PRIVATE UNIVERSITY OF THE NORTH

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Degree

USE OF ENGINEER LEVEL

COURSE:
TOPOGRAPHY

TEACHER:
ENG. ALEXANDER JHOEL ASTOPILCO VALIENTE

MEMBERS :
. ALVA VILLANUEVA AUGUSTO DOMINGO N00266927
. MARQUINA VIGO ROSA ISABEL N00174854
. RIVERA BRIONES HEBERT CHRISTIAN N00170593
. RONAL PÉREZ PÉREZ N00251630

04/07/2022

CAJAMARCA - PERU 2022

 INDEX
SUMMARY.....................................................................................................................................3
ABSTRACT OR SUMMARY
KEY WORDS..................................................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION
I. OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................6
1.1. OBJECTIVE GENERAL..........................................................................................................6
1.2. OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC...................................................................................................6
II. FRAMEWORK THEORY..................................................................................................................7
2.1. LEVEL OF ENGINEER:.......................................................................................................7
2.1.1. Characteristicstcases of the engineer level................................................................................7
2.1.2. Level:............................................................................................................................7
2.1.3. Engineer Level Parts:.......................................................................................7
2.1.4. Leveling:....................................................................................................................8
2.1.5. Classification:.................................................................................................................8
2.1.6. According to its accuracy:.......................................................................................................9
2.1.7. Leveling Methods................................................................................................9
A. Methods direct leveling
A.1. Simple leveling (simple)...................................................................................................9
A.2. Simple composite leveling..........................................................................................10
A.3. Closed leveling..............................................................................................................11
2.1.8. Procedures..........................................................................................................12
III. RESULTS ANALYSIS..............................................................................................14
3.1. LIFTING ON THE LEVEL OF THE 'F' PAVILION OF THE PRIVATE UNIVERSITY OF
NORTH 14
3.2. INSTRUMENTS EMPLOYEES:.......................................................................................16
IV. RESULTS DISCUSSION...........................................................................................19
V. RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................................................20
VI. CONCLUSIONS
VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................22
VIII. ANNEXES..........................................................................................................................23

page 2
 SUMMARY

The purpose of this work is to understand the importance of leveling in

the field of topography, for which it is necessary to understand in its complexity a
instrument called engineer's level or topographic level.

The leveling has significantly stimulated the development of the

humanity, since the construction of roads, water pipes or channels,
great works of architecture, among others, are a remarkable testimony.

The exact origin of this branch of topography is not known, but it is believed that
since man wanted to protect himself from the weather, from natural phenomena,
Like of the beasts, an idea of leveling was had; from flattening materials and giving
certain stability to that terrain, even thinking about the slopes.
led to the manufacturing of ingenious instruments, developing the techniques, the
studies, which originated the new theories, technological and scientific development,
originating the names we use daily these days.

page 3
 ABSTRACT OR SUMMARY

The objective of this work is to understand the importance of leveling in the area of
topography, for which it is necessary to know in its complexity an instrument called the
engineer level or topographic level.

The leveling has stimulated in a very important way the development of humanity,
since the construction of roads, water pipes or canals, the great works of architecture,
among others, are a remarkable proof.

The origin of this branch of topography is not known exactly, but it is thought that since
man wanted to protect himself from the weather, from natural phenomena, and from
beasts, an idea of leveling was had; from flattening materials and giving certain stability
to that terrain, even thinking about the slopes. Which led to the manufacture of
ingenious instruments, developing techniques, studies, which originated new theories,
technological and scientific development, originating the names that we use daily these
days.

KEY WORDS

Topography: Topography is the science that studies the set of principles and
procedures aimed at the graphical representation of the surface
terrestrial, with its shapes and details; both natural and artificial.

Quota: It is the vertical distance between a point on the ground and the plane of
horizontal reference defined. As a general rule, the reference plane is taken at the
sea level and is referred to as altitude above sea level (A.S.L.).

Geographic coordinates: Geographic coordinates are a reference system.

which allows each location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers,
letters or symbols.

page 4
 INTRODUCTION

The method of expressing the relative heights of various points above or below
A certain horizontal plane is called a reference plane. The plane commonly used as
Reference is the sea level and heights above this plane are referred to as ELEVATIONS.

In this report, we will talk about the parking level and its use.
appropriate that we must give. For we as students of 'Engineering
Geographical knowledge is very useful and advisable to have knowledge about proper use.
of the instrument since it is very essential for our career. With it, the student is
links to human, technical, economic, and operational reality, specific to the
work activity, which also contributes to the development of their personal maturity,
through coexistence, fulfillment of duties, observation, analysis, synthesis,
judgment and decision-making arising from the work done.

