ELECTROMECHANICAL ENGINEERING 402-B

ANALYSIS OF DIRECT CURRENT ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

UNIT 3. FIRST-ORDER TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
(RC AND RL CIRCUITS)
RESEARCH WORK
Engineer Jorge Adán Lucho Chigo
ALEX BRENIS QUINO
161U0115
JANUARY 2018 – JUNE 2018
MAY 10, 2018
INTRODUCTION

First-order circuits are circuits that contain only one component that stores.
energy (it can be a capacitor or inductor), and can also be described using only
a first-order differential equation. The two possible types of first-order circuits:

RC Circuit (Resistor and Capacitor)

RL Circuit (Resistor and Inductor)

RL and RC series circuits have a similar behavior in terms of their response in current and in
tension, respectively.

When closing the switch S in the RL series circuit, the coil creates an electromotive force (EMF) that
it opposes the current flowing through the circuit, hence called counter-electromotive force. As
As a consequence, at the very moment of closing the switch (t0 in figure 2) the current will be
zero and will increase exponentially until it reaches its maximum value, I o = E / (from t0 to t1). If to
continuation, in the same circuit we open S (an open circuit will be created in the RL network), and the value of I or not
it would not disappear instantly, but would decrease exponentially until reaching zero
(from t2 to t3).
3.1 FUNDAMENTALS AND EVALUATION OF INITIAL CONDITIONS IN THE
ELEMENTS OF RL AND RC CIRCUITS
RL circuits are those that contain a coil (inductor) that has
self-inductance, this refers to a circuit since it is considered much lower than that of the
inductor. It is said that it prevents instantaneous changes in current. It is always neglected the
autoinductance in the rest of the circuit since it is considered much smaller than that of the
inductor.
For a time equal to zero, the current will begin to grow and the inductor will produce
equally an electromotive force in the opposite direction, which will cause the current
do not increase. This is known as counter-electromotive force.
This is given by: V = -L (inductance) dI/dt
Since the current will increase over time, the change will be positive (dI/dt) and the
the tension will be negative due to a drop in the inductor.
According to Kirchhoff: V = (IR) + [L (dI / dt)]

IR = Voltage drop across the resistor.

This is a differential equation and substitution can be made:
x = (V/R) - I that is; dx = -dI
Substituting into the equation: x + [(L/R)(dx/dt)] = 0

dx/x = - (R/L) dt

Integrating: ln (x/xo) = -(R/L) t

Solving for x: x = xo e –Rt / L
Since xo = V/R

Time is zero
And zero current V/R - I = V/R e -Rt / L
I = (V/R) (1 - e^(-Rt / L))
The circuit time is represented by t = L/R
I = (V/R) (1 – e^(-1/t))
Where for an infinite time, I = V/R. And then the change can be considered
the current in time as zero.

To verify the equation involving t and I, it is derived once and replaced in the
initial: dI/dt = V/L e - 1/t

It is replaced: V = (IR) + [L (dI / dt)]

V = [ (V/R) (1 - e^(-1/t)) R + (L V / L e^(-1/t))]

V - V e - 1/t = V - V e - 1/t
RC Circuit
RC circuits are circuits that consist of a resistor and a
capacitor.
It is characterized by the fact that the current can vary over time. When the time is
equal to zero, the capacitor is discharged, at the moment when it starts to run the
Over time, the capacitor begins to charge as there is a current in the circuit.
Due to the space between the capacitor plates, there is no current flowing in the circuit.
That is why a resistor is used.
When the capacitor is fully charged, the current in the circuit is equal to
zero.

The second Kirchhoff's rule states: V = (IR) - (q/C)

Where q/C is the potential difference in the capacitor.
At zero time, the current will be: I = V/R when the capacitor has not changed.
loaded.
When the capacitor is fully charged, the current is zero and the charge
It will be equal to: Q = CV

The figure illustrates an example of a resistor-capacitor circuit, or RC circuit.

3.2 STEP FUNCTION, RAMP, IMPULSE, GATE AND EXPONENTIAL
Step function
In engineering, it is common to find functions that correspond to yes or no states, or
well active or inactive. For example, an external force acting on a system
mechanical or an electric tension applied to a circuit, may have to be suspended
after a certain time. To deal effectively with these functions
To handle discontinuities, it is useful to introduce a special function called the unit step function.

