154

CHAPTER IV
METHOD OF ROTATIONS.
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 155

IV.1. Generalities.
There are a large number of structural systems in which the effects predominate.
due to bending efforts, where axial effects can be disregarded, shear
and torsion without significantly altering the results of the structural analysis. Such is
the case of beams, frames, and some structural frames used in works of
Civil Engineering.

This is why this section will address the study of elastic structures.
stable hyperstatic structures, which comply with Hooke's Law and the Principle of
Superposition, where we will consider that there are only bending effects.

In this context, let us remember that in Chapter I we studied in detail the

concepts related to the Degree of Kinematic Indeterminacy (GIC) in structures
typical civilians where axial deformations were disregarded, observing that for
each Degree of Kinematic Freedom (G.D.L.C.) there is an elastic deformation of the
structure when this displacement occurs, which is associated with a state of
internal bending efforts in the structural elements.

For example, by analyzing the portico shown in Figure IV.1a), it can be observed
that if axial deformations are neglected, the structure is kinematically
indeterminate of degree '3' (GIC = 1 + 2 two rotations By Cand a translation B=
C, as shown in Figure IV.1b).
B C
B B C C
B C

A D A D

a) Braced structure to b) Degrees of Kinematic Freedom of the

to study portico
Figure IV.1. Braced structure for kinematic analysis

By applying the Superposition Principle, we can study the effect of deformation.

elasticity of the G.D.L.C. of the structure, allowing freedom of movement to each
one of these while the others remain restricted.

If we consider, for example, the rotation of node B ( B) with C= B= C= 0 then

the elastic deformation shown in Figure IV.2a) occurs, which can be associated with
to a state of internal stresses that produce bending moments in the elements that are
they deform elastically for that G.D.L.C. considered [6 that is; the elements AB and
BC of Figure IV.2a).
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 156

B C
B C B B B’ C C’
C

A D A D A D

a) Elastic deformation b) Elastic deformation c) Elastic deformation

G.D.L.C. B G.D.L.C. C G.D.L.C. B

Figure IV.2. Superposition of effects of each G.D.L.C. of the structure

Similarly, Figures IV.2b) and IV.2c) allow us to consider the effect of the
G.D.L.C. Cy B= Crespectively, observing that the elements BC and CD
they present elastic deformation for C, while the elements AB and CD deform
elastically for B= C= .

To relate the influence of the G.D.L.C. of a structure and the internal forces
produced by its elastic deformation, let us remember that in Chapter III we
It was demonstrated that for any elastic structure, the forces can be obtained.
knowing the flexibility of the structure through expression

Rn 1 F1n n D n 1
(1)

1
Where K F it is the Stiffness Matrix
n n n

Rn 1 K n D n 1
(2)

It is worth noting that [K]nxnit is a square matrix that contains the coefficients of
rigidity which depends on the material and the geometry of the structure and that the
displacement vector {D}nx1represents the G.D.L.C. of the structure (translations and/or
rotations) due to its capacity for elastic deformation [2 .

Then Equation (1) indicates that Forces are directly proportional to the
Rigidity of the structure and to the G.D.L.C. due to elastic deformations, then if
we only consider bending deformations, so the forces that will be obtained will be
the bending moments and the rigidity will only be the bending rigidity. Now it should be considered
a procedure that allows obtaining the Flexural Rigidity from its relationship with the
elastic deformations of the structure to determine the internal forces and
reactions at the supports.
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 157

IV.2. Rigidity of a Structure.

IV.2.1. Bending Stiffness of a Structure.
In structural engineering, stiffness is defined as the force required to produce a
unit displacement in the structure [6 and it is a characteristic that depends solely
of the material properties and the geometry of the structure.

Now the Flexural Stiffness (KFLEXIONIt can be defined as the necessary Moment
to produce a unit rotation in the structure, which can be "Absolute" when the
moment produces a unit rotation at its application point or 'Relative or Induced'
if the moment produces the rotation of a point different from its point of application .
Then Equation (2) takes the following form

M n 1 K FLEXION n n G.D.L.C.n 1 (3)

For G.D.L.C. 1 1 M n 1 K FLEXION n n

it is the Flexural Rigidity

IV.2.2. Stiffness Factors for a structural element.

We consider the kinematically indeterminate frame of degree '3' of the Figure.
IV.3a). To determine the Flexural Rigidity due to the G.D.L.C., we will section the
structure in discrete segments that contain an initial node and a final node.

If, for example, we analyze the section BC by cutting at B and C.

respectively, the D.C.L. of segment BC can be assumed as the beam fixed in the
extremes shown in Figure IV.3b), where the reactions at the supports
represent the internal forces (bending moment, shear force, and axial force) that.
They are produced in cuts 1 and 2 as evidenced in Figure IV.3b) [3].

B C
B C

MB MC
B C
NB NC
A D
VB VC
a) Sectioned structure in B and in C b) Fixed beam that models the section BC

Figure IV.3. Section of the framed structure for kinematic analysis

METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR STIFFNESSES 158

To determine the Flexural Rigidity of the span, it will be allowed to displace with a
unit value in the direction of a G.D.L.C. while the rest remains fixed.
Additionally, we will generalize the analysis by replacing endpoint B with the letter 'i' and to
extreme C by the letter "j", then we will call the bending moment at B as Mijwhich
it will be called the 'moment at the node of section ij', in a manner analogous to Myesrepresents the
moment in the joint of the segment flexural moment at point C [6].

A Convention of Signs will be assumed for the direction of the bending moments acting.
at the ends of each section or element (My Myestaking as Positive the meaning
Counterclockwise; that is to say; it will be assumed that initially these flexural moments act in
counterclockwise, which can be verified at the end of the analysis procedure according to the
sign of the results.

IV.2.2.1. Effect of Rotations ( ).

To determine the Flexural Rigidity due to the rotational G.D.L.C. we will apply
a unit rotation at the end B i= 1 rad) in the opposite direction of the clock hands
clock (Positive Sign Agreement), then we can apply the Method of Forces to the
statically indeterminate beam of 3ERdegree (GIET = 3) of Figure IV.4a) taking in
only count the bending effects, considering EI constant, to determine the
Reflecting moments Mijy Myeswhat represents the flexural rigidity of section BC for the
rotation ias indicated in Figure IV.4.

I1 rad Mij
j= 0;Δj=0 j
i
=
i j
c) Redundant Structure Mij(1)
L + Myes
a) D.C.L Section BC j
I
j
i
d) Redundant Structure Myes(2)
+
b) Primary Structure (0) j Nj
i

e) Redundant Structure Nj(3)

Figure IV.4. Method of Forces applied to Section BC to determine KFLEXIONby

According to the Method of Forces, the Compatibility Equation to be solved is the

next
Dc1(0) f11 f12 f13 Mij 1
Compatibility Equation Dc(0) 2f f 22f M 0 yes
21 23
Dc 3 1  F 3 3 R3 1
(0)
DR 3 1 Dc3 (0)
f31f32f33 Nj 0
 METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR STIFFNESSES 159

The static analysis of the primary and redundant structures yields the TABLE
IV.1

Section Xi Xf M (0) m (1) m (2) m (3)

i-j i=0 j= L 0 x 1 x 0
L L

TABLE IV.1. Bending moment expressions in the spans of primary structures

and redundant for the G.D.L.C. I

By applying the Virtual Work Method, the Flexibility Coefficients are determined.
and the displacements of the Primary System
Flexibility Factors and Displacements of the Primary System
2
1 L x L
f11  1dx f 33 0
EI 0 L 3EI
2
1 L x L
f 22 dx f13 f 31 0 Dc1(0) Dc2(0) Dc3(0) 0
EI 0 L 3EI
1 L x x L
f12 f 21 1 dx  f 23 f 32 0
EI 0 L L 6EI

By substituting the obtained values in the matrix system, the forces are obtained.
redundant as follows
System of Equations
L L 4EI
M ij Myes 0 Nj 1 M ij K ii   Absolute Rigidity
3EI 6EI L
L L 2EI (4)
 M ij Myes 0 Nj 0 Myes K ij   RelativeRigidity
6EI 3EI L
0 M ij 0 Myes 0 Nj 0 Nj 0

The Equations (4) represent the Absolute Stiffness Kiiand the Relative Stiffness Kijfor the
segment embedded at both ends which we will call Continuous–Continuous Segment
(Segment Cont. - Cont.) [6]. Note that the moments have the same direction as the
rotation applied at the node; that is, counterclockwise direction defined as positive according to the
Convention of Signs adopted in the previous paragraph.

