigue safety factor of the spring considering that
boxes of 306 mm in height. What is the minimum height of the box on which printing can be done without the
Will the press be affected in its subsequent functioning? (4 points)

28

= ( 360- 306 +) 28 = 82 🛌🛌

= 96 ; =8;8=;N = 15 → N = 15 - 2 = 13

96= D + d = 8 * d + d = 9 * d → d = 10.6667 → D = 8 * 10.6667 = 85.3333

G = 11.5 * 106∗ 6.89 = 79.235 GPM

4∗ 0.010667479.235 times 109
= = = 15.8726 N/°C
8*D3∗ 8 ∗ 0.08533∗ 13
= ∗ 15.8726 * 82 = 1301.5532 N

= ∗ 15.8726 * 28 = 444.4328 N
+ 1745.9860
= = = 872.993 N
2 2

− 1301.5532 − 444.4328
= = = 428.5602 N
2 2

2*C+12*8+1
= = 1.0625
2*C 2*8

4*C+24*8+2
= = 1.1724
4*C-34∗8−3

∗8∗ ∗ 1.0625 ∗ 8 ∗ 872.993 ∗ 85.3333

= = = 166.076473 MPa
∗ 3 π * 10.66673
5
 ∗ 8 ∗ F∗ 1.1724 ∗ 8 ∗ 428.5602 ∗ 85.3333
= = = 89.962428 MPT
∗ 3 pi * 10.66673

2060
= = = 1400.549MPK
10.66670.163
= 310 MPT (no grtgnlldo); = 0.67 * S 0.67 * 1400.549 = 938.3679 MPT

1 89.962428 166.076473 1
+ = → + =
. 310 938.3679 .

. = 2.1405

= 0.45 * 1400.549 = 630.24705 MPT

*8*F*D
= = 630.24705 MPT
∗ 3
630.24705 ∗ 10.66673∗
= = 3312.9392 N
1.0625 ∗ 8 ∗ 85.3333
3312.9392
= = = 208.7548
15.87

ℎ (
= 360 -180.7548 )
= 179.2452

6
A force of 4.45 KN is required to engage a clutch similar to that in Figure 1. The force the
nine identical springs (non-granulated) evenly spaced around the plate
compressor. Due to space limitations, the outer diameter cannot exceed 40mm, and the
The length of the springs, when coupled, must not exceed 52 mm. The closed length
The spring is 47 mm. The pressure plate must move 3 mm to disengage the surfaces of
friction. The lowest reasonably possible elasticity constant is desired (C must be high,
It is initially suggested C=10) but that it does not suffer from buckling.

Design the springs, determining a satisfactory combination of D, d, Na, material (It can be
assuming for any steel G=80 GPa) and the free length. The ends, for better assembly,
They must be squared and rectified. Clearly explain everything you assume for the solution of
problem.

Solution:

4.45
F= = 0.494. It is desired that the constant
9
the elasticity should be as low as possible (k ), and for this to happen, the following must be met

conditions: D , d , C .

7
 It is known that: D + d 40mm→

Ls 47 mm

Since C must be high, we try with C = 10

= = 10

D
C= → D= 10xd
d

From 1: D + d 40mm

11 days 40

d' 3.636 mm ; d = 3.636

D= 36.36 mm

It will be supported between surfaces: ends and square and flattened: 0.5.

From the formula: closed length: Ls = d * (Na + 2) = 47

3.636 * (Na + 2) = 47

10.926 11 Nz = 13

Recalculating 'd': Ls = d * Nz

d = 47/13 = 3.615 mm 36.15mm

3.615480,000
K= = 3.28N/mm
8*36.15311

Free Length: The = 52 mm +4.45/9→ Lo = 52 + 150.75

Lo = 202.75 mm

D
We check if there is buckling: Lo 2.63; if there is buckling, therefore we have to do

that the spring is slimmer (C )