To do a good field job, it is essential to be precise, whether for

park it and take the data, so as to have the corresponding heights
that we will take them with the aim of obtaining the desired level but keeping in mind

based on a known reference that is taken by us.

In conclusion, leveling is a fundamental part of topographic work.

mainly carried out in civil works.

page 5
I. OBJECTIVES

I.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE

Knowing the uses of the engineer level

Learn to use the level to be able to carry out fieldwork.

I.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Topographic survey with engineer's level

Knowing how to recognize when an instrument is in good condition

conditions to be used in the field without having problems
subsequently.

page 6
 II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

II.1. ENGINEER LEVEL:

The engineer level is an instrument that aims to measure

differences in elevation between different points that are at different heights and in different locations

or also the transfer of quotas from a known point to another unknown one. The level
It has a sight to aim and a level mounted on the
platform, manipulated by the leveling screws. The engineer's level is
complemented by the scope or state level, through which the difference can be measured
heights or the difference in elevation between two points. It is estimated that the engineer level has a

precision of more than 20 cm or less than 20 centimeters for every 100 m.

II.1.1. Characteristics of the engineer level

. They can be manual or automatic, depending on whether it should be placed horizontally.

main level in each reading, or this is done automatically when putting the
instrument in station.
. It has a bubble to level the instrument.
. He has a telescope with enough magnification to see the divisions of the
look at the state.
. It also has a reticulum formed by 3 hairs (a, b, c), in order to be able to do the
aiming and taking readings, as well as the possibility of a compensator for
ensure its perfect leveling and horizontality of the comparison plane.

[Link]:

It is an instrument for the direct measurement of height differences between points or

unevenness.

II.1.3. Engineer Level Parts:

. Leveling screws
. The support
. Locking screw
. The objective
page 7
 . The tube
. The eyepiece
. Tubular level

Chart 01: Parts of the Engineer Level

Source: [Link]
measurement/introduction-to-optical-level

[Link]:

Leveling is the procedure by which it is determined.

The existing disparity between two (or more) physical facts existing among themselves.
b) The relationship between one (or more) physical facts and a reference plane.

The first case constitutes the most common form of leveling, several are compared.
points (or planes) in relation to each other and their elevation is determined in meters or centimeters. In the

in the second case we establish a new value called 'COTA' that relates
individually to each of the physical facts that are part of the leveling
with another that is taken as a reference, for example, sea level.

II.1.5. Classification:

. Levels of the plane: When the device is parked, its axis of inclination describes a
horizontal plane with its rotation around the main axis.
. Line levels: At each leveling, the device must be leveled.
. Automatic Levels: Automatic leveling line levels.
page 8
II.1.6. According to its accuracy:

. Construction levels and small precision, used in public works.

Hydraulic and agricultural.

. Medium precision levels, used in civil engineering even from

precision and in topographic leveling itineraries.

. High precision levels, used in topographic leveling and routes

geodetics, in high precision leveling.

II.1.7. Leveling Methods

There are two leveling methods: direct and indirect, the direct leveling,
topographical or geometric, allows us to directly determine the elevations or
heights of various points, measuring the vertical distances with reference to a
level surface whose height is known, and in this way we can determine the
elevation or height of said points.

A. Direct leveling methods

A.1. Simple leveling

It is that leveling in which, from the same station, the determined

differences in elevation and the heights of one or several points, whether aligned or dispersed.

STEP 1: Proceed to install the instrument in a clear area.

The instrument is located in a strategic place to visualize from the same.
instrumental position all points to be leveled.

STEP 2: Proceed to view the first reference point, which

It will have a known limit, for example 100, which will correspond to the first.
reading back.
Step 3: Then proceed to review the intermediate readings that
will correspond to the points between A and B and then after the last intermediate point
proceed to show the reading ahead B.

page 9
 Chart 02: Simple Leveling

Source:htp://[Link]/topographic-services-
[Link]

A.2. Simple composite leveling

It is a chain of simple levelings, where there are two or more positions.

instrumentals to reach the desired point with them. This leveling is in
based on the application of the fundamental formulas of geometric leveling
and has no other means to combat mistakes than to take special care
in the actual operation.

1st STEP: The instrument must be installed in the first position and at distances
short and equidistant between the points to avoid possible errors of
refraction and curvature.

STEP 2: The first reference point is displayed, which will have

a known elevation of 100, which will correspond to the first reading back.