On the other hand, we can relate the Relative Stiffness of the segment to its Stiffness.
Absolute through a proportionality factor tijwhich defines the amount of
moment that is induced at the node when a moment acts on the node and is called the
"Transportation Factor" [6] given by the expression

4EI
K RELATIVE K ij L2 1
tij (5)
K ABSOLUTEK ii 2EI 2
L2
 METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 160

The Transport Factor tijFrom the expression (5), it indicates that if it is produced at one end
a flexible moment Mij On the opposite end, half of that momentum is transported.
with the same meaning, that is, Myes= ½ x Mij, as long as said node is continuous and
the section has a prismatic shape (constant EI).

Similarly, it can be shown that if we apply a unitary rotation to

extreme C ( j= 1 rad) clockwise, while I= j= 0, the expressions (4) and (5)
they transform into the following

2EI
M ij Kyes   RelativeRigidity
L (6)
4EI
Myes Kjj   Absolute Rigidity
L
t yes 1
2

IV.2.2.2. Effect of Translations ).

To determine the Flexural Rigidity due to the G.D.L.C. of the translation ( )

we will apply a unit shift in C jin the vertical direction and downward.
Then, we can trace the elastic deformation and identify the line i–j in Figure IV.5a)
what defines what is known as the elastic cord, which rotates an angle ijregarding the
undeformed structure (line i–j), then the G.D.L.C. of translation produces a
rotation ( ijof the elastic cord of the section producing bending effects, the value of which
for small deformations it is equal to j / L.

Now the Method of Forces can be applied again to the hyperstatic beam.
3ERBC grade considering the isostatic structures of Figure IV.5 in the manner
next
i= 0; j= 0
i j
i L j =
ij
Deformed Δjequals 1 Vj
elastic String c) Redundant Structure Vj(1)
elastic I
+
D.C.L Segment BC
Myes
i j
i j

c) Redundant Structure Myes(1)

b) Primary Structure (0)
+
i j Nj

e) Redundant Structure Nj(3)

Figure IV.5. Method of Forces applied to Segment BC to determine KINFLECTIONfor
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 161

According to the Force Method, the Compatibility Equation to be solved is the

next
Dc1(0) f11 f12 f13 Vj 1
Compatibility Equation
Dc  2f
(0)
21
f 22f M
23
0 hi
Dc(0) 3 1  F 3 3 R3 1 DR 3 1 (0)
Dc3 f31f32f33 Nj 0

From the static analysis of the primary and redundant structures, the TABLE is obtained.
IV.2.

Section XI Xf M (0) m (1) m (2) m (3)

i-j i= 0 j= L 0 x L 1 0

TABLE IV.2. Expressions of bending moment in the spans of primary structures

and redundant for the G.D.L.C.

By applying the Virtual Work Method, the Flexibility Coefficients are determined.
and the displacements of the Primary System
Flexibility Factors and Displacements of the Primary System
1 L3
f11
L
 x L  2 dx f 33 0
EI 0 3EI
1 L
f 22
L 2
1  dx f13 f 31 0 Dc1(0) Dc2(0) Dc3(0) 0
EI 0 EI
1 L2
x L   1 dx 
L
f12 f 21 f 23 f 32 0
EI 0 2EI
By substituting the obtained values in the matrix system, the forces are obtained.
redundant as follows
System of Equations
L3 L2
V jMyes 0 Nj 1 Vj
12EI
 
3EI 2EI L3
L2 L 6EI (7)
V j Myes 0 Nj 0  jj
Myes K   
2EI EI L2
L
0 V 0 Myes Nj 0 Nj 0
EA
6EI
It is obtained that for equilibrium  hello
M ij K  
L2
Expression (7) indicates that when relative translational displacements occur
between the nodes and the bending moments generated have an opposing direction to
the rotation of the section rope ijHow the direction taken will look later on.
for the G.D.L.C. it will influence the sign of the moment, which for the example in the Figure
IV.5a) is positive, that is, the direction of the moment is Counterclockwise. If, on the contrary, it
 METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 162

would have meant the displacement upwards the moment would be negative, that is,
it would have a clockwise sense.

Note that expressions (4), (5), (6), and (7) are only valid for one element of
prismatic section (EI = CTTE.), therefore if the segment has a variable section then
The stiffnesses and the transport factor must be calculated as it was done in the paragraph.
previous for each particular case.

IV.2.3. Effect of External Loads (x) .

To take into account the effect of external loads, let's consider that on the section ij
the external general charge acts on the study (x) shown in Figure IV.6. where
The G.D.L.C. are completely restricted by the embedments.
(x)

M ij Myes
i j
L
Figure IV.6. Effect of external loads (x)

Then we can apply the Method of Forces just as we did in the paragraphs.
previously to determine the 'Perfect Embedding Moments' Mijy Myesthe
which can be positive or negative depending on the direction in which the charges act on the
structure. It is important to note that there are tables of moment fixing for different
types of loads that can be used in the analysis, with the most common being the following:
Segment Cont.–Cont. Section Cont.–Art.
a P b Pa2b a P b
Lead2 a L2
L2 i j i j
P a 2b
L b 2 a L
L2 2

L/2 P L/2 P
PL PL 3PL
8 i j 8 16 i j
L L

L2 L2 L2
i j 12 i j
12 8
L L

L2 L2 L2
i j 30 I j
20 15
L L
Figure IV.7. Most common tables for Perfect Fixity Moments
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR STIFFNESSES 163

IV.3. Rotation Equations.

IV.3.1 Continuous Segment - Continuous

To determine the Rotation Equations for a 'Continuous - Continuous Segment.'

"representative" that presents the general case where the three G.D.L.C. exist. i, jy ,
The section will be allowed to experience a displacement in the direction of a G.D.L.C.
while the rest remains fixed to achieve the effect of all of them by the Principle of
Superposition, where M = ( i, j, i, j, (x)), that is, the bending moments in
The ends of each section are a function of the G.D.L.C. and external loads.

Then in Figures IV.8 for each G.D.L.C. the bending moments Mijy Myeshimself
obtained by applying Equation (3), multiplying the corresponding Bending Stiffness of the
G.D.L.C. considered by said G.D.L.C. KFLEXION x G.D.L.C. For example, for a
displacement I 0 the moment produced at the node; that is Mij, it is Kii= 4EI/L x I,
while Myesis equal to 2EI/L x i(See Figure IV.8a)). The procedure is carried out in a similar way.
for the others G.D.L.C. as shown in Figures IV.8b), IV.8c) and IV.8d)
respectively.
inot equal to 0 j= 0;Δj=0

4EI 2EI
M ij i
I j Mhi i
I
L i
L
L
a) Effect of the G.D.L.C. i

i= 0;Δj=0 jnot equal to 0

2EI 4EI
M ij j
Mhello j
j
L i j
j
L

L
b) Effect of the G.D.L.C. j
i= 0; j= 0
i L
j
ρjj
Δj 0
6EI (x)
M ij j
j
L2 6EI
Myes j
j
L2
M ij
c) Effect of the G.D.L.C. j i j Mhello
L
d) Effect of External Loads (x)

Figure IV.8. Rotation Equation Segment Cont.–Cont. by superposition of effects

METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 164

From the superposition of the effects indicated in Figures IV.8a), IV.8b), IV.8c) and
IV.8d) The Rotation Equation of the Cont.–Cont. Segment is as follows

4EI 2EI 6EI

M Ij 
i j ij M ij
L L L2
(8)
2EI 4EI 6EI
Myes i j ij Mji
L L L2

Where the signs In expression (8) they are indicated because these can be
clockwise or counterclockwise according to what has been studied in the previous paragraphs.

IV.3.2 Cont. Section - Art.

To determine the Rotation Equations of a hinged segment in one of its
extremes, for example the extreme, which we will call 'Cont. Section - Representative Article'
It will be carried out in a manner similar to the analysis of the Cont.–Cont. section. For this, we must
remember that the bending moment at the articulated node must be equal to zero; that is, Myes=
0, which means that the Flexural Rigidity Kyes= 0 since for a unit rotation injno
there is a moment in said node. In this sense, it can be concluded that the G.D.L.C. due to
the rotation of articulated nodes does not affect the values of the bending moments, which
reduces the kinematic unknowns of the structure that need to be determined.

Let's analyze the section Cont.–Art. shown in Figure IV.9b). It could be applied
once again the Method of Forces to determine the Flexural Stiffness of the node (Kii)
applying a unitary rotation Ihowever, we will use another methodology assuming
that initially is a continuous node (See Figure IV.9a)), then there exists a moment
acting Myestherefore since the node in reality is articulated (Myes= 0). Now it must
apply a moment of equal magnitude and opposite direction–M at that node yeswhat it
cancel (See Figure IV.9b)), then this moment is transferred to the node by multiplying by the
transport factor (thi= ½).

M ij Myes
M ij Myes
i j i j

L 1 L
 Myes  Myes
2
a) Section Cont.–Cont. b) Segment Cont.–Art.

Figure IV.9. Rotation Equation Segment Cont.–Art. by superposition of effects

 METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 165

Then considering each G.D.L.C. it is necessary for Iwhen applying the clockwise moment
of 2EI. iA moment will be induced at node i in the node j (See Figure IV.10a) Mij t=
2EI. i/ L tjithen the resulting moment will be the algebraic sum of Mij y
Mij t, that is to say Mij i it is equal to 3EI I/ L (See Figure IV.10a)). Proceed as follows
analogous for the G.D.L.C. (See Figure IV.9b)).

i≠ 0 2EI 3EI
4EI Myes M ij
M ij i
L
i i Myes 0
L
I I
L
j= 0;Δj0
I i

i j
i j

L 2EI
2EI 1EI L
i
L
L i 2 L a) Effect of the G.D.L.C. I

6EI 1 3EI
j j L 6EI L
L2 i 2 L2 j
i= 0; j= 0 j L2 i= 0; j= 0
i i j
ρjj ρjj
Δj 0 3EI Δj 0
6EI M ij j
M ij j
j
L2
j
L2 6EI Myes 0
Myes j
j
L2 j

b) Effect of the G.D.L.C. j

(x)

M ij Myes 0 c) Effect of External Loads (x)

i j
L

Figure IV.10. Rotation Equation Section Cont.–Art. by superposition of effects

From the superposition of the effects indicated in Figures IV.10a), IV.10b) and IV.10c)
The Rotation Equation of the Cont.-Art. Section is

3EI 3EI
M ij i M ij
L L2 (9)
Myes 0

Equation (9) shows that the moment Mijin the continuous node depends on the
rotation of the articulated node j, which allows to corroborate what was indicated in the previous paragraph
where the articulated nodes that exist in the structure reduce the unknowns
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 166

kinematics of the structure; that is to say, that the number of unknowns due to the G.D.L.C.
are equal to the number of rotations ( of the rigid nodes plus the number of translations
( given by the displaceability of the structure .

IV.4. General Procedure (Method of Rotations).

IV.4.1. Rotation Method for Structural Analysis.
To establish a general analysis procedure, we must apply Equations (8)
y (9) sectioning the structure into discrete segments i–j. Then it must generate a
system of 'n' equations to determine the 'n' unknowns given by the G.D.L.C.
establishing the static equilibrium of the structure to find the values of the
bending moments at the ends of each section that are related to the G.D.L.C.
through the Rotation Equations.

Let us consider as an example the structure of Figure IV.11a) that presents a

G.D.L.C. of rotation at node B and no displacement = 0), which means that
there is only one unknown to solve. When tracing the D.C.L. of node B (rigid node), the
moments at the extreme right of segment AB (MBA) and at the far left of the section
BC (MBefore ChristThey are drawn acting in a counterclockwise direction in the sections according to the Convention.
from Signs previously assumed (Positive Anthorario Moment) (See Figure IV.11b)).

(x) MBefore MBC

Christ

NODE B
SECTION B-C
B C MBA

MBA

(x) SECTION A-B

A

a) Braced structure to b) D.C.L. of node B indicating the

to study acting moments
Figure IV.11. Column-free structure for analysis by rotations

Then the static equilibrium of node B can be established to generate the equation
required to determine the unknown Bhow does it continue

+ MB M BA M BC 0 (10)

Applying the Rotation Equations to the sections A–B and B–C, noting that A=
C= 0 and the moments of perfect embedding are defined by their value and meaning in
the corresponding tables of Figure IV.7 show that the bending moments in the
the extreme B of both sections are respectively
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 167

M BA
4EI

 x L2
B
L 30 (12)
4EI L2
M BC B
L 12
8EI  x L2 (13)
Substituting (11) into (12) B 0
L 20

Equation (13) indicates that for each G.D.L.C. of rotation ( we can establish a
equation of the system of equations necessary to determine the G.D.L.C. considering
the static equilibrium of the rigid node where the kinematic unknown occurs. By
On the other hand, the moments of the sections that reach the considered rigid node will be drawn.
always in a clockwise direction at the node, as it has been assumed by convention acting in
Counterclockwise direction in the sections.

When the structure also presents G.D.L.C. of rotation, it shows G.D.L.C. of

translation ) then the necessary equations must be generated for each of these
kinematic unknowns taking the global static equilibrium of the structure or a part
of her.

To illustrate it, consider for example the portal shown in Figure IV.12a) which
presents two rotating G.D.L.C ) and a displaceability ( ).

