E.P.E.T. No.

12
PROVINCIAL SCHOOL OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Pulleys

Alumnos:Careaga, Diego. Fonceca, Jhonatan. Andino, Federico.

Professor: Otazo, Julio.

Course: 4th 'U'

Año:2022
Pulleys
What are pulleys?
A pulley is a wheel on an axle or crank that is designed to support movement and change.
the direction of a tensioned cable or belt, or alternatively, to support the transfer of power between the shaft and the cable or
belt.
In the case of pulleys supported by a frame or structure that do not transfer power to a shaft, but are used
To guide the cable or exert a force, the supporting frame is called a block.
A pulley can have a groove or grooves between the flanges around its circumference to hold the cable.
or the belt. The driving element of a pulley system can be a rope, cable, belt, or chain.
WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF PULLEYS
It is not known who invented the pulley or when; the earliest evidence of pulleys dates back to ancient times.
Egypt in the Twelfth Dynasty (1991-1802 B.C.) and Mesopotamia in the early second millennium B.C.
In Roman Egypt, Hero of Alexandria (c. 10-70 AD) identified the pulley as one of the 6 machines.
simple machines used for lifting weights. The pulleys are assembled to form a block and tackle in order to
to provide a mechanical advantage to apply large forces.
Pulleys are also assembled as part of belt and chain drives to transmit power from
a rotating axis to another. "Parallel Lives" by Plutarch recounts a scene in which Archimedes demonstrated the
effectiveness of compound pulleys and the blocking and rigging system using one to pull a boat
completely loaded towards him as if gliding through water.

GENERAL USES OF PULLEYS

The original main use of pulleys was to facilitate the lifting of heavy items. But, besides
lifting things, pulleys can be used individually or with many pulleys working together to
transport people or things and they can also be used to provide power from one shaft to another.
ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP A PULLEY
The tire: It is an external area of the industrial pulley and its constitution is essential, as it will adapt to
the shape of the belt that houses.
The body: Pulleys are made up of a solid piece when they are small in size. When
their dimensions increase, they will be equipped with nerves and/or arms that generate the pulley, connecting the cube
with the tire.
The hub: It is the conical and cylindrical hole that is used to couple to the axle. Currently, it is used
Very much the conical couplings in the pulleys, as their assembly is very convenient.

Types of pulleys
Pulleys are really simple machines, there are 3 main types of machines of this kind, the pulleys.
the levers and the inclined plane. Within the pulleys, three main types can be distinguished:
Fixed pulleys
These pulleys are common pieces that are secured at a single point, their name fixed pulley comes from
the pulley itself remains stationary, attached to some surface like a wall or a ceiling while
the rope or strap passes through it. Since it is fixed, the force exerted on the side that is pulling
it will be the same amount of force that is exerted from the other side.

These types of pulleys are very necessary since they change the direction of the object, which is very useful in
different systems.
Mobile pulleys
These pulleys differ from fixed pulleys because the machine of the actual piece moves with the load due to
that the pulley moves with the load, this pulley applies various forces that the operator applies to the machine when
work with an object. Due to the mentioned functioning, this type of pulleys remain connected,
Generally, for a real object, this is the main difference between fixed and movable pulleys.
In addition, movable pulleys do not change the direction of the object, which is useful as it multiplies the force.
on the opposite side of the operator, being ideal for heavy loads because less effort has to be exerted
strength, but that strength is multiplied.
COMPOUND PULLEY
A compound pulley consists of a fixed pulley and a moving pulley, combining the benefits of each.
They. In a compound pulley, the weight is attached to the wheel of a movable pulley, which is in turn tied to a
rope attached to a fixed pulley.
With a compound pulley, you can redirect the required direction of the force, as well as the load.
total work for the force.
EXAMPLES OF PULLEYS IN DAILY LIFE
Elevators: The elevators operate through a powerful electronic pulley system. In fact, the
elevators use a system of multiple pulleys and counterweights to provide power and safety to
elevator system.
Wells: The old-fashioned 'wish well' water wells use a simple pulley system to
take the bucket out of the well.

Exercise equipment: Most weightlifting equipment uses pulleys to control the

angle at which the weights are lifted while holding the weights in a specific place. This causes the
the weight lifting process is safer and more effective for the user than free weights, if they were used
incorrectly.
Construction pulleys: Construction pulleys are some of the most basic and common pulleys, good
to see the basic operation of this simple machine. These pulleys consist of a track of wheels that
It can be lifted to great heights, equipped with chains or ropes tied to hooks.
Theater systems: In theaters, the curtain and mosquito net systems work through a system of
multiple pulleys. These pulleys are located high above the stage where the audience cannot see them.
and they are operated from the side of the stage to raise and lower curtains and pieces of scenery during a
theatrical representation.

