Ministry of Transport and Communications

DIRECTIVE No. 010 - 2004 - MTC/14

GUIDE FOR BRIDGE INSPECTION

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

One of the essential elements for the development of the economy of a

The country's road infrastructure.

In a geographical context like the Peruvian one, with a part of its

population located in rural areas, roads become important for
the integration and interconnection of the country, complemented in some cases
by river transport. For this reason, among others, it is very important
that the roads remain in good conditions for transitability,
in order for transportation to be carried out efficiently and safely.

In many cases, bridges are the most vulnerable component of a

road and, applying a metaphor, a chain is no stronger than
its weakest link; bridges are often the elements that
influence that the continuity of the transport service is carried out in
a permanent and secure form, generally favoring an appropriate
operating of the Highway System of the country.

The condition of the bridges on the Road Network of Peru varies.

considerably. Many structures over fifty years old
they generally suffer damage due to lack of proper maintenance,
more than for their antiquity. Some of the structures present a
critical state regarding its structural stability and capacity of
load and, under those conditions, traffic safety assumes high
levels of uncertainty associated with increasing risks.

Bridges are also affected, among other aspects, by the

about loads, environmental influence, natural phenomena such as
earthquakes and floods, which cause its deterioration.

The periodic climatic phenomenon known as 'El Niño' is the factor of the
nature that most affects the condition of the road network of Peru, causing
floods that often cause great losses
economic and social, which are reflected in losses in infrastructure,
in the production and in the general economic activity of the country.

This phenomenon occurs periodically in an intense manner every six to

about eight years. The most recent and with consequences

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tragic events occurred in 1998; on that occasion many structures of

bridges were affected.

The Ministry of Transport and Communications is fully aware of

the problems indicated here, and has considered necessary, through
Your Policies for Administration and Management of Road Infrastructure, take
measures to improve the condition of security levels and
road network service, including bridges.

Hence the importance that brings the need to have a

an instrument that guides us and serves as GUIDE FOR
BRIDGE INSPECTION, which allows us to know the current state
of said structures.

1.2 PURPOSE

Establish a Bridge Inspection Guide in order to assess the condition

of its components, which allows to define the type of
maintenance to ensure the passability of the road,
allowing an efficient and safe service.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

The objective of the Guide is to provide guidelines for conducting the inspection.
appropriate for the components of the bridges of the National Road System to
through standardized technical procedures.

1.4 REACHES

The present Directive shall be mandatory and applicable to

the executing entities in charge of the National Road System, through the
Engineers responsible for the Bridge Inspections.

1.5 LEGAL BASIS

Law No. 27779, Organic Law that modifies the Organization and Functions of
the Ministries.

Law No. 27791, Law on Organizations and Functions of the Ministry of

Transport and Communications.

Supreme Decree No. 041-2002-MTC approves the Regulation of

Organization and Functions of the Ministry of Transport and
Communications and its amendment, Supreme Decree No. 017-2003-MTC.

Law No. 27785, Organic Law of the National Control System and of the
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General Comptroller of the Republic.

Controller Resolution No. 072-98-CG, Technical Control Standards

Internal for the Public Sector.

Annual Budget Law.

Law No. 27867, Organic Law of Regional Governments and its amendment
Law No. 27902.

Law No. 27972, Organic Municipalities Law and its amendment Law No.
28268.

II. INSPECTION

2.1 GENERALITIES

Inspection is understood as the set of actions in the office and in the field,
from information gathering (history of the bridge, files
project technicians, post-construction plans, previous inspections,
etc.), up to field data collection, in order to understand the state of the
bridge at a given moment.

The inspection of a bridge has two objectives, to ensure traffic without

risk regarding the structure, and detect the existing deficiencies,
recommending actions to correct them. One is inspection of
security and the other for bridge maintenance.

Due to the destructive forces of nature, the increase of

traffic and the presence of overloaded vehicles, the structures of the
bridges have deficiencies or defects. Inspectors must
examine and report on those changes in condition.

A written report will provide recommendations for maintenance and the

Repair actions. A timely report will reduce the risk and the
cost of the repair.

The background of the bridge will be in a file, containing its

history, structural information, structural data, description of the
infrastructure and superstructure, traffic information, evaluation of
previous loads and inspections, among other aspects.

Given the technological advancement, the construction processes used, as well

how different materials have given rise to various types of
bridges throughout history. Appendix No. 01 details the
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various types of bridge structures; and in Annex No. 02, it

graphically presents the metal and concrete bridge, as well as a
classification by type of longitudinal and transversal structure.

2.2 FREQUENCY

The bridges in service must be inspected at intervals that do not

exceed two (2) years.

The submerged components of the bridge must be inspected every

five (5) years with specialized personnel, if applicable.

In extraordinary cases, Special Inspections should be arranged.

The inspection will be visual and physical, with other advanced techniques existing.
(destructive and non-destructive), for specific concrete inspections,
steel and wood.

2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE STAFF

INSPECTION

2.3.1 Minimum requirements for staff in charge of inspections:

∙Inspector Engineer: Licensed civil engineer with 5 years of experience

in road management and a minimum of 3 years in design, evaluation and/or
bridge inspection, to have knowledge of the materials and the
structural behavior of its elements.

Chief Inspection Team Engineer: Licensed civil engineer with

5 years of experience in roadways, preferably in design,
evaluation and/or construction of bridges.

2.3.2 Common Responsibilities of Inspector Engineers:

Identification of minor problems that can be corrected

through routine maintenance.
∙ Identification of unsafe conditions.
∙ Preparation of accurate inspection records, documents and
recommendations for corrective actions.
∙ Identification of bridge components that require
major repairs to avoid total replacements.
∙ Provision of support for the bridge inspection program.

2.3.3 Personal Safety during Inspection

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The team leader of the inspection must create a safe environment for the
inspectors and for the general public. It is recommended that each
inspector worked with an assistant.

At a minimum, an inspector must have: safety vest, helmet,

gloves, steel toe shoes, long sleeve shirt, long pants.

Additionally, you may have: safety glasses, respirators, strap of

security.

Optionally, other security equipment such as walkie-talkies can be included.

smoke detector and carbon monoxide detector.

2.4 EQUIPMENT AND/OR TOOLS FOR INSPECTIONS

To carry out the inspections, at least is required, without being

limiting, equipment and/or tools such as a 5m measuring tape, a
wincha de 30m, plomada, binoculares, termómetro, martillo, lija, pala
plana, destornillador, navaja, escobilla de alambre, crayola o tiza, linterna,
safety belt, toolbox.

It is also necessary to have a vernier, inspection mirrors, penetrant dye,

1m carpenter level, optical crack gauge, thickness gauge
of paint and first aid kit.

2.5 INSPECTION GUIDE

It is generally advantageous to employ a systematic procedure, it is

to follow an inspection routine on all bridges.

The maintenance crew and the body of inspectors

Bridges must work in coordination. The inspectors are the source.
mainly to identify maintenance needs.

A well-documented inspection is essential to determine the

maintenance requirements and provide practical recommendations,
suggesting actions to correct the deficiencies or prevent the increase
of these defects. Regular inspections should be considered as a
primary responsibility in maintenance.

In addition to the defects that may exist, the inspections must look for
the conditions that may indicate potential future problems.

The format that will be used for collecting information will be the
attached as Annex No. 03; which will serve for data collection in the
inspection, as well as in the qualification procedures of

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bridge components.

Annex No. 04 shows the graphic details to be inspected.

When an inspection is carried out in the field, the following must be followed
next steps:

2.5.1 Actions prior to fieldwork:

The inventory and inspection reports must be reviewed.

previous, in order to be aware if there are circumstances
special, such as previously observed damages, or elements
structural elements that require a more detailed inspection.

2.5.2 Actions in the field proper:

a) The location and name of the scheduled bridge must be verified

for your inspection.
b) Necessary security measures must be taken.
c) The inspection must begin by taking an identification photo.
of the bridge.
A photograph of the access to the Bridge must be taken.
e) The condition of each one must be inspected and qualified.
bridge components (Abutments, Pillars, Wings, Deck, Slabs)
Beams, Diaphragm, arch elements, lattices, elements of
suspension bridge, supporting devices, expansion joint
road surface, sidewalks, railings, signage
accesses, slopes, defenses, channel, etc.
f) Slopes and protective works must be inspected and qualified in
the ends of the bridge.
g) Photographs must be taken of the different types of abutments and
pillars.
h) The pillars, supports, the bed, and the part must be reviewed and assessed.
of the superstructure.
i) A photo of the bridge elevation should be taken, in which
you can appreciate the substructure and the superstructure
j) At the end, the overall condition of the bridge should be assessed.