B C’ B C
B’ C

P ’ P

VAB A D VDC
A D
MAB MDC
NAB NDC
a) Deformed portal in the direction of b) D.C.L. of the sectioned structure in
G.D.L.C. A and D
Figure IV.12. Section of the portal frame for kinematic analysis

The equations corresponding to the G.D.L.C. of rotation for nodes B and C (nodes
Rigid ones can be obtained just as was done in the previous paragraph by taking equilibrium.
static of the moments at the nodes, then

+ MB 0 M BA M BoefrCtshir 0 (14)

+ MC 0 M CB M CD 0 (15)
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 168

To determine the equation corresponding to the G.D.L.C. we will carry out a section at
the structure at supports A and D and we will trace the D.C.L. indicating the bending moments
MABy MDCacting counterclockwise by convention, while the forces
shear forces and axial forces act in a supposed direction (See Figure IV.12b))
then the static equilibrium of the forces in the x direction for that D.C.L. establishes that

  Fx 0  V AB VDC P 0 (16)

Now we must relate the shear forces VBAand VDCwith the bending moments
that act in sections AB and CD respectively with the aim of expressing these
forces as a function of the kinematic unknowns to be resolved. To do this, we will analyze the
static equilibrium of the D.C.L. of the sections AB and CD shown in Figures IV.13a) and
IV.13b) respectively

NBA NCD
MBA MCD
VBA VCD
P

VAB VDC
MAB MDC
NAB NDC
a) D.C.L. of the section AB b) D.C.L. of section CD
Figure IV.13. Relationship between shear forces and bending moments

For the [Link] For the [Link]

+ MB 0 + MC 0
P L
M AB M BA  VAB L 0 M CD M DC VDC L 0
2
VAB
 M AB M BA  
P (17) VDC
 M CD M DC  (18)
L 2 L

Substituting Equations (17) and (18) into Equation (16) gives the equation for the
G.D.L.C. What is required to solve the three unknowns of the system?


 MAB M BA  
P  M CD M DC

 P 0
L 2 L
 MAB M BA M
 CD M DC

 P 19
L L 2
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 169

Equations (14), (15), and (19) represent the system of 'n' equations needed.
to determine the kinematic unknowns of the portal in Figure IV.11a), which
will serve to calculate the bending moments obtained in the rotation equations, which to
they will also allow determining the shear forces, the axial forces, and the reactions by the
static equilibrium of the segments and the structure. It is worth noting that the internal forces
calculated at the ends of the elements connected to the supports of the structure
they represent the values and direction of the reactions in that support.

An alternative way to establish Equation (19) is obtained by establishing the

static equilibrium using the Principle of Work WEXT= WINT) for each one
of deformed structures due to G.D.L.C. In this regard, the WEXTis given by
the external loads that act in the direction of the displacement of their points of application and
WINTis given by the bending moments (Mijthat act in the opposite direction to the
rope rotation ) of the section where there is elastic deformation due to the effect
considered (See Figures IV.14a and IV.14 b)).

B C’ B C'
B’ C B' C
AB (MCD)
P ’ P
DC
’ (MAB)

A A (MDC)
D (MBA) D

a) Determination of WEXT b) Determination of WINT

Figure IV.14. Deformed portal in the direction of the G.D.L.C.

It should be noted that a positive sign for WEXTindicates that the force considered
it acts in the same direction as the displacement of its point of application, while a
a negative sign indicates the opposite. On the other hand, a rotation ijhourly (Moment
Counterclockwise) will imply a positive sign for the WINTwhile a ijcounterclockwise )o
Time moment) indicates a WINTnegative. To illustrate these agreements, let us take as
example Figure IV.14b), then

WEXT W INT

'
WEXT P ' but '
L L 2
2
P
W EXT
2
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 170

WINT M ij ij

WINT  M AB M BA    M CD M DC

AB  DC but AB DC
L
W
 MAB M BA  
 M CD M DC 
INT
L L

Substituting we have
P  MAB M BA  
 M CD M Washington,
 D.C.
2 L L
 M AB M BA M  CD M DC

 P (20)
L L 2

It can be observed that expressions (19) and (20) are exactly the same, so
that the use of either of the two methods will lead to the equilibrium equations
necessary to obtain a solution to the problem.

Now we can propose a General Procedure for Analysis or Method of the

Rotations to analyze beams and stable and indeterminate framed structures of degree
"n" applying the following steps:

1. Identify the G.D.L.C. of the structure.

2. Draw the elastic deformations for the translational G.D.L.C. ) for the
displacement and for movements on supports, if there are any.

3. Discretize the structure by dividing it into segments and write the Rotation Equations.
corresponding as appropriate.

4. Establish the System of Equations to solve the kinematic unknowns posed

the static equilibrium at the nodes and in the structure.

5. Solve the system and evaluate the G.D.L.C. in the rotation equations to calculate
the bending moment at the ends of each span.

6. Apply static equilibrium to the segments to determine the shear forces and obtain
the reactions and axial forces of the equilibrium of the structure.

7. Draw the Bending Moment, Shear Force, and Axial Force Diagrams.
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 171

IV.4.2. Demonstrative Example.

To illustrate the application of the steps of the Rotation Method Procedure
We will analyze the DEMONSTRATIVE EXAMPLE of Figure IV.15.

The owner of a property designated for residential use wishes to carry out an extension.
to install a commercial premises. The ceiling system will be built with a slab of planks
15 cm thick supported on IPN profiles which can be modeled as the beam
continued shown in Figure IV.15. The loads on the elements were calculated
according to current design standards and indicated on the structures. Taking Use EI =
1000 Ton.m2it is requested:
a.- Determine the reactions using the Rotation Method in order to
pre-dimension the supports of the continuous beam.
b.- Assume that support A experiences a displacement of 0.005 m ( ) due to the
overload. What is the new value of the moments at the ends of each span?
1 Ton/m

A (I) (I) D
(I) B C

3.00 m 4.00 m 1.00 m

Figure IV.15. Hyperstatic structure for analysis by the Rotation Method

Step 1: Determine the G.D.L.C. of the structure

G.D.L.C. 2  0
G.D.L.C. B; C  Rigid Nodes 
Step 2: Discretize the structure by dividing it into segments and write the Equations of
Rotation corresponding as applicable.

In this case, we can divide the continuous beam into two spans (A–B and B–C) that are
they indicate in Figure IV.16, since in the cantilever the Bending Moment and the Force are known
Shear and Axial Force (it is an isostatic section) and can be replaced by a system
Force–moment applied at C.
SECTION A-B Segment B-C 1 Ton
1 Ton/m

0.5 Ton.m
A (I)
(I) B C
3.00 m 4.00 m
Figure IV.16. Discretization of the Structure for analysis
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 172

Section A B:  Art. Cont.  The Equation is applied  9

3EI 1 3 2
M BA 
B EI B  1.125
3 8

Section B C:  Cont. Cont.  The Equation is applied  8

4EI 2EI 1 42
M BC B  C  EI  0.5EI
B C  1.333
4 4 12
2EI 4EI 1 42
M CB B C 0.5EI B  EI C  1.333
4 4 12

Step 3: Establish the System of Equations to solve the kinematic unknowns

posing the static equilibrium at the nodes and in the structure.

+ MB 0 M BA M BC 0
EI B 1.125 IE B  0.5EI  1.333
C 0
2EI B  0.5EI C 0 .208  1

+ MC 0 M CB 0.5 0
0.5EI B  EI C  1.333 0.5 0
0.5EI B  EI C 0.833  2

Step 4: Solve the system and evaluate the G.D.L.C. in the rotation equations for
calculate the bending moment at the ends of each segment.

0.357 1.011
B  C
EI EI

SegmentA B:

0.357
M BA EI   1.125 1 .482Ton.m
EI

Segment B
0.357 1.011
M BC EI   0.5EI  1.333 1.482 Ton.m
EI EI
0.357 1.011
MCB 0.5EI   EI  1.333 0 .5 Ton.m
EI EI
 METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR STIFFNESSES 173

Step 5: Apply static equilibrium of the spans to determine the shear forces and
obtain the reactions and axial forces of the equilibrium of the structure.