Load lifting system: A load lifting system that allows raising items to higher floors,
it is a pulley system.
Window blinds: These also work through a pulley system to move the blinds up
up and down. You pull the cord of the blinds and the pulley system makes the blinds go up or
get down.
Flagpoles: The masts use pulleys to raise or lower the flag. Pull the rope of the pulley and the
the flag goes up or down the pole.
Cranes, bulldozers, and escalators use pulley systems to operate.
Garage doors, sailboats, motors, extension ladders, rock climbers, etc.… all use the system
of pulleys to work more safely and effectively.
Advantages and disadvantages of pulleys
Advantages of the pulley

The main advantage of using pulleys is that the effort is reduced compared to the
normal lifting of weights. In other words, it reduces the amount of actual force needed to
lift heavy objects.
It changes the direction of the applied force and also provides a mechanical advantage.
The other advantage of using pulleys is the distance between the operator and the weight. There is a distance
safe between them that prevents any disaster.
Pulleys are easy to assemble and very cost-effective.
The combination of different directional pulleys can change the position of the load with little
effort.
Although there are moving parts in the pulley system, they require little or no lubrication after
the installation.
Disadvantages of the pulley

Apart from the advantages mentioned earlier in using pulley systems, there are several
disadvantages in its use.
The main disadvantage of using the pulley system is that it requires a lot of space to install.
to operate.
In some cases, the strings or straps move, the chances that the strings or straps
Slips from the wheel are inevitable.
If the system is installed for prolonged use, it requires maintenance and periodic review.
strings or cables, since the friction between the wheels and the cables/strings wears them down and weakens them.
The rope can break during the use of the system, causing harm to the operator and the surrounding area.
and to the load that is being lifted.

Apparatus
A hoist, pully (from the Greek πολύς 'much' and σπάω 'to pull') or rigging is a machine made up of
two or more pulleys and a rope, cable, or chain that alternately goes through the various notches of
each of these pulleys. It is used to lift or move a load with a great mechanical advantage, as this
It is necessary to apply a force much smaller than the weight that needs to be moved.

Utility
They are used in workshops or industries to lift and place very heavy items and materials in different
machine tools or loading and unloading them from the trucks that transport them. They are usually subject to
a rotating arm attached to a machine, or they can be mobile guided by rails placed on the ceilings
of the industrial warehouses.
The hoists have different lifting capacities depending on the load they can lift.
It is possible to increase the lifting capacity by increasing the number of branches of a hoist. For
For example, a hoist of 500 kg with a sling may have a capacity of only 500 kg, but if it is configured
With two branches and using the appropriate accessories, the same hoist can lift 1000 kg. In order to
reaching very high lifting capacities sometimes requires the use of a set of several hoists
with several branches alongside a special paste.
Factorial rigging
Also called a series rigging, it consists of a number of fixed pulleys on the same mount and
Other mobile pulleys also placed on the same mount, from which the load to be lifted hangs.

Diagram of a factorial design.

The resistance is formed by that load and the weight of the moving part of the apparatus. The figure shows a
rigging with two fixed pulleys and two movable ones. The force P that must be applied is, in this case, one fourth of
the force Q is supported by four ropes whose tensions are equal. In general, if the number of pulleys
mobile devices that are fixed to each other are N (coplanar or parallel), the force P will be:

Potential rigging
The potential rigging is a simple machine used to move upward or downward (with
modifications can be adapted to horizontal movements), elements whose high weight prevents it from being
moved by the strength of a human without mechanical assistance.
 Diagram of a potential rig
A potential rig basically consists of a fixed pulley anchored to a sturdy point that is located at
greater height than the element that is to be moved, and one or more movable pulleys. The fixed pulley is threaded.
through a rope (cord or rope), a chain or a steel cable, which is anchored at one end to the
same point as the pulley, but which in its path embraces a second pulley, and whose other end is at the
the tensile force is applied (action). This second pulley is of the floating type, and from its center hangs a
second rope, cable, chain or steel wire, that has its other end anchored to the surface before
mentioned. In this way, as many pulleys can be placed as necessary, taking into account that for
Each pulley added reduces the weight to half of the weight acting on the previous pulley. The element to
Mover, is applied, on the axis of the last pulley of the pulley train.
As mentioned, a potential rigging generates a mechanical advantage and the formula for its calculation is:

Symbol Name
T Force to perform
P Weight of the element to be moved
n Number of movable pulleys we have
The disadvantage of using a potential rig is that the distance traveled by the load is significantly shorter.
that the length of the rope that passes through the fixed pulley. Specifically, the relationship of lengths is the inverse of
the reason given in mechanical advantage: