BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

MINISTRY OF PEOPLE'S POWER

FOR UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
Science and Technology
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE
SANTIAGO MARIÑO
COL Extension - Cabimas

DESIGN OF A PORTABLE FAN MADE OF MATERIALS

RECYCLABLES.

Erwin Nava
Liosweld Araujo
Freddy Jimenez
José Morles
Ronald Noguera
Maria Silva
Subject Teacher: Lic. Egle Quiroz

Cabimas, August 2019

 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE
Santiago Mariño
COL EXTENSION - CABIMAS

DESIGN OF A PORTABLE FAN MADE OF MATERIALS

RECYCLABLES.

Authors:
Erwin Nava
Liosweld Araujo
Freddy Jimenez
José Morles
Ronald Noguera
Maria Silva

Cabimas, August 2019

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 GENERAL INDEX

pp.
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTERS

I. THE PROBLEM........................................................................................ 3
Contextualization of the problem................................................................... 4
Research objectives........................................................................ 6
Justification of the research.............................................................. 6

II. REFERENCE FRAME......................................................................... 8

Background of the research................................................................ 9
Theoretical bases...................................................................................... 11
Design.......................................................................................................... 11
Fan ................................................................. 11
Parts of a fan............................12
Types of fan ...................................................................................... 13
Manufacturing and assembly process............................................................. 14
Recyclable materials .................................................................................. 15
Benefits of the portable fan made from recyclable materials............. 16
Manufacturing costs................................................................................... 17
Cost Structuring................................................................................ 18
Legal bases.............................................................................................. 18

III. METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK.................................................................... 20

Research Design........................................................................... 21
Type of Research................................................................................... 21
Analysis Unit........................................................................................ 22
Data Collection Technique............................................................. 22

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 Introduction

Companies worldwide carry out design and manufacturing of

portable fans try to meet the needs of the demands
increasing of these types of products following each of their stages for the
execution and manufacturing of this equipment. Likewise, at the national level the processes.
they are carried out complying with specific requirements or standards. All
they seek to achieve their goals and succeed. However, the vast majority of
companies seek to obtain these products at the lowest possible cost, so
way to compete in their respective markets, highlighting an element
of greater competitiveness in its manufacturing process.

Nowadays, the need to create this type of electrical equipment has a

trend toward the search for energy savings as portable fans
they have an electric motor that consumes little energy as its only function is
turn on the blades. For this reason, it is the most economical device for conditioning the
environment and even in those where high temperatures are handled such as the
case of the state of Zulia. In this section, fans are usually used.
to dissipate the high temperatures in the environments, because in many
In some areas of the country, a warm climate exceeding 30°C is present.

In this sense, the design of a portable fan must be practical and

economic, and an alternative for its production is to use recyclable materials,
such as waste from a damaged computer fan, a switch, a
battery out of use, insulating tape and a cardboard cutter, in such a way that the investment
be as cost-effective as possible. This would bring benefits such as energy savings,
since the consumption of a device under normal conditions is 90 watts, on the other
On the one hand, a portable fan is lightweight, safe, quiet, and can adjust its angle.
For this reason, there is a need to propose the design of a portable fan.
base of recyclable materials to meet the established objectives, for which
the following project is carried out in the following manner:

Chapter I The problem: This aspect is the most important because it

explain the symptoms, causes, and consequences of the current issue, it
the diagnosis is made and the question is formulated, followed by the objectives of the
research, what are the general and specific objectives where they are
they will achieve, then follows the justification of the research where the definition of the
purpose according to the theoretical, practical, social, and
methodological.

Chapter II Reference Framework: Where it is composed of the summary

historical data of the variable to be studied, the background of the research

1
past projects on the issue or subject of study, the foundations
theoretical frameworks supported by bibliographies or theoretical aspects of the content
theoretical design and manufacturing of a portable fan based on materials
recyclables. This also includes the legal bases that support the
research.

Chapter III Methodological Framework: It is presented theoretically for the project

to be carried out, is made up of, the design of it, the type of project, the
unit of analysis and finally the data collection techniques.

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 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM

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 In this 21st century, the rapid technological innovation and the reduction of the
The lifespan of devices of different types has generated a global alert.
about the electrical and electronic waste that is growing immeasurably and
Additionally, the little controlling management of these remains becomes a
threat to the environment and the health of all living beings. Among them are
Can you list the electrical devices or equipment that are used to fulfill a
task, through electrical energy altering it, either by transformation,
amplification/reduction or interruption. An example of this are the devices that
they generate mechanical ventilation.

These machines are mostly fluid machines, known as turbo

machine that transmits energy to generate the necessary pressure with which it is
it maintains a continuous flow of air. It is used for very diverse purposes such as:
ventilation of environments, cooling of machines or objects or for moving
gases, mainly air, through a network of ducts. Its function is to produce
high volume low pressure air flows, unlike compressors,
which produce high pressures at comparatively low volumes. The blades of
a fan will generally rotate when exposed to an airflow and
devices that take advantage of this phenomenon, such as anemometers and turbines
of air, which are generally designed similarly to a fan.

The type of fan is well known and is used for ventilation or for
increase the air speed in an inhabited space, basically to
refresh. For this reason, it is a very common element in warm climates. Now
well, as transport machines, fans are mainly used to
to produce a gas flow from one point to another. This flow is transmitted as
support to transport other substances or other materials as occurs in the
fluidization in which solid particles (ashes, powders, garbage, etc.) move
suspended in a fluid current. This is how they are globally
devices use the fan to assist a heat exchanger with
functions of a heatsink or radiator, in order to increase the transfer of
heat between solid and air or between interacting fluids.

An example of this are the evaporators and condensers in the systems

air cooling, in which a fan improves the efficiency of the
transmission between the refrigerant and the ambient air. Another very current example is
the known as coolers of computers. Although small in size,
they perform the same functions, improving the transmission between a component
electronic and a piece, usually made of aluminum or copper, called radiator, to
thus dissipate the heat produced by the flow of electric current. Because of this
Fans are dissipators of temperatures in their different kinds.

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Well, they are very inexpensive and used for cooling places with high temperatures.
temperatures

In this regard, Venezuela has one of the warm and rainy climates.
in general, due to being in an intertropical zone because of the orography and direction
dominant winds. Its geographical location at 30 meters above sea level
the sea provides high temperatures throughout the national territory and very
especially in the state of Zulia, whose temperatures range between 26°c and 40°c
which classifies it as one of the hottest places in the territory, this has
generated that its inhabitants resort to economic refreshing means and
versatile. In this section, fans are usually used to
dissipate high temperatures in environments, due to the fact that in many areas
the country presents a warm climate that exceeds 30°C, also it can be
look at the vacuum cleaners used for cleaning houses. This represents
one of the main conditions of its use.

Given this situation, the citizens of the Zulia region have experienced the
inconveniences of the high temperatures in the state, this added to a
electricity rationing that can extend up to 12 hours a day, due to
the failures of the national electrical system, which has created the need for
manufacture long-lasting ventilation equipment that helps to refresh the
people facing high temperatures and heat waves affecting the area, is because of
Hello, some people are trying to manufacture portable fans that dissipate the
heat. Therefore, there is a rush in the search for the most appropriate design of
a portable fan.

The design of a portable fan must be practical and economical, and a

an alternative for its manufacturing is to use recyclable materials, such as
waste from a damaged computer fan, a switch, a battery
out of use, insulating tape and a box cutter, so that the investment is such that
as cost-effective as possible. This would bring benefits such as energy savings, since
the consumption of a device under normal conditions is 90 watts, on the other hand,
A portable fan is lightweight, safe, quiet, and can adjust its angle.

This entire manufacturing process generates great savings for users,

comfort and ease, since in case of not being able to overcome these difficulties,
would result in discontent, discouragement, and low satisfaction for the
citizens of the Zulian community, for this very reason it becomes imperative the
more efficient design of a portable fan with recyclable materials that
ensure the proper functioning of said equipment and achieve the proposed objective.

In summary, this research will be carried out in Cabimas, Zulia state.

In the period from July to September 2019. Framed in the
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electronics engineering area under the research line matrix: Design
electronic; and its potential: instrumentation and control system. Therefore
The following question is raised: What would be the elements?
Required to build a portable fan using recyclable materials?

Research Objectives

General Objective

Design a portable fan made from recyclable materials.

Specific objectives

Benefits of designing a portable fan from materials

recyclables.
Identify the recyclable materials that are used in manufacturing
from a portable fan made of recyclable materials.
Determine the manufacturing costs of a portable fan based on
from recyclable materials.

Justification of the Research

Currently, the discomforts generated by the national electric sector

they are considered an influencing factor within the economy and national well-being,
which is evidenced by the complaints raised by the users of the
Zulian communities. In this same context, it should be noted that the
inconveniences generate a general discontent among the population and with it
It decreases the incentives and guarantees of the service provided by the state.

From a theoretical point of view, the research becomes relevant because it

try to propose the most suitable design for a portable fan made of
of recyclable materials. To achieve the aforementioned, a set will be applied
of concepts, definitions and characteristics; based on the design of devices
electric describing its parts and components that conform it as well as the
inherent manufacturing costs of this process, to support and explain
scientifically the manifestations of the problem under study.

On the other hand, from a practical point of view, a great contribution is made to the
users since recyclable materials will be used for the design of this
portable fan, which will bring benefits of well-being and comfort to the child
possible cost, as it will generate low manufacturing costs. This will allow for investigation
about the methods and techniques used in the manufacturing of electrical equipment
to improve the ventilation and cooling of the environments.

6
 From the methodological approach, this work will offer to future
national and international investigations, a reference document with
regarding the variable under study, in this case it is related to the design of
portable fans made of recyclable materials, as it provides
valid and reliable tools for project development in engineering
supported by techniques and applying a rigorous research methodology
based on updated theories.

Finally, from a social perspective, it has greater relevance.

due to the fact that the solution proposed with this design will generate improvements to the
community of the state of Zulia, specifically to the municipality of Cabimas. At the same time
will allow for the contribution to the preservation of life on the planet and the
salvation of the human species and will promote a productive economic model that
generate comfort and well-being for the citizens.

7
 CHAPTER II
REFERENTIAL FRAMEWORK

8
 Background of the Research

When the theoretical framework begins, the background must be included.

research, for this, Pérez J. (2010) points out that they are all those works
that precede the one currently being carried out, but that also has a lot of relation
with the objectives of the study being addressed, constituting a basic source of
information of data referred to the posed problem to synthesize a set
of concepts, schemes, and very valuable experiences to enrich the present
work. In this sense, the following research is taken for the present
consulted

Firstly, the research project by Marín, C (2013) is presented.

titled, Design of a ventilation system using CFD, carried out in
San Francisco de Quito University, to obtain the degree of Engineer
Mechanical. Aiming for a general objective. To design a ventilation system.
mechanics for the extraction of gases from underground parking lots
Building ELIT BUSINESS CENTER, through the use of fans type
Jet, checking the network operation with a CFD analysis, in order to
optimize resources and space.

An alternative system to the traditional one was used, which is based on its
operation in ventilation ducts, axial fans and fans
by jet fans. The air enters from the outside through the injection ducts.
The jet fans, located on the ceiling of the basements, direct the air inside.
from the parking lot and the extraction ducts expel it to the outside.

To carry out the design, standards such as ASHRAE were considered.

(American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers), those that
they provide recommendations to ensure the proper functioning of the system. It was
it is necessary to calculate the volumetric flow rate required by the parking lot, the
manufacturer, the model and the quantity of fans, as well as the components
system add-ons. To optimize the location of the jet fans, a
CFD simulation (computational fluid dynamics) of air behavior
inside the parking lot.

Finally, a reference budget for the cost of the equipment was made.
which will be added to the installation costs. This work will serve as a basis
of comparison regarding the variable under study and the techniques applied
for the preparation of the work.

Secondly, the research by Lanazca, L (2015) is presented.

titled, Implementation of the ventilation system to control pollution in
tunnels of area 220 of the CAL - CDC plant, carried out at the University

9
National Center of Peru, to obtain the title of Mechanical Engineer.
Having as a general objective. Determine the implementation parameters of the
ventilation system that allows controlling pollution in the tunnels of
area 220 of the lime plant - CDC, Pachachaca Project, and on the 6th time comply
with Peruvian regulations on safety, occupational health, and the environment.

whose purpose is to provide greater comfort to the workers who

They are working inside the tunnels of stock piles No. 1 and 2 of area 220 of the plant.
from Cal, in the company Cal del Centro, the ventilation system was implemented to
these tunnels thus avoiding injuries caused by poor visibility that
there are in the workplace and occupational diseases due to pollution.
The parameters required, according to the Health and Safety Regulations.
Occupational in Mining D. S. 055-2010-EM, for pollution control are the
air density at 3960 m above sea level altitude where the plant is located, percentage
minimum oxygen that must be present in the work environment, volume rate of
minimum air required for men, number of people working in the
tunnels, minimum speed required to dilute and transport and the volume rate of
air to dilute and transport air pollutants, air volume rate for
diesel equipment, air volume rate for comfort in hot places.

The type of research is technological, as we apply knowledge.

scientific to provide a solution to the research problem; and the level of
the research is descriptive, because we describe and analyze the process of
implementation of the ventilation system in the tunnels of area 220 of the plant
lime. Considering the lime plant of the company Cal as the unit of study.
Center - Pachachaca Project. With these parameters already mentioned, we decided
that the ventilation system is mechanical and of the impeller type, which allows
control pollution in area 220.

Finally, the research project by Sanga, J (2012) is presented,

titled, Warehouse Ventilation for Finished Product Storage in a
Balanced Feed Factory. Carried out at the Higher Polytechnic School of the Coast.
To qualify for the degree of Mechanical Engineer, with the general objective.
Design an automatic ventilation and control system for a warehouse of
finished product storage in a feed factory.

To implement the ventilation system in the warehouse, it was necessary

calculate the total thermal load of the premises; therefore, an analysis had to be done
detailed of the different heat gains, such as: thermal gain from
lighting and equipment. It is important to emphasize that these calculations were made using
as a reference the Carrier Manual. Once the total thermal load is obtained, it
he used an equation mentioned in the Woods Ventilation Manual,

10
the design of this research is non-experimental, and of a descriptive type. As
The unit of analysis used was the warehouse located on the outskirts of
the city of Guayaquil with the front wall located at 10° north latitude. Starting from
this value, the amount of cfm (cubic feet per minute) can be obtained, which is
They need in the warehouse for proper ventilation.

Theoretical bases

The theoretical foundations provide a basis of definitions related to the

study variable or development of the research work. Likewise, Arias
(2012) claims that "The theoretical bases imply a broad development of the
concepts and propositions that make up the point of view or approach adopted,
to support or explain the problem raised." (p.107). For the development of the
This research uses some authors such as: Chiavenato
(2009), Balza (2010), Velázquez (2012), Betancur (2013) among others.

Design

According to the context of Robert Bringhurst (2010), design is a discipline.

located and ungraspable; it is the activity through which the configuration is carried out
of objects and visual messages, an activity that is constantly changing
but whose scope of action and framework cannot be clearly defined
conceptual and the theoretical and methodological interactions it establishes with others
lands of knowledge. This difficulty in clearly defining the body
The design discipline determines its theory and practice. In turn, Rober Gllam defines
designing as a fundamental human act, designing refers to when it is done
something for a defined reason. This means that almost all activities have
some design, washing dishes, keeping accounts or painting a picture.

Fan

The fan is basically a machine whose main objective is

the generation of a permanent airflow that, however, can vary
its intensity or direction according to the interest of the one who handles it.
fans can be objects of personal use, as well as parts of
larger machines that require your presence to ensure ventilation of
its internal parts and thus prevent overheating (for example, the fans
that are found inside computers).

These fans can come in different sizes, different shapes.

and different particular properties. Thus, there are floor fans
(those who are generally more than one and a half meters tall and can be

11
ceiling fans (those placed on the ceiling and ventilate)
the entire room, wall fans and portable or
Hand. Undoubtedly, the rise in ambient temperature and the presence of
increasingly hotter summers have turned fans (and air conditioners)
conditioned, a more evolved form of the same) in elements
completely necessary for daily comfort and relaxation (Bembibre, C. 2010)

Figure 1: Portable Fan

[Link]

Parts of a fan

The parts of a fan that make up and comprise the physical structure of the
device, it describes each of the elements that must be used
as a minimum requirement for the assembly and formation of said team
(Huallpa, I. 2015).

Aspas: When it spins, it moves the air causing a slight breeze.

Motor: It is the internal machinery that, when functioning, makes the blades spin.
fan.
Asp cover: This is a screw with a cover that protects the blades from
fly out.
Arm: Connect the base to the motor and the blades, sometimes it's possible and other times not.
sometimes allow the aspas to move horizontally and vertically
about a predetermined axis.
Speed screw: Allows for the selection, which is usually 3 speeds.
This controls the speed of the blades.
Base: This usually has a cable or a part for batteries which provides
energy for the engine. It also keeps the structure standing without falling.

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 Types of fans

Fans are devices used to create movement in the air.

thanks to the rotation of a rotor with blades that produce a change in pressure.
Fans can be classified into home fans and
industrial fans

Home fans
Table: It is characterized by not having high power.
This is why they are used in spaces where ventilation is not
represents a big problem.
Wall-mounted: This type of fan is used to circulate air.
circle, especially in those environments that tend to be
small. These are placed on the wall, especially in
those environments that tend to be very elongated.
Ceiling: The arrangement of these fans is horizontal,
moving the air from top to bottom. These fans usually
are very widely used, especially in those spaces where there is no
sufficient space to place them on the floor or on the walls. Without
embargo one must be very careful with them since if they are not
Well placed, they can cause serious accidents due to falls.
Floor: These fans are very comfortable as they are
laptops, able to be accommodated in any space that allows it
they. In addition, they are generally very quiet. There is
a huge variety in terms of their designs and dimensions.

Figure 2: types of fans for the home

From: [Link]

2. Industrial fans

13
 Axial: It has a rotor that contains a maximum of thirteen blades.
Air movement is in a straight line. They can be classified into:
blade, turbo or propeller.
Centrifuges: It generates that the air current changes its orientation,
from the place where I enter, to the exit at an angle of
ninety degrees. they can be used for heating or the
cooling, for working with materials, among other applications.
They can be classified into radial palettes, leaning forward.
or backward, rounded forward, radial tip and airfoil.
Helicoidals: this type of fans can be classified
according to their flow and size. Some of them can be placed
on walls. They can also become noisy, which is why
Some have a protection to isolate the noises.

Figure 3: Types of industrial fans

From: [Link]

Manufacturing and assembly process of a portable fan

During hot seasons, it is necessary to have a small fan to

can be transported everywhere, although in many stores this model
It has high prices, when the way of manufacturing and assembling a
a portable fan is very simple and not very expensive.

A computer fan that can be recycled.

A switch or connector.
A source of energy.
Hot silicone.
Insulating tape.
Cardboard cutter (exact).

14
 The first thing would be to get a computer cooler, then you
You must solder two wires to the power supply (these will be connected to the connector).
which will provide the necessary energy, and apply hot silicone glue on the
connector to attach it to the power supply, when the connector and the power supply are attached it will
You must proceed to connect the heatsink to the connector. The cable must be soldered.
positive to one of the power inputs of the motor and the negative cable to
connector (Emma, A. 2019).

Recyclable materials

Castells (2012) describes recycling as the complex operation that allows for
recovery, transformation and preparation of a material from waste, already
either total or partial in the final composition. Therefore, recycling and the
waste responds to various activities that can be carried out on the
different waste streams to take advantage of, from the same use to another
application. In turn, Pardavé (2007) defines that recycling is founded on,
waste should be treated as a resource, in order to reduce the demand for
natural resources and the amount of material that require final disposal.

One of the alternatives to solve the problem of pollution is through

through recycling, a process in which waste or discarded materials
are collected and transformed into new materials that can be used
or sold as new products or raw materials. For example, paper,
cardboard, glass, and metals, among others. The recycling of waste is a
process that consists of the following stages:

Separate the components of waste into organic and inorganic.

Classify the inorganic components into paper, cardboard, glass, plastics and
metals.
Bring all the materials to the corresponding industries that them
recycle.
Process each waste material with appropriate treatment.

Paper recycling, according to Escobar (2006), involves making paper,

using used or unused paper as raw material, such as: scraps
of paper, cardboard, and card stock, generated during the manufacturing processes of
these materials or their transformation into other items, or also generated
in printing houses. Recycled paper contains secondary fibers, meaning that they have already
passed at least once through a paper-making machine.

The same author also defines plastic recycling as the recovery.

of plastic waste carried out in the generating industry itself or by others
transformers. It consists of the transformation of plastic waste through

15
 base to be placed at a higher height or they have a metal structure, are
designed to move all the time.
It is very durable: All the parts of a portable fan are
designed to move everywhere constantly. The blades are
protected so that they do not get damaged in case of a fall or for the user not to
hurt himself.
There are different types of bases: There are portable fans with a base.
simple to place them on a piece of furniture or on the floor. There are also those with
tube-type post bases, which help the air reach further. The
Bases are very stable and keep the fan balanced.
It has swing: Most portable fans have the function of
horizontal oscillation or swing, which directs the air to different sides of the
room. This is very useful when there is more than one person and
you can also fix it in one position.
You can adjust the angle: Portable fans can be adjusted to
that the flow runs upward, horizontal, or downward. This combined with
the swing allows the air to reach all corners.
It is silent: The centrifugal force of the electric motor that operates the blades
the portable fan, it makes no noise. The sound of the breeze is barely
perceptible. Even when the angle adjustment functions are used or the
swing, the fan will be very quiet.
It's safe: Portable fans are very safe, as their parts,
mechanisms and electrical connections are fully protected. They are very
stable at any speed and in oscillatory function.

Manufacturing costs

Production costs refer to the monetary valuation of expenses.

incurred and applied in obtaining a good. In this sense, Govea and
Urdaneta (2011, p. 45) states that it is the cost resulting from the transfer of the
sum of the costs resulting from the sum of the costs of a
department to another department until reaching the finished product. Due to its
part, Ramírez (2005, p. 35, cited by Govea and Urdaneta, 2011, p. 37), presents
what are generated in the process of transforming the raw material into
finished product and they are subdivided. Likewise, García (2004, p. 16) states that the
production costs are those generated in the process of transforming the
raw material into finished product.

Cost Structuring

Cost structuring is a process aimed at organizing in a way

practice cost management based on strategic and operational priorities
of the organization. As such, it must cover all operations of the
17
organization, define mechanisms for the processing of financial data, and
develop the capacity to disseminate timely and quality information to
internal and external level.

Ideally, the cost structuring process should derive from the

cost policy. This sequence allows for optimizing both the alignment between the
programmatic and financial as the linking of key short and long-term issues
deadline. However, it is generally appreciated that the structuring process of
cost is addressed in a reactive way, that is, it emerges as a response
from the financial area to the daily conditions and pressures in
an environment characterized by limited involvement and/or interest from the area
programmatic on the financial repercussions of project management. From
In this way, the disconnect between the programmatic and financial aspects prevents an analysis.
diligent about the implications of the cost centers to be implemented, the
details of the chart of accounts to be adopted, the classification of costs, the allocation and
distribution of indirect costs, and the nature of the necessary reports (Abreu,
E. 2017).

Legal bases

Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Art. 129: All activities that may cause damage to the

ecosystems must be accompanied by impact studies beforehand
Environmental and socio-cultural. The State will prevent the entry of waste into the country.
toxic and dangerous, as well as the manufacture and use of nuclear, chemical and
biological. A special law will regulate the use, handling, transport, and storage
of toxic and dangerous substances.

Integrated Waste Management Law

Article 35: Natural and legal persons responsible for the importation,
manufacturing or distribution of goods or mass consumer products, which
generate solid waste, they must have return programs for the
recovery of its waste, including return mechanisms or
equivalent deposit, collection, storage and transportation that guarantees its
reuse in the production chain or its effective recycling, according to the
regulation.

Article 36: Natural and legal persons, responsible for the importation,
manufacturing or distribution of goods or consumer products, must
ensure that they have proper identification and information to their

18
consumers who facilitate the specification and type of handling within the program
from return or recycling.

Article 53: The utilization of waste is the process by which

it obtains a benefit from solid waste, recycling, recovery,
reuse and others that science and technology develop.

Article 57: The Ministry of Popular Power with competence in the matter
environmental, together with whoever exercises the authority in the matter of
light industries and commerce, in accordance with the respective regulations,
they will establish deadlines to meet the reduction and return objectives,
reuse and recycling, without prejudice to what is provided in the respective plans of
management and comprehensive handling of solid waste and debris.

Article 74: Natural or legal persons who habitually engage in the

construction and demolition of civil works, tree cutting and pruning, breeding or
benefit of animals, as well as the importation, manufacturing, distribution, sale or
repair of technological goods or services that increase generation of
waste and refuse that require special handling will be responsible for
to implement or make available to the public the return and collection programs,
deposit and transportation of such waste to properly equipped sites for
that their recovery, reuse, effective recycling or disposal is carried out.

19
 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

20
 Methodological Framework

ParaTamayo and Tamayo (2008), "the methodology is the core of the plan,"
It refers to the description of the units of analysis, or research, the
observation and data collection techniques, the instruments, the
procedures and analysis techniques" (p.36). The methodological framework is the
section of the work that will turn the research, is where it is presented the
the way the study will be conducted, the steps to carry it out, its method,
among others.

In the chapter, important factors to consider are presented, just like

the modality, design and type of research, procedure of it,
population and sample, as well as the techniques and instruments for data collection
of data and technique for analyzing the results, establishing the phase of
proposal which are required for the optimal development of the present study.

Research Design

Chávez, N. (2012) states that the research process is based on

information obtained directly from reality allowing the researcher
ensure the real conditions under which the data has been obtained. These
data obtained directly from empirical experience are called primary,
designation that refers to the fact that they are firsthand, original data,
product of ongoing research without any form of intermediation.

On the other hand, the field research affirmed by Arias (2012) is that
which consists of the collection of data directly from the researched subjects,
or the reality where the events occur (primary data), without manipulation or
control some variables, that is, the researcher obtains the information but does not
it alters the existing conditions. Hence its non-experimental nature.

Regarding the present, it is field design as data is collected.

existing at the site or place where the problem or need is located
real-time and is of non-experimental character since the variable or object of study
it is not manipulated or controllable. Likewise, it is presented in a concrete way.
and specifies the answers to those questions asked to achieve the objectives of the
design of a portable fan made from recyclable materials.

Type of investigation

The project is considered a descriptive type of research.

according to Arias (2012), Descriptive research consists of characterization
of a fact, phenomenon, individual or group, with the aim of establishing its structure or
behavior. The results of this type of research are situated at a level

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intermediate in terms of depth of knowledge. The project
it is considered descriptive because it will characterize the necessary studies where
will analyze and interpret the study variable to respond to the design of a
portable fan made from recyclable materials.

Unit of analysis

The unit of analysis defined by Centty Villafuerte (2010) consists of elements in

those who are responsible for obtaining information and who must be defined with
property, that is to say, specify who or whom the sample will be applied to
effects of obtaining or collecting information. In this case, the unit of analysis
will be represented by a fan-type team that will be designed according to
specifications based on recyclable materials.

Data collection techniques

The collection of data defined by Hurtado (2009) includes

procedures and activities that allow the researcher to obtain the
necessary information to respond to your research question. For the
This research uses this technique as support for gathering
information on the existing problem, thus achieving data analysis
obtained through procedures developed for their collection, as this
the technique is determined by the type of research, that is, it is the operational part or
process of said project with the fulfillment of the established objectives for
achieve it in due order.

Direct observation

One of the data collection techniques that will be used is the

direct observation where the expressions of each one will be revealed
people. Bernal (2012) points out that "direct observation is becoming increasingly important every day.
greater credibility and its use tends to become generalized, because it allows obtaining
direct, reliable information as long as a procedure is followed
systematized and very controlled" (p.77). That is to say, that through observation one ...
will be able to gather prior information about the organization to achieve
diagnosis of the current situation and describe the design processes of a
portable fan made of recyclable materials.

Document review

The documentary review specified by Arias (2012) is that this 'is a

process based on the search, retrieval, analysis, criticism, and interpretation of
secondary data, that is, the objects and records by other researchers in
documentary sources: printers, audiovisual or electronic. As in all

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research, the purpose of this design is to contribute new knowledge.
(p.33). The author points out, it is a technique where the researcher resorts to the
written information, whether documents, manuals, book references, among others.
others. They are data obtained to be able to analyze them as an object of study, it is
to say that through the information collected by these documents it is possible to
analyze the processes of designing a portable fan made of materials
recyclables.

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