We traced the D.C.L. of the sections considered in Step 2 indicating the moments.
Reflectors calculated in the previous step drawn according to the direction given by the Convention
of Signs adopted; that is, (+) clockwise and (-) counterclockwise (See Figure IV.17). Also
indicate the shear forces acting at the ends of the spans assuming for them
an arbitrary address, which will be verified by establishing the Static Equilibrium of the stretch
(in this case all are assumed to be acting upwards).

1 Ton/m
1.482 Ton.m

A
B
VAB VBA
3.00 m
1 Ton
1 Ton/m
1.482 Ton.m
0.5 Ton.m
B C
VBC VCB
4.00 m

1 Ton/m

MCD0.5 Ton.m
C D
VCD= 1 Ton
1.00 m

Figure IV.17. D.C.L. of the structure sectioned into discrete spans i-j

From the equilibrium of each section, it is necessary to:

Section A

+ MA 0: 3 VBA 1.482 1 3
3
0 VBA 1.994 tons  
2
  Fy 0 : V AB VBA 1 3 0 V AB 1.006 Ton  
R Oh 1.006 Ton  
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 174

Section B

+ MB 0 : 4 VCB 1.482 1 4
4
 0.5 0 VCB 1.755 tons  
2
  Fy VBC VCB 1 4 0 VAB 2.246 tons  

At node B
  F 0 :y  VBA VBC RBy 0 RBy 4.24 tons  

At node C
  F 0 :y  VCB VCD RCy 0 RCy 2.755 tons  
RAx RBx RCx 0

Step 6: Plot the Bending Moment, Shear Force, and Axial Force Diagrams.
The layout of the diagrams can be done as indicated in the texts.
Rational Mechanics (See Figure IV.18).

2.246
1.006
1,000
+ +
+
A D
- B - C

1.994 1.755
Shear Force Diagram

1.482
0.500
-
-
A D
B C
+ +

0.506 1.040

Bending Moment Diagram

Figure IV.18. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams of the structure
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 175

IV.4.3. Solved Examples.

1. Calculate the reactions of the beam in Figure IV.19 using the Method of the
Rotations and draw the Moment and Shear Diagrams. Use EI as constant.
10 KN 10 KN
3 KN/m

A B C D E
1.40 m 2.80 m 3.00 m 1.50 m
Figure IV.19

As an additional step, an equivalent force-par system is established in the cantilevers.

10 KN 10 KN
3 KN/m
14 KN.m 15 kN/m
B C D
2.80 m 3.00 m

We determine the kinematic unknowns of the structure

G.D.L.C. 3 0 B , C , D 

We apply the Rotation Equations for each section.

4EI 2EI
M BC B C 1.43EI  0.71EI
B C
2.80 2.80
2EI 4EI
M CB B C 0.71EI B  1.43EI C
2.80 2.80
4EI 2EI L2
M CD C D  1.33EI C  0.67EI D 2.25
3 3 12
2EI 4EI L2
M DC C D  0.67EI C  1.33EI D  2.25
3 3 12

We apply the Static Equilibrium Equations in the structure. They must be included.
external moments due to the overhangs that act at B and D in the equilibrium of
said nodes.
+ MB 0 1.43EI B  0.71EI C  14 0
1.43EI  0.71EI
B C 14  1

+ MC 0 0.71EI B  1.43EI C  1.33EI C  0.67EI D 2.25 0

0.71EI B  2.76EI C  0.67EI D 2
 .25  2
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 176

+ MD 0 0.67EI C  1.33EI D  2.25 15 0

0.67EI  1.33EI
C D 1 2.75  3
We solve the System of Equations for the kinematic unknowns, which are
substituted in the Rotation Equations to determine the bending moments in
each end

10:45
B M BC 13.992 kN·m M DC 1
 5 kN·m
EI
1.34
C  M CB 5.503 KN.m
EI
8.92
D  M CD 5
 .503 kN.m
EI

From the equilibrium of each section, it is necessary to:

RBy 16.96KN   RCy 9.29 kN  

RDy 21.33KN   RBx 0

10.00 10:00
6.96 6.96
+
+
A D E
B C
- -
2.33
10:00 10.00 11.33

Shear Force Diagram

13.992 3:00 PM

- -
A + C D E
B
5.503

Bending Moment Diagram

METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR STIFFNESSES 177

2. For the structure shown in Figure IV.20, it is requested to apply the Method of the
Rotations: a) The reactions at the supports and b) Draw the Force Diagrams
Shear and Bending Moment. Use EI as constant (Extracted from Kinney [6) ).
A

2.40 m (0.60I) 1.80 Ton

1.50 m
C D
B (0.75I) (I)

0.90 Ton
3.60 m
(0.45I)
1.80 m
E
3.00 m 3.00 m
Figure IV.20
We determine the kinematic unknowns of the structure.
G.D.L.C. 2 0 ,
B C  
We apply the Rotation Equations for each segment.
4 0.6EI0.6EI
  2 
MAB A B 0.5EI B
2.4 2.4
2 0.6EI  4 0.6EI 
M BA A B EI B
2.4 2.4
4 0.75EI  2 0.75EI  PL
M BC B C EI B  0.5EI C  0.675
3 3 8
M CB
2 0.75EI   4 0.75EI   PL 0.5EI  EI  0.675
B C B C
3 3 8
4 0.45EI  2 0.45EI  PL
M CE C E 0.5EI C  0.405
3.6 3.6 8
2 0.45EI  4 0.45EI  PL
M EC C E 0.25EI C 0.405
3.6 3.6 8
3EI
M CD C EI C
3
We apply the Static Equilibrium Equations in the structure.

+ MB 0 EI B  EI B  0.5EI C 0.675 0
2EI B  0.5EI C 0 .675  1
+ MC 0 0.5EI B  EI C  0.675 0.50EI C  0.405 EI C 0
0.5EI B 2.50EI C 1.08  2
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 178

We solve the System of Equations for the kinematic unknowns, which are
substituted in the Rotation Equations to determine the bending moments in
each end
MAB 0 .235 Ton.m M BA 0 .469 Ton.m
0.469
B  M BC 0.469 Ton.m M CB 0 .384 Ton.m
EI
0.526 M AD 0 .142 Ton.m M EC 0.537 Ton.m
C
EI M CD 0.526 Ton.m

From the balance of each section and the structure, it must be:
MA 0.235 Ton.m  R Ax 0.291 Ton   R Oh 0.93 Ton  
M E 0.536 Ton.m  REx 0.560Ton   REy 1.05 Ton  
RDx 0.05 Ton   RDy 0.175 tons  
A 0.232

-
0.93 0.175 0.175
+ +
C D
B 0.232
- -
0.87
0.42
+
0.56 E
Shear Force Diagram

0.235 A

+ 0.526

0.469 0.384
- 0.469 -
C D
B -
-
0.142
0.922 + 0.470

-
0.537 E
Bending Moment Diagram
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 179

3. Calculate the moments at the ends of each segment of the structure in the Figure
IV.21 applying the Method of Rotations and drawing the Moment Diagrams
Flector. Using EI is constant.
2 Ton/m

B (I) C (I) E

4.00 m (I) (I)

A D
1.00 m 4.00 m 3.00 m
Figure IV.21
As an additional step, an equivalent force-par system in the suspended state is established.
2 Ton 2 Tons/m
1 Ton.m

B (I) C (I) E

4.00 m (I) (I)

A D
4.00 m 3.00 m

We determine the kinematic unknowns of the structure

G.D.L.C. 2 0 B, C  
We apply the Rotation Equations for each section.
4EI 2EI
MAB A  B 0.5EI B
4 4
2EI 4EI
M BA A  B EI B
4 4
4EI 2EI L2
M BC B C EI  0.5EI
B C  2.67
4 4 12
2EI 4EI L2
M CB B  C  0.5EI B  EI C  2.67
4 4 12
3EI L2
M CE C EI  2.25
C
3 8
4EI 2EI
M CD C  D 0.80EI C
5 5
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 180

2EI 4EI
M DC 
C D 0.40EI C
5 5
We apply the Static Equilibrium Equations in the structure. It must be included
external moment due to the load acting on B in the equilibrium of that node.

+ MB 0 EI B EI B  0.5EI  2.67 1
C 0
2EI B  0.5EI C 1 .67  1
+ MC 0 0.5EI B EI C  2.67 0.80EI C  EI C  2.25 0
0.5EI B 2.80EI C 0.42  2

We solve the System of Equations for the kinematic unknowns, which are
substitute in the Rotation Equations to determine the bending moments in
each end
MAB 0 .457 Ton.m M BA 0 .913 Ton.m
0.913
B  M BC 1.914 Ton.m M CB 2 .814 Ton.m
EI
0.313 M CD 0.250 Ton.m M DC 0.125 Ton.m
C
EI M CE 2.563 Ton.m

From the balance of each section and the structure it is necessary to:
RAx 0.343 Ton.m   MD 0.125 tons  RHey 2.146 tons  
M A 0.457 Ton.m  RDx 6.153 tons   REx 5.810 tons  
ROh 5.775 Tons   RDy 8.079 tons  
3.775 3.854
+
+ 0.075
E
- B 0.343 -C -
2,000 2.146
+
- 4.225
0.075
A D 1.913 2.814
0.343 0.250
Shear Force Diagram -
-
0.913 + C - E
-

+ +
A 0.459 D
0.125
Bending Moment Diagram
 METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 181

4. For the beam in Figure IV.22 whose supports experience the following settlements: ∆c=
0.005 m ( ), ∆D= 0.010 m ( ) y ∆E= 0.005 m ( ); it is requested applying the Method of
las Rotaciones: a) Las reacciones y b) Trazar los Diagramas de Fuerza Cortante y
Bending Moment. Use EI = 1200 Ton.m2.
2 Ton/m

A B C D E
1.00 m 3.00 m 4.00 m 4.00 m
Figure IV.22
As an additional step, an equivalent force-par system is established in the cantilever.

2 Ton/m
0.25 Ton
0.083 Ton.m

B C D E
3.00 m 4.00 m 4.00 m

We determined the kinematic unknowns of the structure and traced the deformed shape.
elastic for the displacements in the supports

G.D.L.C. 3 3  ,
B ,
C D , C 0.005, D 0.01, E 0.005

B C D E
∆CD= 5 mm
MBC
MCB
MCD ∆CD= ∆OF= 5 mm
MDC
MDE
We apply the Rotation Equations for each section.
2 2
4EI 2EI 6EI 1L 2 L
M BC B C BC   1.33EI B 0.67EI C  4.825
3 3 32 30 12
2 2
2EI 4EI 6EI 1L 2 L
M CB B C BC ´ 0.67EI B 1.33EI  2.95
C
3 3 32 20 12
4EI 2EI 6EI L2
M CD C D CD  EI C 0.5EI D 4.92
4 4 42 12
2EI 4EI 6EI L2
M DC C D CD  0.5EI C EI D 0.42
4 4 42 12
3EI 3EI L2
M DE D FROM 0.75EI D 2.875
4 42 8
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 182

We apply the Static Equilibrium Equations in the structure. It must be included

external moment due to the load acting on B in the equilibrium of that node.

+ MB 0 1.33EI B  0.67EI C  4.825 0.083 0

1.33EI B  0.67EI C 4 .742  1

+ MC 0 0.67EI B  1.33EI C  2.95 EI C  0.5EI D  4.92 0

0.67EI B  2.33EI C  0.5EI D 7 .87  2

+ MD 0 0.5EI C  EI D  0.42 0.75EI D  2.875 0

0.5EI  1.75 EI
C D 2 .455  3

We solve the System of Equations for the kinematic unknowns, which are
they are substituted in the Rotation Equations to determine the bending moments in
each end
2.26
B  M BC 0.09 Ton.m M DC 2 .37Ton.m
EI
2.58
C  M CB 2 Ton.m M DE 2.37 Ton.m
EI
0.66
D  M CD 2Ton.m
EI

From the equilibrium of each section and the structure it is necessary that:

RBy 0.611Ton   RCy 5.797 tons   RDy 8.836 tons  

RHey 3.258 Tons   RCx RDx REx 0
4.743
3.908
0.361
+ +
+
- E
A B - C D -
0.250 -
1.889
3.258
4.093
Shear Force Diagram
2.370
2,000
0.083
- - -
A B + C + D E

Bending Moment Diagram

METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 183

5. Applying the Rotation Method it is requested: a) Calculate the moments in the

extremes of the indeterminate structure of Figure IV.23; b) Calculate the reactions and
c) Draw the Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams. Assume EI is constant.
(Extracted from Ana Scheuren [2 )
D

(2I)
4.00 m
2 Ton/m

B
(I) C
4 Tons (2I)
4.00 m
2.00 m
A
4.00 m
Figure IV.23

We determined the kinematic unknowns of the structure and traced the deformed shape.
elastic for the displacements
G.D.L.C. 1  1  B, B C
D

MDC
2 Ton/m

B
B’ C C'
MBA
4 Tons
MAB
A

We apply the Rotation Equations for each section

4E(2I) 2E(2I) 6(2EI) PL
M AB A B   EI B  0.75EI  2
4 4 42 8
2E(2I) 4E(2I) 6E(2I) PL
M BA A B  2EI B  0.75EI  2
4 4 42 8
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 184

3EI L2
M BC B 0.75EI B 4
4 8
3E(2I) 6E(2I)
M DC D 0 .375EI
4 42

We apply the Equations of Static Equilibrium to the structure

+ MB 0 2EI B 0.75EI  2 0.75EI B4 0

2.75EI  0.75EI
B 2  1

WEXT W INT
4  M AB M BA    M DC 
2 4 4
2  EI B  0.75EI  2 2EI B  0.75EI  2     0.375EI 
4 4
0.75EI B  0.469EI 2 (2)

We solve the system of equations for the kinematic unknowns, which are
substitute into the Rotation Equations to determine the bending moments in
each end

3.352
B  MAB 5.867 Ton.m M BA 1 .485 Ton.m
EI
9.625
M BC 1.486 Ton.m M DC 3 .609 Ton.m
EI

From the equilibrium of each section and of the structure it follows that:

M A 5.867 Ton.m  RAx 3.098 Ton   ROh 3.629 tons  

M D 3.609 Ton.m  RDx 0.902 Ton   RDy 4.372 tons  
D 0.902 3.609 D

-
3.629
- 1.485
+
1.485 -
B 0.902
C - B C
-
-
+
0.329
0.902 4.372
+
-
A A
3.098 5.867
Shear Force Diagram Bending Moment Diagram
 METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 185

