UNIT 2: CLASSIFICATION AND CODING

Whenever we talk about coding, it is advisable to refer to classification and coding using both.
terms together, since there is no coding without a prior classification of the elements we want
code

The use of classification and coding dates back as far as the history of humanity. From the Bible, it
It is evident that Adam used it to classify and assign names to animals and plants; in science,
Aristotle identified the basic elements of the Earth; and more recently among many applications, it was used
to identify books in libraries. One way to organize a library would be to classify the books first by
themes, then within each theme it can be by author and/or publisher, by publication date, by languages, or another
that interests us; subsequently coding each book using some number that can be in its structuring
refer to some or all the elements of the classification; and finally possess some field reserved for its
numerical correlation.

It did not start to be applied systematically in industry until the late 1940s.
the most relevant precursors of this activity are:

- Mitrofanov from the Soviet Union,

- Brisch of Great Britain,
- Opitz from West Germany,
- Miclass, Multclass, Vuoso, Code, Dclass, etc. (other known systems available commercially)

There is knowledge of the creation of about a hundred classification and coding systems in the world. There are so many
ways to group similar objects based on aspects of similarity.

The combination of factors such as application, attributes, and relationships between them has resulted in this
proliferation of systems.

In its origin, for the reasons expressed, many of the existing systems today were developed for purposes
different.

- Mitrofanov created his system to help build production cells in groups (Group Technology) and
facilitate the design of toolkits.
- Opitz to investigate the distribution of shapes and sizes of the parts.
- Brisch is focused on recovering designs. It allows me to identify the pieces I already have.
designed and I save myself from designing something new.

Another significant factor has been the personal preferences of code designers in the identification of
attributes and relationships. Few system developers fully agree on what should or should not be
basis of a classification, which gives us the guidelines of the problematic nature of the topic.

Most classification and coding systems are hierarchical, meaning they move from the general to the specific.
particular and very specific. Few systems are extremely simple and give rise to key numbers (code) of
five and six digits, other classification systems are very broad and produce codes of up to 32 digits. Some
numeric and other alphanumeric.

CODES

- Numerics: 4618894
- Alphabet: LQNUOMI
- Mixed: 4G6HJ78

Alphanumeric has greater capacity than numeric.

Numeric is easier to type and handle than an alphabetic or mixed one.

If the letters refer to an element, it is easier to memorize than a number

To be effective, a classification and coding system must be tailored and have a limited objective.

The ability to build a system for specific purposes consists of maintaining a point of view.
consistent that under the general conditions of the organization satisfies the largest number of users.

We must provide the perspective, the criteria with which we write the code, what it is used for, what we want to identify,
What characteristics or attributes of the elements do we want to represent with that code, and that point of view must be
maintain, it should not be changed, for one element a criterion and for others, another.

Whatever classification and coding system is used, it is important that it be defined.

clearly and that the numbers have only one meaning, that is, that they are unmistakable. In a company
small, or in one where the number of items to classify is small, it probably is not worthwhile to do
the code number is very extensive, however, the benefits obtained from moving from a random coding
to another logic of simple characteristics, they are so large that the difficulties of changing the numbers must be accepted
of code, even with all the inherent disorders of numbering, such as in design files, in the
warehouses, in purchasing and suppliers, etc.; and implement the logical system.

The classification must precede any discussion about standardization, since any procedural norm
What is dictated must be based on information about the facts. The first step is the preparation of the manual of
code and its concrete correlation with any existing numbering system. The introduction of the new
the code can be carried out from some central department, usually the standardization office. In
some cases by stages, each stage corresponds to a primary class or family. When assigning a number to everything new
scheme and all new material, it will be something that in itself will already have the virtue of initiating the movement towards the
reduction of unnecessary variety, because the same process of finding the code number will make evident
all the materials or pieces that have something in common.

Classification and coding, in many aspects, is still an intuitive art, and as such, it is difficult to describe the steps.
necessary to carry them out, and it is even more difficult to maintain consistency in the results. However
There are theoretical reasoning that enriches its foundation and gives meaning to the adopted structures.

DEFINITIONS

CLASSIFY: it is to arrange or dispose by classes.

ENCODE: means transforming information into a series of graphic signs according to rules that allow
formulate and understand the message.

APPLICATION: use, purpose, or destination that we want to give to the code defined by the classification in question.

