Young's Modulus and Elasticity Study
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsYoung's Modulus and Elasticity Study
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsMODULE OF ELASTICITY
OBJECTIVES
Find the functional relationship between stress and strain
unitary for the elastic zone.
Determine the Young's modulus of a wire of section
transversal circular, subjected to a tensile stress.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
When a solid at equilibrium experiences the presence of forces
external, undergoes changes in its dimensions. The magnitude of these
deformations and the forces applied to the solid allow us to calculate the
value of the elastic constant of the material that characterizes the
elastic properties of the solid.
The deformation that the solid undergoes depends on the type of force (tension or
understanding) to which it is subjected.
A metal thread subjected to a stress of
traction undergoes a deformation that consists of
in the increase of length and in a
contraction of its section.
We will assume that the increase in length is
the dominant effect, especially on threads
long and of small section. We will study
the elastic behavior of the threads, that one
in which there is a relationship of
proportionality between the force applied to the
thread and the increase in its length or well,
between the effort and the deformation
unitary DL/L0.
Where is the section of the thread S=p r2and
yes a constant of
characteristic proportionality of each material that is called
elasticity modulus or Young's modulus.
Representing the effort in
function of deformation
unitary for a metal
we obtain a curve
similar characteristic to the
as shown in the figure.
During the first part of the
curve, the effort is
proportional to the deformation
unitary, we are in the region
elastic. When it is decreased
the effort, the material returns
to its initial length. The line
line ends at a point
called elastic limit.
If the effort continues to increase, the unit deformation increases.
quickly, but when reducing the effort, the material does not regain its
initial length. The length that corresponds to a null effort is now
greater than the initial0, it is said that the material has acquired a
permanent deformation.
The material deforms up to a maximum, called the breaking point.
Between the limit of elastic deformation and the breaking point it has
place the plastic deformation.
If it occurs between the limit of the elastic region and the breaking point
a great plastic deformation the material is called ductile. Without
embargo, if the rupture occurs shortly after the elastic limit the material
is called fragile.
The figure shows the
typical effort behavior -
unit deformation of a material
like rubber. The effort is not
proportional to the deformation
unified (red color curve), without
embargo, the substance is elastic in
the sense that if the force is suppressed
about the material, rubber recovers
its initial length. When reducing the
effort the return curve (in color
blue) is not traveled in the direction
opposite.
The lack of match of the curves
of increase and decrease of
effort is called hysteresis
elastic. An analogous behavior
it is found in the substances
magnetic.
It can be shown that the area enclosed by both curves is
proportional to the energy dissipated inside the elastic material.
the large elastic hysteresis of some rubbers makes them especially
suitable for absorbing vibrations.
MATERIALS
The following materials will be used:
Support from the Young module team
Wire with a circular cross-section
Vernier digital
Objects with a mass of 1kg
Table holder
Micrometer screw
Tape measure
Bubble level
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1.- Level the support of the Young module equipment to the horizontal plane,
with the support screws and the bubble level.
2.- Adjust the wire with the fixing screw that is at the part
team leader.
3.- Place the tool holder at the lower end of the equipment.
4.- Tension the wire by adding an additional weight to the weight holder.
5.- Measure the initial length of the wire (do not include the fasteners).
6.- Use the micrometer screw to measure the diameter of the section
transversal circular of the wire.
7.- Turn on and set the digital vernier to zero.
8.- Increase the masses appropriately on the mass holder, record
the increase in the length of the wire observed in the vernier
digital.
REGISTRATION OF DATA AND CALCULATIONS
Initial length of the wire
L01.06 m
Wire diameter
d = 4.76 x 10-4m
Deformation data ∆L for each mass Tensor
Table 1
No. m [Kg] Change in Length [m]
1 0.2 1.6 x 10-4
2 0.4 2, 8 times 10-4
3 0.6 3.8 x 10-4
4 0.8 4.7 x 10-4
5 1.0 5.6 x 10-4
Cross-sectional area of the wire
( . − )
A= = =1.662 x 10-7m2
Unitary deformation and stress
N =∆L / L0 = / [N/m2]
1 1,509 times 10-4 1.178x 107
2 2,642 x 10-4 2.357 x 107
3 35,85-4 3.535 times 107
4 4,434 x 10-4 4.713 times 107
5 52,830-4 5.892 times 107
Stress versus strain
F/A [N/m2]
L0
According to the fit curve in the Figure, the fit model is:
= +
Using the least squares method, find the parameters
of the chosen model.
A=
B=
r=
Comparing with the chosen adjustment model (disregarding the
parameter A) the value of the modulus of Young is:
Y=
ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE
1.- What physical interpretation do the parameters A and B of the fit have?
by the method of least squares?
R.-The parameter 'A' is the result of the error made in the measurements and the
impressions of the instruments and the equipment. On the other hand, when comparing
We have the equations that the parameter 'B' is the value of Young's Modulus.
2.- Based on the value found for the Young's Modulus, indicate from
what material can be treated, comparing the heat with the data
published in tables. Find the percentage difference between
both values.
Steel has a Young's modulus of 20 x 1010and is the closest to the obtained
in practice, the percentage difference is 22% compared to the value of
steel.
3.- Why is the deformation of the section not considered?
cross-section of the wires?
R.-Because the deformation is not uniform and varies according to the position and that
it complicates the calculations, also if the deformation of the section is considered
Transversally, the functional relationship would not be linear, therefore we could not obtain.
the Young's modulus.
4.- In which region of figure 1.2 has this practice been worked on?
justify the answer.
In the effort since the deformation that is caused when applying
a force that is not visible to the naked eye.
5.- Is there any relationship between lateral deformation and strain?
longitudinal?, if so indicate which one.
R.-They are related as a body deforms longitudinally with the
elongation implies a transverse contraction or reduction of the section
of the stretched element.
6.- In general, is the Young's modulus the same for the force?
tensor and compression?
It is the same as long as it does not exceed the elastic zone.
CONCLUSIONS
MAYOR UNIVERSITY OF SAN SIMÓN
FACULTY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
PHYSICS LAB II
Second semester 2018
Teacher: Eng. Roberto Pérez P.
Integrantes: (1) Orellana Antezana Brayan
(2)
(3)
Group: L5211
Day: Monday
Schedule: 2:15 - 3:45