Complex Analysis Tutorial III Exercises
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sumitgaur895Complex Analysis Tutorial III Exercises
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Powered by AIThe functions \( U(x, y) = e^{u(x,y)} \cos v(x, y) \) and \( V(x, y) = e^{u(x,y)} \sin v(x, y) \) are harmonic in the domain \( D \) because \( f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) \) is analytic in \( D \). An analytic function satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations and thus its components are solutions to Laplace's equation. Hence, both \( U(x, y) \) and \( V(x, y) \) are harmonic. Additionally, \( V(x, y) \) is the harmonic conjugate of \( U(x, y) \) because the exponential form maintains the harmonic relationships .
To demonstrate that \( \tan(z + \pi i) = \tan z \), first utilize the identities for hyperbolic tangent derived from \( \sinh \) and \( \cosh \): \( \tanh(z) = \frac{\sinh z}{\cosh z} \). Translating \( z + \pi i \), we use the properties \( \sinh(z + \pi i) = -\sinh z \) and \( \cosh(z + \pi i) = -\cosh z \). Therefore, substituting into the tangent definition, the negatives cancel out, ensuring \( \tanh(z + \pi i) = \tanh z \).
The relationship \( \cos(iz) = \cos(i\overline{z}) \) holds due to the symmetric nature of the cosine function and its behavior under the imaginary argument transformation. Utilizing \( \cos z = \frac{e^{iz} + e^{-iz}}{2} \), substituting \( iz \) and \( i\overline{z} \) into this expression shows that both result in the same real part and mirrored imaginary components, inherently producing the same cosine output for both arguments .
The equality \( \sin(iz) = \sin(i\overline{z}) \) holds if and only if \( z = n \pi i \) where \( n \) is an integer. This is because for \( \sin(iz) \) and \( \sin(i\overline{z}) \) to be identical, the imaginary part of \( z \) must nullify each other in their exponential forms. Specifically, since the sine function in complex form involves exponentials of \( z \), their imaginary parts must satisfy specific conditions governed by multiples of \( \pi i \).
The function \( e^{z^2} \) can be shown to be entire by considering that it is the exponential of a polynomial, and any exponential of a polynomial is entire, as it is differentiable everywhere in the complex plane. Another way to show it is entire is by using the series expansion \( e^{z^2} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(z^2)^n}{n!} \), which converges for all \( z \) in \( \mathbb{C} \). The derivative of \( e^{z^2} \) is \( 2z e^{z^2} \), obtained by applying the chain rule .
To determine whether the function \( f(z) = e^{\overline{z}} \) is analytic, we can apply the Cauchy-Riemann equations. For a function \( f(z) = u(x,y) + iv(x,y) = e^{x-iy} \), we find that \( u(x,y) = e^x \cos(-y) \) and \( v(x,y) = e^x \sin(-y) \). The Cauchy-Riemann equations state that \( \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} = \frac{\partial v}{\partial y} \) and \( \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} = -\frac{\partial v}{\partial x} \). Calculating these derivatives, we find that these equations do not hold simultaneously for any \( z \), indicating that \( e^{\overline{z}} \) is not analytic anywhere .
The inequality \( \log(1 + i)^2 \neq 2 \log(1 + i) \) arises from the multi-valued nature of the complex logarithm. When squaring \( 1 + i \), a new phase and modulus are introduced, which affects the branch of the logarithm used. The principal argument of a complex number changes, thus influencing the logarithm differently from simply multiplying the logarithm by 2. Specifically, the logarithm branch used and the exponential mappings do not maintain simple multiplicative properties in the complex domain .
Neither \( \sin(\overline{z}) \) nor \( \cos(\overline{z}) \) is analytic anywhere because their real and imaginary parts do not satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations anywhere in the complex plane. For \( \sin(\overline{z}) \), by considering the variable replacement and derivatives, the required relationships are not fulfilled for analyticity. Likewise for \( \cos(\overline{z}) \), upon differentiation the Cauchy-Riemann conditions breakdown, establishing that no point exists where these functions are analytic .
The function \( \sinh(e^z) \) is considered entire because the composition of entire functions (\( e^z \) itself being entire) is also entire. The real part of this function, considering \( f(z) = e^z = e^{x+iy} = e^x(\cos y + i \sin y) \), involves terms like \( e^{e^x \cos y} \cos(e^x \sin y) \), forming the real part of \( \sinh(e^z) \). This real part is harmonic because it satisfies Laplace's equation, a direct consequence of \( f(z) \) being analytic, thus harmonic everywhere .
The expression \( \log(e^z) = z \) holds when using a specific branch of the logarithmic function defined by \( \log z = \ln r + i\theta \) where \( r > 0 \) and \( \alpha < \theta < \alpha + 2\pi \). This choice ensures the angle \( \theta \), that addresses the multi-valued behavior of the logarithm, fits within one particular range. Under these conditions, the transformation through exponential and logarithm functions simplifies directly back to \( z \) with no ambiguity due to this controlled branch cut .