Step 3: Then proceed to verify the intermediate readings, if necessary, and

From the last intermediate point, we proceed to verify the forward.

Step 4: The instrument is changed to a second position to

visualize other points. From this new position first, it proceeds to approve
the last intermediate point of the previous position, which will correspond to a
reading back. Then proceed to verify the intermediate readings and then the
reading ahead that corresponds.

page 10
5TH STEP: The above is done until all points are leveled, it is necessary.
record the readings in a leveling book to perform the calculations
relevant.

Graph 03: Composite Leveling

Source:ht[Link]

A.3. Closed leveling

They are simple leveling methods that allow us to verify our

results. The proper closed leveling is that leveling which
having departed from a given point, ends at the same point, after
to go through all the points that needed leveling. It is also a leveling.
closed the one that results from leveling from 'A' to 'B' and then from 'B' to 'A'
by way of verification, in this case it is advisable to close the circuit by
another way.

The closed leveling check is obtained by verifying if the sum of

All the readings from behind equal the sum of all the readings from the front.

STEP 1: The instrument is installed in a first position (1)

from where the PR that corresponds to the reading back is visualized and then is
see the point that will correspond to the reading ahead.

STEP 2: Then, proceed to place the instrument in different positions.

(1,2,3) visualizing different points of change with their respective readings
from behind and from the front until we reach the last reading ahead that takes us to the

page 11
 point B.

Step 3: From point B, return to point A by another route.

being the stations 1', 2', 3'; passing through other change points, aiming at the
readings from back to front as appropriate.

4TH STEP: For verification, proceed to develop the portfolio of

leveling, to then proceed to add all the readings from behind and all the
readings from the back all the readings from the front, and the difference between both

sums are compared with the difference between the limit of the first point A and the
quota of the last point that also corresponds to A. These results should
are approximately equal and tend to zero. In practice, they are accepted
some errors in the closure according to the tolerance.

Chart 04: Closed Leveling

Source: [Link]
[Link]

II.1.8. Procedures

Instrument assembly

1. Extend the tripod legs as much as necessary and secure them.

screws of the same.

2. Place the tripod in such a way that the top is as high as possible.

horizontal possible, firmly securing its legs on the ground.

3. Only until this moment, place the instrument on the tripod and

Secure it with the central fixing screw.

page 12
Instrument leveling:

Once the instrument is set up, level it using the bubble level.

Simultaneously turn two of the screws in opposite directions. The index finger of

his right hand indicates the direction in which he should move the level bubble

(upper right illustration). Now, turn the third screw to center the level

of the bubble (bottom right illustration). To check the leveling, turn the

instrument 180°. After this, the bubble should remain inside the

circle. If this is not the case, it is necessary to make another adjustment (refer to the manual of the

usuario).

At one level, the compensator automatically performs the final leveling. The

The compensator basically consists of a mirror suspended by threads that

direct the horizontal beam of light towards the center of the grid, even if there is a

residual weighting in the binocular (illustration below).

If you lightly hit one of the tripod legs, (as long as the level

the bubble is centered) you will notice how the sight line oscillates around

from the reading and remains fixed at the same point. This is the way to check if the

The compensator can oscillate freely or not.

page 13
 III. RESULTS ANALYSIS.

III.1. LEVELING OF THE 'F' BUILDING OF THE UNIVERSITY

NORTH PRIVATE

Using GPS to determine the height above sea level to the

floor level and the tape measure to determine the height of the instrument from the
floor up to the engineer level, we can determine the instrument's elevation at
sum the two values, obtaining the following table.

Chart 05:
INSTRUMENT LEVEL IN M.S.L.
POINTS OF GPS HEIGHT OF Quota of
STATION WRECKER INSTRUMENT
E1 2711.000 141 2852.00
E2 2713.594 139 2852.59
E3 2715.030 140 2855.03
Source: Own elaboration

Once the level of the instruments at the three points to be radiated has been determined, we
proceed to the preparation of a topographic notebook to be able to record and calculate
the values obtained from our measurements, for this case it is of great
help the level of the instrument's benchmark to be able to calculate the height difference of the

land at different points of the building:

Graph 06:
TOPOGRAPHIC NOTEBOOK

Point VIEW Quota of VIEW VIEW COTA EN

BACK (+) INSTRUMENT FORWARD (-) INTERMEDIATEM.S.N.M
C0 120 2852.000 2732.000
1 129 2723.000
2 148 2704.000
3 149 2852.59 2703.59
4 131 2721.594
5 125 2855.03 2730.03
CF 123 2732.030
Source: Own elaboration

page 14
 Graph of the land perimeter and elevations according to notes taken in the notebook
topographic.
Graph 07:
BUILDING PERIMETER

Source: Own elaboration

The perimeter of the land according to the measurements made by the members of
group is 205.9 meters. A measuring instrument was used as a
tow truck.