6. Calculate the reactions of the structure in Figure IV.24 applying the Method of the
Rotations and draw the Bending Moment Diagrams. Use EI is constant (Extracted
by Ana Scheuren [2 ). 2 Ton/m

E
(I) F
(2I)
3 Ton/m 2.00 m
2 Ton
B (I) C

(2I) (2I) 5.00 m

A
D
5.00 m 3.00 m

Figure IV.24
We determined the kinematic unknowns of the structure and plotted the deformed shape.
elastic for the displacements
G.D.L.C. 2 2  B , C , ,
B 
D

2 Ton/m 2 Ton/m
E E
F 2 F
1
It is MFE
3 Ton/m 3 Ton/m
MCE
2 Tons 2 Ton
B B’ C 1 C’ B C 2

MBA MBC
MCD MCB C'
MAB

A A
D D
2

D’
We apply the Rotation Equations for each section
4E(2I) 2E(2I) 6(2EI)
M AB A  B  1 0.80EI B  0.48EI 1
5 5 52
2E(2I) 4E(2I) 6E(2I)
M BA A  B  1 1.60EI B  0.48EI 1
5 5 52
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 186

4EI 2EI6EI 3 52
M BC B  2 0.80EI B 0.40EI C  0.24EI  6.25
2
5 5 52 12
2EI 4EI6EI 3 52
M CB B  2 0.40EI B  0.80EI C  0.24EI 2  6.25
5 5 52 12
3E(2I) 3E(2I)
M CD C 1 1.20EI C  0.24EI 1
5 52
3E(2I) 3E(2I)
M AD C 1 3EI C  1.50EI 1
2 22
3EI 3EI 2 32
M FE F 2 0 .333EI 2 2.25
3 32 8

We apply the Static Equilibrium Equations to the structure

+ MB 0 1.60EI B 0.48EI 1  0.80EI B  0.40EI  0.24EI

C 2  6.25 0
2.40EI B  0.40EI  0.48EI
C 1  0.24EI 2 6 .25  1

+ MC 0 0.40EI B  0.80EI C  0.24EI 2  6.25 1.20EI C  0.24EI 1

 3EI C  1.50EI 1 0
0.40EI B  5.00 EI C  1.26EI 1  0.24EI 2 6.25  2

WEXT(1) W INT(1) 2 1  MAB M BA  1

  M CD  1
  M CE  1

5 5 2
2 1  0.80EI B  0.48EI 1 1.60EI B  0.48EI 1  1
  1.20EI C  0.24EI 1  1

5 5
  3EI C  1.5EI 1  1

2
0.48EI B 1.26EI C 0.99EI 1 2 (3)

WEXT(2) W INT(2)
2
3 2 2
5 3 M BC M CB  2
  M FE  2

2 2 5 3
10.50 2  0.8EI B 0.40EI C 0.24EI 2 6.25 0.40EI B 0.80EI C 0.24EI 2

 6.25  2
   0.33EI 2  2.25  2

5 3
0.24EI B 0.24EI C 0.21EI 2 9.75 (4)
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 187

We solve the System of Equations for the kinematic unknowns, which are
substitute in the Rotation Equations to determine the bending moments in
each end
10.359
B  M AB 3 .873 Ton.m M CD 4.237 Ton.m
EI
1.692
C M BA 1 2.160 Ton.m M CE 8 .718 Ton.m
EI
9.196
1 M BC 12,160 [Link] 2 1.010 Ton.m
EI
56.333
2 M CB 4.480 Ton.m
EI

From the equilibrium of each segment and of the structure, it is required that:

MA 3.873 Ton.m  RAx 3.207 tons   ROh 10.997 tons  

M F 21.010 Ton.m  RFx 4.360 tons   RDy 10.003 tons  
RDx 0.847 tons  
10.003

4.360 +
E F
-
10.997 4.003 -
+
C
B 4.360
3.207 - 0.847 21.010
4.003
- + -
E F

A D 12.160
3.207 0.847
+
Shear Force Diagram -
12.160 C 8.718
B + 4.237
-
- 4.480

+
A D
3.873
Bending Moment Diagram
 METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 188

7. Calculate the extreme moments of the structure in Figure IV.25 by applying the
Method of Rotations and drawing Bending Moment Diagrams. Use EI is
constant.
3 Ton/m

B C
(I)

4 Ton (I) (I)

4.00 m
2.00 m
A D
3.00 m 4.00 m 3.00 m
Figure IV.25

We determined the kinematic unknowns of the structure and plotted the deformed shape.
elastic for displacements
G.D.L.C. 2 1  B , C , 
B

3 Ton/m
C' Williot Diagram
MCB CD C'
B C
AB
BC CD=5/4∆
MCD
4 Ton ’ MBC
B’ MDC A' = D' BC=2*3/4∆
MBA
AB=5/4∆

A MAB D
B’

We apply the Rotation Equations for each section.

4EI 2EI 6EI PL
M AB A B  AB  0.4EI B 0.24EI AB 2
5 5 52 8
2EI 4EI 6EI PL
M BA A B AB  0.8EI B 0.24EI AB 2
5 5 52 8
4EI 2EI 6EI L2
M BC B C BC  EI B 0.5EI C 0.375EI BC 4
4 4 42 12
2EI 4EI 6EI L2
M CB B C BC  0.5EI B EI C 0.375EI 4
BC
4 4 42 12
 METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 189

4EI 2EI 6EI

M CD C  D  CD 0.8EI C  0.24EI CD
5 5 52
2EI 4EI 6EI
M DC C D CD 0.4EI C  0.24EI CD
5 5 52

We apply the Equations of Static Equilibrium in the structure.

+ MB 0 0.8EI B  0.24EI AB 2 EI B  0.5EI C  0.375EI BC 4 0

1.8EI B  0.5EI C  0.263EI 2
  1

+ MC 0 0.5EI B  EI C  0.375EI BC 4 0.8EI C 0.24EI CD 0

0.5EI B  1.8EI C 0.263EI 4  2

WEXT WINT 4  MAB M BA  AB

  M BC M CB  BC
  M CC M DC  CD

2 5 4 5
2  0.4EI B  0.24EI AB  2 0.8EI B  0.24EI AB2  AB
  EI B  0.5EI C  0.375EI BC
5
 4 0.5EI B  EI C  0.375EI 4
Before Christ
 BC
  0.8EI C  0.24EI CD  0.4EI C  0.24EI CD  CD

4 4
0 .263EI B 0.263I C 0.521EI 2 (3)

We solve the system of equations for the kinematic unknowns, which are
substituted in the Rotation Equations to determine the bending moments in
each end
1.320
B  MAB 2.923 Ton.m M BA 1 .605 Ton.m
EI
3.295
C M BC 1.607 Ton.m M CB 4 .085 Ton.m
EI
4.836
M CD 4.087 Ton.m M DC 2.767 Ton.m
EI
4.085
1.607 4.087
1.605
- -
-
B + C -
Bending Moment Diagram

+
2.923
-
+ D
A
2.767
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 190

8. For the structure shown in Figure IV.26, determine using the Method of the
Rotations at the ends of each section. Consider that the support E
it suffers a settlement of 0.02 m ) and support F a settlement of 0.05 m ( Use
EI = 180 Ton.m2.
2 Ton/m

B G
C (2I) D (2I) F (2I)
5 Ton.m
5 Ton (I) 5 Ton
(I) 4.00 m
2.00 m 2.00 m
A E
3.00 m 3.00 m 3.00 m 1m
Figure IV.26

As an additional step, an equivalent force-par system is established in the cantilever.