Finally, it is necessary to ensure that all the visible parts of the bridge
were inspected.

Attached as Annex No. 05, the Structural and Functional Defects

in the Local Road Bridges and, as Annex No. 06, the
Different Types of Tests on Bridge Components.

2.5.3 Most Common Damages:

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a) Wooden Components

Common damage to wooden components is caused by

fungi, parasites and chemical attack.

Wood deterioration can be caused by fire, impacts or

collisions, abrasion or mechanical wear, overstrain,
exposure and buckling or sagging.

These can be inspected through visual and physical examinations.

The visual examination can detect rot due to fungi, damage from
parasites, excessive deflection, cracks, vibrations and loss of
connections.
The inspector will visually investigate the extent of the damages and the
will properly document in the inspection reports. To your
Sometimes, the damages to the wood can also be detected.
using sound testing (non-destructive testing).
Regarding physical exams, there are few techniques.
destructive and non-destructive available.

b) Concrete Components

Common damages in concrete components include

cracking, scales, delamination, spalling
outcroppings, wear or abrasion, collision damage, polishing, and
overload.

Concrete cracks are usually fine to be

detected at first sight. They are classified as fine, medium cracks.
or wide. The former are usually insignificant for the
capacity of the structure, but must be reported as
a warning. The medium and wide cracks are significant
for structural capacity and must be recorded and
monitored in the inspection reports.

Cracks can be structural and non-structural.

Structural cracks require immediate attention, all

since they affect the capacity of the bridge. Cracks do not
structural damages are caused by thermal expansion and contraction
from the forge; special care must be taken with slabs, since
rain infiltration water can lead to corrosion of
the armor.

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∙ Peeling is the gradual and continuous loss of surface of

mortar and aggregate over an area. The peeling is classified
in four categories: light, medium, hard and severe.

Delamination occurs when layers of concrete peel off.

near the upper or outer level of the steel reinforcement. The majority
The cause of delamination is the expansion due to the corrosion of the reinforcement.
due to the intrusion of chlorides or salts.

These can be inspected through visual and physical examinations. Two of

the primary damages noted by the visual inspection are the cracks and
rust stains.

An inspector must acknowledge that not all cracks are of

equal importance. Rust spots are one of the signs of corrosion.
of steel reinforcement in concrete members. The length, direction,
location and extent of cracks and rust spots must be
measures and reported in the inspection notes.

Some common types of physical exams include tapping with a hammer.

(hammering) and the dragged chain. The first is used to detect areas
of hollow concrete and usually to detect delamination. For areas
for large surfaces, chain dragging can be used to
evaluate the integrity of the concrete with reasonable certainty, although in
Tiles are not completely secure methods; but they are quick and cheap.

c) Steel Components

Common damages in steel components include corrosion,

cracking, collision damage, and overstrain.

Cracks usually start at the connection, the end

end of the weld or on a corroded point of a member, and,
then, it propagates through its cross-section to the
limb fracture.

The inspectors must carefully observe each of the

potential locations of cracks.

The most recognized form of steel deterioration is corrosion.

In steel components, one of the most common types of damage

it is fatigue cracking; these develop in structures of
bridges due to the repetition of loads.

The inspector will identify construction details susceptible to fatigue.

and will carry out a complete inspection of those details.

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For painted structures, a break in the paint accompanied by

rust stains indicate the possible existence of a crack
fatigue.

If a crack is suspected, the area will be cleaned and disposed of.

a close-up visual inspection. Additionally, it is possible to
foresee more tests, such as penetrant dyes, to identify
the crack and determine its extent. If they existed or are discovered
fatigue cracks, deeper inspections should be conducted.

The overstrain of a component can be the result of

many factors such as losses of composite section,
loss of bracing and failure or settling of support details.