Consolidation of the perimeter distances of the building, which will be helpful.

for the preparation of a table of corrected dimensions.

Graph 08:
DISTANCES
C0-E1 6.85

E1-E2 80.34

E2-E3 10.2

E3-E4 84.96

E4-E5 11

E5-EF 12:55

Source: Own elaboration

page 15
 We determine the compensated elevations of the stations E1, E2, E3, E4, E5:

length = 205.9 m 205.9

FINAL COTA 2732.030
INITIAL QUOTE 2732.000
ERROR 0.030
Ct -0.03
Initial CE 0
CE1 -0.000998
CE2 -0.012704
CE3 -0.014190
CE4 -0.026569
CE5 -0.028171
The final CE -0.030000
Source: Own elaboration
We conducted the data tabulation in order to determine the corrected quotas:

Graph 09:
DETERMINATION OF CORRECTED LIMITS

POINT DISTANCE COTA CORRECTION COTA

OBSERVED CORRECTED
And initial 0 2732.000 0.0000 2732.000
E1 6.85 2723.000 -0.0010 2723.001
E2 87.19 2704.000 -0.0127 2704.013
And 3 97.39 2703.594 -0.0142 2703.608
And 4 182.35 2721.594 -0.0266 2721.621
E5 193.35 2730.030 -0.0282 2730.058
The final 205.90 2732.030 -0.0300 2732.060
Source: Own elaboration

III.2. INSTRUMENTS USED:

✓ Engineer level

page 16
✓ Tripod

✓ Measuring tape

✓ Topographic Notebook

✓ Look

page 17
✓ Calculator

✓ Camera

As we can see, the level of engineer is a tool.

fundamental in topography just like the sight both are fundamental and
basics in leveling.
Topography is mainly based on: distance, direction, and elevation.

Thanks to topographic analysis, it is possible to determine the height difference of

different points.

page 18
IV. RESULTS DISCUSSION.

. The perimeter of the 'F' pavilion of the Private University of the North presents
different elevations in the area of the land, at the starting point and at point E6
it presents a higher elevation than another end given by points E2 and E3,
slope that allows for the easy drainage of rainwater that has great
potential to harm the university's infrastructure if it did not exist
unevenness.
. The parking at that level has to be done by one person because otherwise
It will not be possible to level it in a timely manner to carry out the work.

. We need to have good accuracy to do this work or case.

If we fail, we have to repeat the entire process.

page 19
The materials used for a field topographic practice must be in

V. RECOMMENDATIONS.

. To assemble the tripod, it is recommended to first remove the strap to

then proceed to place it, we must be very careful when assembling it,

since it has a pointed end, which can hurt us.

. Properly fix the level on top of the tripod, otherwise mistakes may occur.

errors at the time of measuring.

. To level correctly, the tripod must first be placed.

as horizontally as possible, once the level is placed, it should be

place the body of the sight parallel to two elevation screws, until

that the bubble is in the middle, and with the center screw,

place it in the center.

. Work with great care and efficiency and take care of the materials that are

provides us.

. We must ensure the placement of the level, its shape must be

be horizontal, to avoid failures in measurements.

page 20
VI. CONCLUSIONS

The level can provide us with almost exact approximate distances, not
you need it because there is always a margin of error, for this case it shows us a
differences in the analyzed area ranging from C0 (highest point in relation
at sea level) to points 1 and 2 (points with the lowest level with respect to sea level
mar); and the elevation also goes from point 5 (the highest point with respect to the
sea) to point 4 and 3 (points with the lowest level with respect to sea level)
mar).

The development of this practice has allowed us, the students of the course,
to know, to make, and to learn to interpret all the information that a
topographic survey with engineer's level allows it.

page 21
VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Geometric Leveling. Technological University of Chile. Retrieved from

The input is a URL and does not contain translatable text.
cedem/student/Construction/Topography/[Link]

Ayala R. (2012). Rise with Engineer Level. Retrieved from

Unable to access external content such as PDF files.

Santamaria P. (2005) Practical Manual of Topography and Cartography. Retrieved from

Unable to access or translate content from URLs.

page 22
VIII. ANNEXES

Annex 01

Annex 02

page 23
Annex 03

Annex 04

page 24
Annex 05

page 25