2 Ton/m 0.25 Ton

B D F 0.083 Ton.m
C
5 Ton.m
5 Tons 5 Tons

A E

We determined the kinematic unknowns of the structure and traced the deformed shape.
elastic for displacements in the supports
G.D.L.C. 3 2  C , ,
D F , ,
House Fv 

2 Ton/m 0.25 Ton

5 Ton.m MFD
B D F 0.083 Ton.m
C House
MCD MDC D'MDF
5 Ton 5 Ton

A E
Ev
E
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 191

MFD
2 Ton/m MDF F’ 0.25 Ton
Fv
B F
C D 0.083 Ton.m
5 Ton.m
5 Ton 5 Ton

A E

We apply the Rotation Equations for each segment.

2EI 5 4
M AC C  0.4EI C  2.5
5 8

4EI 5 4
M CA C  0.8EI  2.5
C
5 8

3E  2I  1 32
M CB C  2EI C 0.6
3 15

M BC 0

4E  2I  2E  2I  1 321 326E  2I 
M CD C D   0.02 2.67EI C  1.33EI D  5.85
3 3 12 30 32

2E  2I  4E  2I  1 321 326E  2I 
M DC C  D    0.02 1.33EI C 2.67EI D  3.75
3 3 12 30 32

4EI 5 4
M OF D  EI D  2.5
4 8

2EI 5 4
M ED D  0.5EI D  2.5
4 8

4E  2I  2E  2I  1.5 320.5 326E  2I  6E  2I 

M DF D  F   0.02 0.05
3 3 20 12 32
32
M DF 2.67EI D 1.33EI F 15.75
 METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 192

2E  2I  4E  2I  1.5 320.5 326E  2I  6E  2I 

M FD D F   0.02 0.05
3 3 30 12 32 32
M FD 1.33EI D 2.67 EI F 17.625

We apply the Equations of Static Equilibrium in the structure. It should be included

external moment due to the load at F in the equilibrium of that node.

+ MC 0 0.8EI C  2.5 2EI D  0.60 2.67EI C  1.33EI D 5.85 0

5.47EI C  1.33EI D 2
 .75  1

+ MD 0 1.33EI C  2.67EI D  3.75 EI  2.5 2.67EI

D D  1.33EI F  15.75 5 0
1.33EI C  6.34EI D  1.33EI F 19.50  2

+ MF 0 1.33EI D 2.67EI F 17.625 0.083 0

1.33EI D  2.67EI F 17.542  3

We solve the System of Equations for the kinematic unknowns, which are
they are substituted in the Rotation Equations to determine the bending moments in
each end

1.022
C  M AC 2 .091 Ton.m M CA 3 .318 Ton.m
EI
2.134
D M CD 5.960 Ton.m M DC 8.089 Ton.m
EI
5.507
F M OF 0 .366 Ton.m M ED 3.567 Ton.m
THIS
M DF 2 .728 Ton.m M FD 0 .083 Ton.m

M CB 2 .644 Ton.m
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 193

IV.5. Proposed Exercises.

[Link] 1: SELF-EVALUATION.
1.-Simple selection: Place the number of the indicated definition in the list (b) in the
parenthesis that corresponds to each element of the list (a) each)

List (a) List (b)

Rigidity 1.- Moment that occurs in a node when in the
Rotation Equations () nodoise applies a unit displacement.
Induced Rigidity () 2.- Elastic displacements of the structure which
Kinematic Unknowns ( ) they represent the unknowns of the system of equations.
3.- Relationship that exists between the bending moments in
each end of a section and its degrees of freedom
cinematic.
4.- It is the force that is produced at a point of a
structure when a unit displacement is applied.

True and false: Indicate in each parenthesis if the following statements are true.
(V) true or (F) false

a.- The Method of Rotations is used to determine kinematic indeterminacy.

total of a structure ( ).
b.- In the Rotation Method, the unknowns to be solved are defined based on the degree of
static indeterminacy ( )
c.-The Method of Rotations can be applied to any hyperstatic structure
stable ( ).
d.- When a moment M is applied at node i, it is transmitted to the opposite node j.
half as long as the latter is continuous and the constant ( ).

3.-Development: Answer the following questions briefly.

a.- What is the Rotations Method used for?
b.- What are the calculation hypotheses that the structure must meet for its analysis?
using the method of Rotations?
c.- Indicate what the Rotation Equations are used for.
d.- What additional effects can be considered using the Method of Rotations and
How is its analysis carried out?
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 194

[Link] 2: Structural Analysis using the Rotation Method

1. For the structure of the Figure, it is requested to use the Method of Rotations: a)
Calculate the reactions. Use EI = 1500 Ton.m2(Extracted from Kinney [6 ).
4.50 Ton
B C 2.25 Ton
(I)
6.75 Ton.m
2.25 Ton 2.40 m
(1.25I) (2I) 3.60 m
1.80 m

A D
2.70 m 3.00 m 4.80 m

2. For the shown structure, determine using the Rotation Method: a) The
moments at the ends of each element. b) The Shear Force diagrams and
Bending moment. Consider that support D undergoes a settlement of 0.005 m ( ) and the
support F a settlement of 0.005 m Use EI = 1500 Ton.m2
E
1.50 m 2 Tons
(I) 1 Ton/m
4.00 m

(2I) B (2I) C (2I) F (2I)

1 Ton.m
1 Ton (I)
(I)
2.00 m 4.00 m
A D
1.00 m 3.00 m 3.00 m 1.50 m

It is proposed to strengthen a retaining wall using a portal made of steel profiles.

HEA as shown in the figure. The CD element will rest against the wall.
bearing the loads from the earth's thrust (triangular load). It
requires determining using the Method of Rotations the moments in the
extremes (Mij y Myesof each section. Use EI = CONSTANT.
0.5 Ton/m
B 2 Ton/m
(2I) C
(I)
3.00 m
4.00 m (I)

A
1.00 m 1.00 m
METHOD OF ROTATIONS OR RIGIDITIES 195

4. The figure shows a steel portal corresponding to one of the axes.

structural elements of the expansion of an industrial warehouse that will serve as a storage.
merchandise. The displayed loads have been determined from the combinations of
loading of the design standards, being these the most unfavorable conditions. The
The shed is supported against the existing building at B (modeled by the roller).
The Rotation Method is required to determine the moments
least favorable reflectors in the elements in order to select the minimum profile
metal necessary for the design by strength. Consider that support B can
settle a maximum of 0.05 m (Use EI = 1500 Ton.m2.

200 Kgf/m
200 Kgf/m
2.00 m C
B (2I) (2I)
E
100 kgf D (I)
1m
6.00 m 100 Kgf/m
(I)
4.00 m

10 m 10 m 5m

5. The figure shows a reinforced concrete portal corresponding to one of the

structural axes of the expansion of a single-family home. The loads shown are
they have been determined from the load combinations of the design standards, being
these are the most unfavorable conditions. The structure is supported by the
existing building in C (modeled by the joint). Determine using the
Method of Rotations
a.- The combination of Bending Moment and Axial Force (MEand REy) required for
design the foundation in D considering that the existing building may experience
a maximum settlement at support C of 0.005 m ) due to overload.
b.- The maximum absolute value of the Bending Moment of section BD necessary for the
design by resistance of said section. Use EI = 1200 Ton.m2
2 Ton/m

C D
(2I) B (2I)
2 Ton.m
5 Ton
(I) (I) 4.00 m
2.00 m
A
3.00 m 4.00 m 3.00 m E