They are symptoms of damage due to overexertion, such as strains.

inelastic or decrease in the steel area of the cross section
in members under tension and buckling in members under compression.

The damages due to vehicle collision, including section losses,

cracking and distortion of shapes will be carefully
documented, with repairs to be started immediately.
Until the repairs have been completed, it is recommended
traffic vehicle restriction based on analysis results of
evaluation.

d) Submerged Components

It corresponds to substructure components. They are needed.

specialized equipment for inspecting submerged components.
Visibility during inspections is poor, therefore a
A thorough inspection of the members is not possible.

The components of steel structures are susceptible to

corrosion, especially in areas affected by moisture.

e) Boards

The most common defects in steel plates are cracks in

welds, broken seals, corrosion and loose or broken connections.
In a corrugated steel floor system, the loss of section
due to corrosion it can affect the load capacity of the
cover.

The common defects in wooden boards are crushing.

from the covering on the supports of the flooring systems, damage due to
flexural such as fractures, buckling, and cracks in areas under tension and

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decay of the covering by biological organisms, especially

in those areas exposed to drainage.

Common defects in concrete slabs are wear,

scales, delamination, spalling, cracks of
longitudinal flexure, transverse flexural cracks in the regions of
negative moment, corrosion of the reinforcement steel, cracks
due to reactive additives and damage due to contamination
chemistry.

f) Meetings

The damage to the joints is caused by vehicle impact,

extreme temperatures and accumulation of soil and debris.

The damage caused by debris and vehicle traffic can lead to

let the joint be torn, let the anchors be torn out, or be
completely removed.

Extreme temperatures can break the adhesion between the

board and, consequently, result in total removal
of the board.

The primary function of the joint is to accommodate expansion and

contraction of the bridge's superstructure.

g) Supports

They can be categorized into two groups: metallic and

elastomeric.

Metal supports can become inoperative due to

corrosion, accumulation of debris, or other interferences.
Frozen supports can generate bends, waves, and
improper alignment of limbs. Other types of damage are
insurance losses, weld breakage, surface corrosion
sliding.

The damages in elastomeric support pads are: excessive

bulging, rupture or tearing, cutting and failure due to
shift.

2.6 EXECUTION OF THE INSPECTION

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The following basic considerations must be taken into account for the
bridge inspection.

2.6.1 Riverbed Inspection

With anticipation to problems and taking appropriate measures

By providing protection, serious difficulties later on can be minimized.
For that reason, it is advisable to investigate the following
conditions:

If there is adequate space under the bridge to allow passage

from the waters. The deposits of sand and/or gravel can reduce
this space.
If there is stability and good behavior of the edges and
shoreline protection.
Possible obstruction of the riverbed with weeds, logs or
plant growth that can contribute to undermining or
possible risk of fire.
A profile record of the channel provides valuable information about the
tendency of the river to erode, change course, gradient, etc.

The record must be updated whenever there are changes in

importance. These guidelines help to project protections to
the pillars or struts, especially to their foundations.

2.6.2 Stirrups and pillars

When inspecting stirrups or concrete columns, it should

defects of any kind can be observed. The most common are the
following:

Deterioration of concrete at the waterline.

Deterioration of the concrete in the support areas.
Cracks in the stirrups, especially at the junction between the
body and the wings. These cracks should be observed through the
time to see if they increase. When these cracks are
they indicate that there is structural movement that can
to be caused by foundation problems.

2.6.3 Support Devices

Support devices, whether fixed or mobile, must be examined.

to ensure that they function properly. The misconduct
The supports can be a cause of movement of pillars or abutments.

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If this type of problem exists, the following must be carried out

inspection

Observe if the anchor bolts are damaged or if the nuts

they need adjustment.
Verify if the expansion elements allow movement
according to its design.
Check for dirt or debris around the appliances
of support.
Observe if there is excessive deformation or breakage in the plates.
neoprene.
Observe the rollers and their condition of mobile support.
Support devices can be damaged due to traffic.
heavy, due to accumulated dirt. If a problem is noticed
operation, must be notified immediately.

2.6.4 Beams and girders

These elements can be made of wood, steel or

concrete. Each material presents specific problems for its
maintenance, which must be investigated.

Wood beams.- The most common defects in beams of

the following are wood:
ü Cracks, deterioration, breaks, insect and fungus attacks.
ü Lack of surface treatment that allows it to
longitudinal cracks develop and extend throughout the entire
length of the beam.
ü Flattening in the load area that normally indicates
weakening or reduction of the material's capacity.
ü Loss of connections or diaphragms between stringers

Steel beams - The following are the most common defects

that are present in the steel beams:
ü Oxidation under the expansion joints area.
ü Oxidation of the beam due to moisture passing through cracks
from the board.
ü Deterioration of the paint.
ü Loose connections.
ü Corrosion and cracks around rivets and bolts in the
union of elements of a beam.
ü Cracks in the weld and the base metal.

Concrete beams. - The most common defects in these beams.

son
ü Disintegration of the slab of a T-section beam.
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ü Inoperability of support devices.

ü Exhibition of reinforcement steel due to corrosion.
ü Cracks at the ends of the beams.

Any of the defects mentioned regarding beams

concrete beams are very significant
tensioned. If an open crack is found in an element
This must be reported and notified immediately.

2.6.5 Lattices

The grids can be classified into three categories, according to their

position regarding the rolling board: from the upper board,
intermediate or lower board.

The inspection must begin by observing the edge line or the

railing to see if there is misalignment in the elements both in
the vertical plane as in the horizontal plane. Each member of
The reticulation must be inspected, including the following:
Observe the alignment of the grid and its gradient.
Check the devices at the end supports and on the plates.
of expansion, which ensures free movement.
Check that the elements in compression are not twisted.
Observe if the bracings have been damaged by traffic,
or they have bad behavior.
Examine the paint and the extent of the corrosion, mainly
around bolts and rivet heads.
Check if the connection pins are in their place.
Check for the existence of loose or missing bolts or rivets.
rusted.
Examine the tension cables for cracks.
especially in connections.
Observe if there is section loss due to corrosion in the steel.

2.6.6 Dashboards

The boards must be examined to determine if there is a risk of

slipping of vehicles on its surface due to lack of
roughness on the floor. It must be observed that there is no pooling
of water due to the obstruction of the drains. Verify that these
functions without affecting structural parts or the traffic that passes through
lower level.

Wooden board. - They must be examined for detection of any

deterioration in the contact area with the longerons or between layers

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made of laminated wood. Maintenance is needed when

there are loose nails, broken or deteriorated parts, openings that
they allow dirt to pass towards the pillars or abutments.

Steel panels - They should be examined for corrosion.

or welds in poor condition, if there is accumulated dirt
on the grill floors in the support areas over beams or
if there are loose sheets or if the paint is damaged.

Concrete slabs must be examined for cracks.

Scaling or other signs of deterioration must be observed.
carefully the reinforcing steel to determine its condition. The
Cracks in the concrete allow moisture to affect the steel.
of reinforcement which expands when oxidized and causes
concrete detachment

2.6.7 Road surface

Any type of pavement surface can hide defects.

of the board. This surface must be observed very carefully
to look for evidence of the deterioration of the board. In some cases
small sections should be removed to facilitate a better
research.

2.6.8 Access to the bridge

They are important for their connection to the bridge and must be level with
the board. If the transition is not smooth, the effects of the impact
they can increase the energy of the charges entering the bridge,
causing structural damage.

The pavement of the accesses must be observed to detect the

presence of potholes, settlements or excessive roughness. The joint
between the approach slabs and the abutments, designed for the
movement caused by temperature variations, must be
examined to check for proper opening and appropriate seal. In
the evaluation of the accesses to the bridge will also be considered
condition of the railway crossings, the shoulders, slopes, and drainage.

III. INSPECTION REPORTS, RESOURCE ESTIMATION E

IDENTIFICATION OF BRIDGES IN CRITICAL SITUATION

3.1 INTRODUCTION
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This chapter will address the topic related to reports.

that must be presented as a result of the inspection, including a
numerical rating of the condition of the bridge.
It will also deal with the estimation of resources and identification of
bridges in critical condition.