ATTRIBUTES: quality or property of the element we want to encode based on that use.

QUALITY/PECULIARITY: it is each of the circumstances or characteristics, natural or acquired, that distinguish the
things.

CLASSIFICATION: before coding, it should be classified, which we use in the sense of grouping into separate parts.
the total of a population of any element using criteria defined according to need. And that
necessity is the criterion or reason by which we are going to define the code. For example: to know the
academic performance of a group of students from a university, we will classify the young people by age,
sexo
achieving in this way information to establish statistical behavior patterns.
CODING: means placing a pattern of numbers (for a numerical system) or numbers and letters (for a
alphanumeric system) to each group of identical elements, also known as "key". The application of the
coding, that is to say the references of the numbers and/or letters that we will use is what can be defined better
the worst way, depending on the depth and intelligence with which we analyze the topic and have clarity on the purpose of it.
We are coding, that is, its present and future use. For example: for the group of washers of an engine.
electric, let's suppose there are three different washers and that one of them is used in the quantity of two for
Assemble an engine, the second washer requires ten and for the third only one; each of the three
washers will have a different code number and the same for those with the same design; in turn, the concept of
Classification in this case will obviously be the washers group.

All the elements have in common that they are washers, but some are round and others are square, and if I search
I can give other assignments to other characteristics.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A CODE

In a factory or organization of any kind, it is necessary to be able to identify or locate the components, parts or
similar products quickly and easily. This is achieved with a logical system of classification and coding.

The characteristics of a satisfactory coding system are:

MUTUAL EXCLUSION: a code must represent a single article, item, part, and at the same time a single article.
a single code. Example: ID, each person has a number, and each number is assigned to only one person, if a
There is confusion when two people have the same ID number or when a single ID represents more than two people.
confusion. In industries, sometimes mistakes happen, which causes problems since what I look for in the warehouse comes out
that there is no more and the line stops, or it is usually with another number having stock.

CAPACITY: the coverage must be appropriate and complete (applicable to the universe to be coded). It must have the
ability to represent and identify all elements and able to represent new products that
enter.

- CONSISTENCY: it must be based on permanent characteristics of the elements to be coded. Otherwise, the code does not
It will work and it will fail. Example: Flower, Pumpkin, and Pear, the permanent characteristics are organic products.

And preferably:

- It must be numeric.
- The code must have a constant length. If they have different lengths, we do not know if we have put the
code correctly.
- The name of the code should not be excessively long. It increases the probability of errors.
- The simpler the article, the simpler the code should be.
- It must be manageable by non-specialized personnel. Because there are codes that have been invented so that
It really can be handled by specialists and people who know the subject. In the industry, it is necessary that the
codes can be managed by very untrained personnel.

STRUCTURE OF A CODE

Hierarchical.
- The meaning of a digit depends on the value of the previous digit.
- It is also known as a tree structure.
- Allows for extensive coding possibilities with a reduced number of digits.
In chain.
- Each digit has a unique meaning without depending on the values of others. Example: the second digit
indicate the color of the element I am coding, while the first type of vegetable.
- Provide long codes but each attribute always has the same code, which helps in its
memorization.
Mixed.
- They have part of the code in hierarchical structure and part in string.
- Most commercial systems are of a mixed structure.
- It is used in a chain for an initial classification into groups, and within each group, it is used a
hierarchical coding.

APPLICATIONS AND ATTRIBUTES

At the beginning of the 1960s, the first coding systems appeared that collect attributes of
design and manufacturing.

The identification of the applications intended for a workpiece classification system is critical.
for the selection, development, or adaptation of a system. It is unlikely that a system can satisfy both
current applications as well as future unknown applications. The creation of a classification system for
Various applications can become very complex and expensive.

The information generated by grouping pieces into families according to similar characteristics of
Design and manufacturing can be used for different non-exclusive applications to assist in:

Product engineering (design):

As a system for locating similar parts to avoid designing new parts without first exhausting the existing ones.
possibilities of leveraging previous designs. Before introducing new workpieces into a system, it is
It is important to examine similar designs to see if there is already an appropriate one or if it is possible to slightly modify it.
an existing one to adapt it to new requirements. It is claimed that only 10 to 20% of the geometric configuration of
most of the work pieces relate to the function of the product, the remaining 80 to 90% of the
Geometric characteristics are a matter of personal taste for the designer. It is in this area where standardization
can greatly reduce production costs, improve product reliability, increase ease
for maintenance and providing many other benefits.

Attributes: function, exterior and interior shape, dimensions, material, thermal or surface treatment, etc.

Process engineering:

To establish the same manufacturing methods for all the pieces of the same family. One of the
most changing applications and, yet potentially advantageous of the classification of workpieces, is
the planning of the process. The appropriate processes are those that jointly meet the conditions
given in basic form, special characteristics, size, precision, type of material, general shape and requirements of
Quantity - time. Once the appropriate process has been selected, the codes for the characteristics of
shape, heat treatments, coatings, surface finish, and tolerances, are what govern the selection
by computer for manufacturing and inspection operations.

Attributes: operations, surface finish, tolerances, fixtures and tools, batch size, etc.

Manufacturing:

To organize the workshop into cells or groups of machines intended for the manufacture of all the parts of a family.
Group Technology.

Selection of the manufacturing team (machine)

Selection of manufacturing tools (devices and tools)

Material control.

Planning process.

Normalization:

As a working tool for the standardization of parts, machines, tools, and processes.

Management:

For all types of comparative studies of times, costs, purchase prices, assignment of parts to suppliers,
etcetera. The estimation of time and production cost is often a complicated and laborious activity. The
Part family codes can provide an index for the actual production costs and times for each
family. A simple regression analysis can be used to obtain an accurate prediction of the costs of the new
pieces that are located in a given family of pieces.

Tables must be prepared for each case of classification and coding indicating the applications and the
attributes that interest us for each particular case and from them we will have the references with clarity
necessary to perform a professional level task. See figure 1, case of classification and coding analysis.
for parts in an industry. Figure 2 includes applications and attributes that could be considered for the case
from a Housing Planning study. Depending on the elements to be classified, they may also be necessary.
to code, the use of another useful tool for this work consisting of developing a tree structure
based on the characteristics and attributes of the elements to be classified and coded. See figures 3 and 4
(shop E type N).

These tables are not to code if not for

to know what there is attributes that are useful
for some things, as if to know the
manufacturing time from a piece where the
the attributes would be thermal treatments,
finishes superficial,
dimensions, etc.
Not all attributes are permanent like Age, Number of Children, Gender, Address, Marital Status, Levels of
study, health and income level.

TYPE E TREE

Hierarchical classification trees with mutually exclusive data (called E-type trees),
they provide the foundations to establish the basic shape of the piece. The difficulty of reading, interpretation and
Errors can increase with the number of branches at each node. The detpo E tree is very useful for dividing a large
set of articles or components in exclusive families or sets.

TYPE N TREE

The N-ary tree is based on that of a hierarchical tree with non-mutually exclusive paths or trajectories. It is
To say, it is possible to concurrently select all paths. The tree step is especially useful for
represent the common attributes mentioned earlier; for example: the shape characteristics, the treatments
thermal, the surface finish, the size and precision, as well as the type, the shape and condition of the material.

PARAMETRIC AND GENERATIVE DESIGN

It is possible to establish tabular or parametric designs for each basic family. In the input of dimensional values.
and other data in a graphing system can result in the automatic creation of a drawing of
production of a given part. Taking this concept one step further back, it is possible to imagine that the only
input of the name, the specifications, the functional requirements and some dimensional data of a product,
they would result in the generation of a drawing of the finished design.

A logical extension of parametric design is the parametric programming of parts. Although programming
Parametric has been used for some time in advanced numerical control (NC), but it has not been linked.
effectively to the database of the design.

GROUPING OR CLASSIFICATION BY 'FAMILY'

It is necessary to define groupings (families) of parts according to their design or manufacturing specifications for, in
function of them, establish:

Machine specifications.
Machining operations to be performed.
Work volumes.
Tools.
Devices.
Statistical analysis.
Costs.
Management.

A correct classification of the parts can mean a significant saving in the installation and operation of a
factory.

The grouping into families of similar parts is very different depending on whether it is done by product engineering or the
process engineering. The first looks at the shape and the other looks at the cycle of operations. For the design engineer of
The most important characteristic of the product is the shape of the piece and its size. For a manufacturing engineer, the
similarity is characterized by the manufacturing process. For both, it is the material. Thus we can talk about families.
basic forms, families of materials, families of processes, and many others as we will see as we progress with the
present literature.

To carry out this classification, four methods can be used:

Visual inspection.
Nomenclator.