We choose: C = 8, we operate in the same way: d = 4.4 mm

8
 35.5mm

Ls = 47 = d * (Na + 2)→Na = 8.68 9

Nt = 11

Lg = d*Nt→ d = 4.27 mm

34.18 mm

K = 9.25 Nm/mm

We check if there is buckling Lo > 52 * 4.45 / 9K

D
Lo = 105→ The 2.63 THERE IS NO BENDING

Birthday

Fmin4.45= 494.44
9

Fmax =4.45+ 3 * K = 522.2

9

508.32N

13.88N

34.18
= 8.0047
4.27

2C + 1 4C + 2
= 1.0624; = = 1.3843
2C 4C - 3

m= 603.8 MPa

a= 18.8 GMPa

9
A machine uses a pair of concentric compression helical springs to
support a known static load. Both springs are made of the same material, ends
squared and rectified and they have the same length when they are unloaded or loaded.
Calculate the deflection and the maximum stress in each spring. G = 79 GPa (6 points)

Do= 45 mm Di25 mm

do = 8 mm di= 5 mm

No = 5 Ni= 10

Solution:

C1 = 45/8 = 5.625

C2 = 25/5 = 5

2C1+1 2C2+1
K S1= = 1.0889 K S1= = 1.1
2C1 2C2
d 4 .G d 4 .G
K1= = 89.8985N/mm; K 2= = 40N/mm
8.D3 .Na 8.D3 .Na

F1+ F2= 3000

3000
K1 1+ K2 23000 = → = 23.095mm
K+ K 2

(K1+ K2= 3000

10
F12076.2079 N

F2= 923.8 N

Ks1 .8F.D Ks2 .8F2 .D

max1 = 3
1
; max2 =
d d3
max1= 505.989MPa max2= 517.5362MPa

11
A swing for children aged 4 to 8 years is desired to be built. The swing will consist of a
bar articulated at one end with a spring underneath as shown in the diagram
Figure 1. It is taken as data that a 4-year-old child measures 1.20 m and weighs 20 kg.; a child
A 6-year-old measures 1.30 m and weighs 25 kg, and an 8-year-old measures 1.40 m and weighs 30 kg.
the bar should be in a horizontal position when not in use and the height above the ground
it should be half the height of a 6-year-old child. It is assumed that the child using the
the swing goes up when it is in a horizontal position and falls due to the action of its weight without
initial velocity. The end of the bar must not drop below 30 cm under any circumstances.
the ground level. The bar will be square in cross-section, 3 cm on each side, and made of a steel of
7.89 kg/dm3
Sut=600 MPa. The spring will have an index equal to 10 and will have squared ends.
corrected. The free length of the spring must include, for safety, an additional 10%
from the maximum deformation. It is requested: (10 points)

Determine the stiffness and free length of the spring

Wire diameter and total number of turns

Fatigue safety factor

Fig. 1

Solution

Determine the stiffness and free length of the spring

By finding the stiffness, we can determine the free length and vice versa; for this, we will apply
moments and energy balance with the following procedure:

First we analyze moments:

For the initial situation in which the swing has no load of any kind, we have the
following forces:

12
 . 0

Where:

k: Spring constant

xo Initial deformation of the spring, only due to the weight of the bar

mbarBar mass

First we find the mass of the bar:

7.89
(
mbar= 0.03x0.03x2x( ) ) 14.202 kg
0.13
We apply moment at the left end of the bar:

∑ M0= 0 ↺ +

( k xo×) 0.5 -14.2( × 9.81

) =0

278.6432
⟹ xo=
k
Now we apply energy balance, we analyze the cases in which the swing is free from loads.
(1) and the situation in which the heaviest child has risen (2), since in this way it
the two extreme cases will be considered, and it will be taken into account that the end of the bar does not drop further
of 30cm.

M (1)

(2) 0.65
h ℎ
M
0.3

Where:

( 1:) ó ℎ ú ñ .

13
( 2) :Position controlled by the axis in line 8 years.

M: M6M Fdl niñno d8 Mñoà, 30Kg.

ℎ = ( ) 2
h = Longitudinal fin heat transfer coefficient for a specific position (2)

In final position (2):

We calculate the height of the center of mass of the bar.(ℎ ):

0.95
ℎ = 0.475°C
2
Then, by conservation of energy, we have:

∑ Energy1 = ∑ Energy2

1 1
Mg × 0.65 + Bg × 0.65 + = Mg2 × 0.3 + Ʃ g × 0.475 + 0+ (
0.0875 )2
20 2
1
127.3863 =k × 0.08752+ 0 0.0875 ... . . (II)
2
If we replace (I) in (II), we will have:

1 278.6
127.38 =k(0.0875)2+ ( ) 0.0875
2
So:

= 26907.4338

00.0104

Therefore:

Convergence rigidized: k = 26907.4338

: 00.65 + 0.0104 = 0.6604

Wire diameter and total number of turns

We know that:
4
= = : = = index del récord = 10
8D3 8c3

So:

14
 80 × 109×
26907 =
8 × 103×

= 373.9673d … . . (III)

Since the spring is square, its free length must be:

0= = ( + 2)

But as they tell us it should include, for safety, an additional 10% of the deformation.
maximum, then it must be:

0= ( + 2d) + 1.1X á , where: á = 0+ ( ℎ 0.0975)

0.65−

So:

0= + 2d + 0.10725

0.66 - 0.10725 = dN + 2d

+ 2d = 0.55271 … . . (IV)

Therefore, based on (III) and (IV):

= 15.4116

d = 35.59

Fatigue safety factor

We find maximum forces:

á = á =( 0− ) = 26907.4338 0.0979
ℎ ( )
=2634.2378 N

í = í = 26907.4338 × 0.0104 = 279.8373 N

So the average and alternating forces are:

= 1457.0376 N
= 1177.2002 N

The correction factors and Bergstrasser are:

2C + 1 4C + 2
= = 1.05 = 1.1351
2C 4C - 3
Then the medium and alternating efforts:

8P C
= 2
= 30.2281 MPKT

15
 8F C
= 2
26.4019

As it is a compression spring made of granulated material:

= 465 MPT = 0.67 × 600 = 402 MPT

According to Goodman’s criterion:

26.98 30.66 1
+ =
465 402 . .
Therefore:

F.S. = 7.47

16
The figure shows a disk cam with a roller radial follower. The cam is a circle.
The radio R=20 mm articulated to the fixed element at a distance R/4 from its center. The roller
it has a radius r=2.5 mm. During the operation of the system, the lever rotates with a
constant angular speed of 3000 RPM. The inertia of the follower and the entire chain
Kinematics united to it is equivalent to considering a point mass in the follower of 0.5.
kg. To prevent the cam and follower from separating, a helical spring has been arranged.
compression of steel ASTM A-228 with C=6 and squared ends. The distance of
the articulation of the cam and the anchoring to the fixed element at the upper end of the spring is h=60
mm. In the lowest position of the follower, the spring is without tension. Determine a). Value
minimum required stiffness of the spring (in kg/mm) to prevent the cam and the follower from
b). Diameter of the wire of the spring, diameter of the spring, and total number of turns
for an FS=1 to fatigue c). Free length of the spring if protection is desired against the
10% overload and distance s between the center of the roller and the element connected at the end.
bottom of the spring.

The most critical position that the leader and follower separate is when the follower reaches the point.
higher. At that point the balance is:

− = .

The minimum stiffness value will be that for whichN = 0so:

− = .

(absolute acceleration of A) Center of the follower.

5
= ⁄0+ 0 → 0( +⁄ + ) 4+ → =( + )
4
2
5 [(45 + ) ] 5
= +⁄ 0 + → =( + ) 2+ + 2[( + ) ]
4 + 4

17
 2
5 [(45 + ) ]
= [( + ) 2− ]
4 +

2
5 [(45* 20 + 2.5)]
= [( * 20 + 2.5) − ] * 10 -3∗ (3000 ∗ ⁄ 30 )
2
4 22.5

= -603.14 2

̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ =̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ + , + ̅ × ̅̅̅̅̅ /

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ , = −̅ × = ̂
̅̅̅ −(-100πk) × 0.0275ĵ = -2.75πr̂

̅̅̅ =̅ ̅ +̅ ̅ ̅ × −̅̅̅̅̅ +̅̅̅ 2 ̅ × /

2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ , + ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ,

( 0.0275(100π) ) 2
(
̅̅̅ = −100π )2 (
0.0275ĵ )
+ 2(-100πk) ̂ −(
× -2.75π̂ ) ̂
0.0225
̅̅̅ =−603.14 / 2 ̂

− = − → = 0.5 * 603.14 → 301.57 N

a) In its lowest position, the spring is under no tension.

( K) = 30157
301.57 = K0.01 ⁄ → = 3.0741 ⁄
301.57
b)The load oscillates between 0y301.57N → F = = 150.785N
2

F F 2*6+1 4*6+2
= 58 ; = 58 ; 5= 1.083 → K5=
3 3 2 multiplied by 6 4*6-3
1380.2
ASTM– 228A = 2060; = 0.163 → S = 0.163 ; = 310MP⁴

Now, by Goodman:

1.238 ∗ 8 ∗ 150.785 ∗ 6 1.083 ∗ 8150.785 ∗ 6 9.2 1.8077d0.163

2∗ 310
+ = 1 → 2
+ 2
=1
2∗ (1 380.2)
0.163

√ + 1.8077d
= 9.2 0.153 → Of 0.5 3.2886 3.3756 3.3770
Di+1 3.2886 3.3756 3.3770 3.3770
D = 6d = 20.264
4
=
8D3

18
 80 ∗ 1093.377
( * 10 -3 )4
30175.7 =
8 ( 20.264* 10-3 3 )

= 5.19

As it is of squared extremes: = +2→N = 7.19

=( + 1) * d +1 + k( á )L ( →
= (7.19 + 1) * 3.377 +1 + 0.1 * 10 )
Label = 38.65763

19
The figure shows a common device in playgrounds, consisting of a
rigid element on which the child mounts and a helical spring that connects the element
rigid to the ground and gives the set the possibility of movement. For loading purposes,
consider that, once the child is lifted, he can bounce up and down, using that to support himself
in the rigid element. In this way, it is estimated that when the child is at the point
higher, the spring remains unloaded, causing the entire weight of the child to suddenly fall
about the spring, which will compress until it stops the child in his descent. It is assumed that
The average weight of the children using this game is 20 kg and that the reduction of the
The length that the spring experiences under maximum load is 10%. If a spring is used
of 259 mm diameter A-232 steel squared end huts, natural length of
600mm and an overload protection factor of 25%, calculate the diameter of the wire.
spring and the FS for infinite life. Study the possibility of buckling.

Energy balance:
12
20 × 9.81 × δ = → K × δ = F = 392.4 N (ref. ref. ior dfode)
2
Loads:
= 392.4 N =0N

= 0 N→ = = 600 units = 0.6 units

= 392.4 N→ l = 0.9l = 0.54 → = 0.6 - 0.54 = 0.06

= × → 392.4 = K × 0.06 → K = 6540 N/m

Considering squared extremes, overload protection of 25%:

= +( 1+ 0.25) 0.6

= ( ) 1( + 0.25 )
+ 1+ 0.6

= ( ) 1( + 0.25× 0.06
+ 3+ ) = 0.6

20
 ( ) 0.525 ( )
+ 3=

4 80 × 109× 4
= = = 6540N = 88008163.69 × d4( )
8D3 2.0723×

Replacing (II) in (I):

d ( 88008163.69× +430.525
) → d = 22.051

= 20.8083 11.7455

Calculation of FS:
392.4 N = 0 N→ = = 196.2 N

2C + 1 4C + 2
= = 1.0426 = = 1.1137
2C 4C - 3

8F D
= 3
= 13.4407 MPT→ = 310 MPK

8F D 1790
= = 12.5826 MPT→ = 0.67S = 0.67 × = 742.4999 MPT
3 22.0510.155
13.4407 12.5826 1
+ = → F. S. = 16.5828
310 742.4999 F. .

Evaluating stability (buckling):

< 2.63

600 < 1382.34∴ ℎ .

21