3.2 OF THE INSPECTION REPORT

The Inspector's report will include the system inventory data.

standardized, adapted to computer processes.
The Inspection Report will also include a numerical factor that
represent the rating of the condition in which the bridge is located
with a value between 1 and 5, according to the criteria indicated in the
attached table.
The Inspection Reports will include descriptions, diagrams and
photographs that detail the defects found; the report will specify the
location of the problem and its extent.

When preparing the report, it is important to keep in mind that based on this
information, maintenance actions and possible projections can be projected
economic resource allocations. It is also a technical record that
it can constitute an important element in any future litigation.

The language used in the report will be clear and concise and, for the benefit of the
uniformity, the same terminology will be used as much as possible,
to avoid ambiguity in meaning.
The information contained in the reports will be the one obtained in the
field inspections and complemented with the reference of the plans
of construction and verification in the field.

Even if it is just a quick inspection, to verify something

specific detail, where a change or problem is anticipated, and not
detect obvious changes in the inspection and even though the conditions
those existing seem to be unimportant, a report will be prepared for each
bridge inspected.

As part of the bridge report, two photographs will also be included.

one showing a panoramic view of the road and another showing the
main elevation; they may also include other photographs they consider
significant, that show important failures or other characteristics
special.

It is advisable to attach a photograph that shows the facilities.

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complementary to the structure, as well as the signals of danger, failure or

defects that deserve to be mentioned, just like the description of the
conditions and the corresponding evaluation.

The Inspector must make a comparison of the condition or degree of

deterioration. Well-crafted diagrams are very useful for determining,
in future research, the development of faults and to help
determine the changes and their magnitude. All will be included
recommendations and instructions for repair or maintenance
corresponding.

Global condition overview of the bridge:

Rating Description of the Condition

0 Very good, no problems observed.
1 Well: There are minor issues. Some items show
insignificant deterioration.
2 Regular: the primary elements are in good condition, but
some secondary ones show deterioration, some loss of
section, cracks, flaking or undermining loss of
advanced section.
3 Bad: the loss of section, deterioration or undermining affect
seriously to the primary structural elements.
There is a possibility of local fractures, they may occur.
cracks in the concrete or fatigue in the steel.
4 Very Bad: Advanced deterioration of the structural elements
primaries.
Fatigue cracks in steel or shear cracks in concrete
Erosion compromises the support that should be provided by the
infrastructure.
It is advisable to close the bridge unless it is monitored.
bridge.
5 Terrible: great deterioration or loss of section present in
critical structural elements.
Horizontal or vertical displacements affect the
stability of the structure
The bridge is closed to traffic but with corrective actions it
it can restore the transit of light units.

3.3 INSPECTION EFFECTED FOR HE SUPERVISOR DE

MAINTENANCE

The maintenance staff for their permanent work in the field,

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you can observe defects or expose issues that the engineer did not notice
Bridge inspector, who can become a risk situation or
to be the cause of a future problem in the bridges of your jurisdiction,
needing to inform in order to arrange for a Specific Inspection of
said Bridge.

The best results are obtained when the maintenance staff and the
Inspectors work together and in a coordinated manner.

3.4 RESOURCE ESTIMATION

The inspection information system must provide data that

can be used for the subsequent evaluation and estimation of resources
necessary to maintain or rehabilitate the bridge. The accuracy of the
information will allow for a better estimation of the measurements and, therefore, of
the required resources, which can be used preliminarily for their
posterior analysis in the office.

Working together, the Inspector Engineer and the Maintenance Supervisor,

they can anticipate procedures to improve the accuracy of the estimation.

3.5 IDENTIFICATION OF BRIDGES IN CRITICAL SITUATION

When it is identified that a Bridge is in a Critical Situation, it

An Special Inspection must be provided. This will be carried out by a set
of specialists, at least one of whom will be a civil engineer
structural specialist.

IV. ANNEXES

ANNEX No. 01: DESCRIPTION OF BRIDGES

ANNEX NUMBER 02: GRAPHS OF BRIDGE STRUCTURE TYPES
ANNEX No. 03: DATA COLLECTION FROM THE INSPECTION
ANNEX No. 04: GRAPHICAL DETAILS TO BE INSPECTED
ANNEX NO. 05: DEFECTS AND PROBLEMS OF BRIDGES ON ROADS
NEIGHBORHOOD
ANNEX No. 06: TESTS ON THE COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE.

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