Machining cycle analysis

Codification

The visual inspection is a simple and inexpensive system to apply, consisting of examining plans or photographs of the
pieces and group them by similarity. The nomenclature consists of grouping the pieces by their name, their main
Inconveniences are the different names used for the same piece by the different designers and the great
number of references that are grouped under a single name (classic example: washer, spacer and/or separator)
In general, it must be completed with other sub-classifications. The machining cycle analysis consists of grouping the
parts by the process, for example turning, milling, grinding, etc.; allowing for sub-classifications by
sizes or machines. The last method, coding, is the most complex and expensive of all but it is the one that gives
better results and the most used.

An example of these numbering systems is the Last Name-First Name method, in which consideration is given to the
complete variety of components in use or with probabilities of being used, the components are grouped into families,
having all of them marked similarities in some important characteristic.

Each family then receives a number (the Last Name), and each member of that family is given a second
number (the Name) that distinguishes it from its peers. Then, if a new component is required, they are examined
the drawings of the family to which they belong and the appropriate components are selected. This technique is very flexible
because it allows for considerable expansion. The definition of families must be made carefully, they must
to write and form a dictionary or nomenclator. Once the above is done, the system's operation is
extremely simple, and its results are felt not only in the design and drawing office but throughout the factory, where
other departments will quickly get used to recognizing numbers and relating them to certain
components.
There are examples of factories that accumulated 3,000 drawings over 10 years of work. The number assigned to each
the component was the following in a series of natural numbers, which is why on each occasion when it was attempted
Locating a drawing required reviewing each drawing, which is practically an impossible task. In these
by using the concept of families we could classify these 3,000 drawings into 15 to 20 families such as
maximum, which significantly reduces the fields of search or retrieval.

STOCK KEY

What is called a 'key'? It is a sequence of numbers or numbers and letters that define the identification of a.
component, 'code', although in reality this last one may be just part of the key that identifies the item,
piece or component.

This key may consist of a single number of several digits, one following the other; without
dot, comma or dash that separates them and/or possesses any character of those indicated (dot, like, dash) that separates by
sections or groups to the global number. In this case, we have that the code is part of what is called field in
a database. It is equivalent to a column in a spreadsheet.

Another case is that what identifies the item, part, or component may consist of several fields.
consecutive, that is to say several groups of numbers or numbers and letters, independent of one another and each one
it has a certain meaning, constituting what is called a record in a database. It is equivalent to
a row in a spreadsheet. In this last case, what is commonly known as code is just one of
the various fields (column) that make up the record.

The interpretation of this is of profound importance, because when we want to introduce many characteristics or
attributes in the definition of an item that make the necessary code complicated and extensive, we can simplify it to the
minimal expression, introducing the other characteristics as independent fields of a record that will be
specific for each piece. This last is what is commonly referred to in factories as the item's stock key.

CODING FOR DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING

As we have seen, coding systems can meet the needs of:

The designer.
The production manager.
Both.
Others.

The benefits of a design-oriented coding system are enormous. Therefore, it is suggested, first
create a coding system that meets the designer's needs. This base code can be
add a production-oriented code if it is estimated that this is necessary and possible. However, it could
it happens that the attempt to satisfy both needs leads to a decoding system of such complexity
that it becomes difficult to manage, with the loss of possible benefits, although this can be recovered by using the
concept of 'stock key' addressed in this chapter. In principle, it is advisable to first satisfy them
needs of the designer.

BASIC PREMISES FOR CLASSIFYING AND CODING

A piece of work can be better characterized by its most obvious and permanent attribute: its shape.
basic.

Each basic shape can have different special features, such as holes, slots, threads,
coatings, etc.; while maintaining the belonging of the element to its original family of parts.
The elements of the code can be linked to provide a code recognizable to humans, and that
such parts of the code provide indicators for more detailed information.

A short code would be suitable for human control and for concatenating with other classification trees. A
a chain of bits (zeros and ones) that would be recognizable by a computer would better provide the extensive and detailed
required information.

The mutually exclusive characteristics of the workpiece must provide families with a unique
basic form for classification, and the common elements (for example special characteristics, size, the
Precision and materials) should be included only once, but accessible to all families.

In summary, a workpiece can be fully characterized by:

the basic form.

the special characteristics.

The size.

the accuracy.

The Eltpo, shape and condition of the material.

These premises are valid, as we will see later, for some of the classification and coding systems.
valid, which will depend on the application we want to give it.

They are now included ahead of the different systems that we will see so that the reader can go
forming a clearer idea of how the system works. To locate what we want to mean, review
the section 'Applications and attributes' and you will surely find which satsface of all the possibilities
proposals. The reader will also understand at the end of reading this work why it is included as
basic premises" given that most of the existing classification and coding systems are based on the
applications and highlighted attributes at this point.

METHOD BY 'FAMILIES OF PARTS'

The general objectives of any classification and coding system for materials are to improve the
productivity, reduce unnecessary variety, and lower costs. For the specific case of the system we will see
In this section, your objectives are:

Group technology.
Planning of the process.
Recovery of the design.
Other manufacturing activities.

FORMAT AND LENGTH OF THE CODE

The code and cipher of the family of parts presented consists of a five-character alphanumeric code.
sections. The first indicates the basic shape. The other sections provide the shape characteristics and/or
specials, size, precision, and material. It is possible to use each section as a marker for more information.
detailed or as a key output for the subsequent link with related decision trees. The length of the
the code is eight digits long. The three-digit encoding for the basic form provides the possibility to include
numerous families.
BASIC FORM

It is possible to define basic forms as those created from primitive solid configurations and their
derived through a basic casting process (pouring, molding, machining). The primitives are divided
in forms of revolution and in non-revolution forms. The primitive forms of revolution include the cylinder, the sphere, the
cone, the ellipsoid, the hyperboloid, and the toroid. The second or primitive non-revolution shapes include the cube.
(parallelepiped), the polyhedron, the warped surfaces (contours), free forms, and functional or nominal forms.
Basic profile families are subdivided based on the predominant geometric characteristics.
including internal and external ones.

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS

To meet the product design requirements, the designer creates the basic shape of a workpiece and
select the engineering material with which the element will be made. It is also possible that the designer
indicate special processing treatments to improve the properties of a given material. In other
words, the designer adds special features.

The characteristics of shape can include holes, grooves, ribs, threads, etc. The fact of adding a
The shape characteristic does not change the basic profile of the part (family), but it does allow for meeting the requirements.
desired functionalities. Generally, the shape characteristics are provided to the workpiece after the
basic production process.

Heat treatments are provided with the intention of improving mechanical strength, hardness, and the
wear resistance of a material. Thermal treatments, such as tempering or normalizing, can also
provide themselves to assist in the processing of the workpiece.

Finishing treatments, such as electroplating, painting, and anodizing, are applied to enhance the
corrosion resistance, improve the appearance or meet another design requirement.

The special characteristics are contained in the form of a tree of type N and its possible concatenations, with a
characteristic associated with evaluation and classification that allows the user to select many characteristics
specials and at the same time maintain a relatively simple code.

Basically, nine values (from 1 to 9) have been established as a code for the complexity of the characteristic.
special. As the user classifies the work pieces and identifies the special characteristics required,
the number of those traits is calculated y the code is stored of
associated characteristic.

The code of the complexity of the special characteristic is used for

communicate a certain idea to the user about the complexity of the piece
of work. The bit chain associated contain information
detailed interpretable with computer, about everything
characteristics. It is possible to generate exit keys for each
individual characteristic. Such information is valuable for planning the process and for estimation purposes.
timeframes and costs.

Possible use: engineering design office (it will give us an idea of the complexity of the design that may be useful for
costing). It requires internal coding.

SIZE

The size code is contained in the third section of the parts family code, and consists of a digit.
numeric.

Its values range from 1 to 9, with 9 corresponding to very large parts. The main objective of the code is
size is to provide the code user with an idea about the total envelope of sizes for the part
encoded. The size code is also useful in the selection of the production team of size
appropriate.

Possible use: logistics company with fixed clients and fixed loads (predetermined) for transportation costing.
Requires internal coding.

CLASS OF PRECISION

The precision class code is found in the fourth segment of the family parts code. It consists of a single
digit, whose values range from 1 to 5. In this case, the precision represents a combination of tolerance and
surface finish. Class 1 precision represents very small tolerances and a surface finish with
precision rectification or polishing. On the other hand, class 5 designates a rough casting surface or a
cut by gas flame torch (oxyacetylene) with a tolerance greater than 1/32”. High precision goes
accompanied by several stages of processing, as well as careful inspection operations. The costs of
production grows rapidly by specifying stricter tolerances and finer surface finishes. The
The designer must take care to ensure the guarantee of high precision.
MATERIALS

The last two digits of the family code of parts represent the type of material. The codes for the shape and
material condition is embedded in the associated bit chain.

79 different material families have been coded. Each material family is identified by
a two-digit cipher, consisting of a single alphabetic character and a single numeric symbol. For example, the
The stainless steel family has been coded as 'A7'. The tool steel family is 'A6'. This code
provides an indicator for the specification sheets, which contain abundant data about the
properties, availability, and processability of the material.
SYSTEM ADAPTATION

It has been deemed necessary to adapt almost all classification systems in order to meet the needs.
of each user. It is possible to greatly minimize this effort by starting with a general system and then
adapting it to meet the specific needs of a user. The classification and coding system of the
family of parts allows such adaptation. It is easy to add new geometric configurations to the family of shapes
basic in existence, as well as adding other special characteristics or modifying the class intervals of
size or precision. If necessary, it is possible to easily add new material codes. The suitability
to easily modify an existing classification system without the need for extensive changes, it constitutes
a way to test its true effectiveness.
CLASS 12/04

Other known systems available commercially are:

- Miclass

Mitrofanov

Opitz

Brisch

Another significant factor has been the personal preferences of code designers in the identification of
attributes and relationships.

Few system developers fully agree on what should or shouldn't be the basis of a classification,
what gives us the guidelines of the problematic nature of the topic.

Most classification and coding systems are:

-Hierarchical: move from the general to the particular.

Few systems are extremely simple and give rise to five and six-digit key numbers (code), others
Classification systems are very broad and produce codes of up to 32 digits. Some are numeric.

Codes:

The codes are generally of trestpos.

- Numerical: 4659875
- Alphabets: LQMUOM
- Mixtos: 4G6HJ78

The numeric is the easiest to type and manipulate, but there is more capability when we use mixed.

To be effective, a classification and coding system must be tailored and have a limited objective.

The ability to build a system for specific purposes consists of maintaining a point of view.
consistent with the general conditions of the organization satisfies the greatest number of users.

Classification and coding are in many ways an intuitive art.

Characteristics of a satfactorio coding system are:

Mutual exclusion: a code must represent a single item, element, piece, and at the same time a single item must have a
just code. Totally exemplifiable with the ID, each person has a number, and each number is subject to a
a single person, if a person has 2 ID numbers confusion or when a single ID represents more than two
confusion person. In industries, sometimes mistakes happen, which causes problems since I look for it in the warehouse.
And it turns out that there isn't one and I stop for a line, when you realize that there is also another number and you realize that there is.

Capacity: the coverage of a code must be appropriate and complete (applicable to the universe to be coded).

Consistency: it must be based on permanent characteristics of the elements to be classified. Otherwise, the code will not work.
it's going to work and it's going to fail.

And preferably:

- It must be numeric.
- The code must have a constant length.
- The code name should not be excessively long.
- The simpler the article, the simpler the code should be.
- It should be manageable by non-specialized personnel. Because there are codes that have been invented that really
They can be handled by specialists and people who know the subject.

In the industry, it is necessary for the codes to be manageable by personnel with very little training.

The structure of the code can be:

- Hierarchical: one digit depends on the value of the previous digit. (tree structure). Broad possibilities of
coding with a reduced number of digits.
- In a chain: each digit has a unique meaning without depending on the values of others. It provides codes.
long but each attribute always has the same code, which helps with memorization.
- Mixed: part of the code in hierarchical structure and part in chain. Most commercial systems are
of mixed structure. Part of the code is of a hierarchical structure and part in a chain. It is used in chain to
a first classification in groups and within each group a hierarchical coding is used.

Before coding, it must be classified.

Classification:

Group the total population of a product into separate parts using defined criteria according to the
need. (families)

Utility instead of using many items, I manage fewer.

April 13, 2021

Set:

Family: elements that present common characteristics that differentiate them from others.

Flintstone, Perez, Simpson.

Flias:

Two families can have the same size and shape, but with very different processing due to differences in
materials, design tolerances and quantities to be produced (galvanized gas elbows and plastic water elbows).

The manufacturing processes are different, one is made with plastic and the other with iron.

Those characteristics must be permanent because if they are not, they do not belong to the same family.