The unit step function is defined as the integral of the impulse function from the
negative infinity until time t. The integral of the impulse function is 0 if time t
is less than 0, and 1 if the time t is greater than 0. The step is defined exactly
unitary as:

The unit step type corresponds to an output. The value of the function at t=0 is
undefined. Other texts may define it as 1 or 0. Thus, this represents us the
direct current dissipated in our device.
Unit Step Function or Heaviside
In the case of the step function, it physically represents an instantaneous change that
Produce a t=0, it is an assumption the fact of representing a function with times.
negatives (which do not exist), instead it serves to represent the case of a switch
that remains open until it closes in an instant, establishing the maximum
voltage to a load.

Impulse Function
The impulse function is more of a mathematical concept than a function, which is defined as
the following way:
 The function is zero for any value of t, except zero.
When t is zero, the value of the function is infinite
By definition, the area of this function is equal to one.

The impulse function has some properties that may be useful.

It is also important for future developments the property of displacement or

slippage.

There are physical effects in nature that can be associated with this function.
such as the force applied in a very short period, like when a hammer
hit a nail, or the presence of a voltage for a very short moment that in
terms of this function such as:

Ramp Function
The ramp function is the integral of the step function. If we consider that we are
adding up all the area under the step function up to a time t. If t < 0 (zero), the
the value of the integral will be 0 (zero). If it is greater than 0 (zero), then the value will be equal.
the integral of 1 from time 0 to time t, which also has the value t, is
to say

3.3 NATURAL AND FORCED RESPONSE OF RL AND RC CIRCUITS

The natural response of a circuit consisting of a resistor and an inductor. This
the discussion is parallel to the analysis of the response of an RC circuit.

This RL circuit is very common. It always appears when there is a wire wound in a
circuit, like when you force a mechanical relay to cause a physical movement (a
relay contains a coil used as an electromagnet). We find inductors in
almost all power sources and in many filters. All the cables and the layouts of
circuit boards have a small self-inductance, which can be important
in very fast circuits.
This is a circuit in which we have to take time into account. To develop
a precise understanding, we require concepts from calculus, as we need
derivatives to describe the behavior of an RL circuit.
What are we going to build

For a resistor-inductor circuit, if the inductor has an initial current, I0, this
will decrease exponentially according to the equation:

Where I is the current at time t=0. We call this the natural response of
circuit.
The time constant for an RL circuit is T = L/R. This constant is a measure
How pronounced is the exponential.
The natural response of a circuit is what the circuit does when it is not under
external influences (no energy enters). It is the most basic behavior of the circuit.
When we place it in a larger circuit, the natural response plays a role.
fundamental in general behavior. [Natural and forced responses]
When you force a circuit with an input, it creates a forced response. In this
We forced the inductor to have an initial current, and then we see what it does on its own.
We will talk more about forced response when dealing with functions of
input, like a voltage step.
Establish the natural response of the RL circuit.
In order for the RL circuit to do something, we need an external helper to
add some energy and then leave and let it be while we observe what
it happens.
On the right side of the diagram, we have an inductor L and a resistor R. This is the
circuit that we want to study. On the left side is our "external helper",
which consists of a current source, I, a resistor, R, and a switch in position
closed.

If we assume that the switch has been closed for a long time, the closed path
blue shows us how the current flows in this circuit:

How do we know that all the current flows through the inductor and not through the resistors? The
the inductor equation guarantees us:

The current coming from the source is constant, meaning it does not change over time.
This means that the change in current with respect to time is di / dt = 0
If we substitute this value into the inductor equation, we obtain v=L⋅0 = 0 volts. The voltage
what happens through the inductor (and therefore, through both resistors) is 0000. The law of
Ohm guarantees us that the current of a resistor with 0 volts is equal to 0.
When the current flowing through an inductor is constant, we say that the inductor
it looks like a short circuit, for there are 0000 volts between its terminals, just like a
ideal cable.
Initial conditions
Now that there is a current flowing through our inductor, we open the
switch at time t= 0 and we determine the initial conditions.

The open switch disconnects the auxiliary circuit (I,R0) from the RL section. On the side of the
auxiliary circuit, the current I begins to flow through R0 (the auxiliary circuit has made its
work and we will no longer pay attention to it). On the RL circuit side, the current flowing
by L immediately bends and starts to flow through R:
3.4 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE RESPONSES
The current in the resistor has just jumped from 0 to I0, so the voltage changes.
instantly at v(0) = R0.

The voltage changes in an instant.

An inductor has no problems with the voltage changing instantly. If the
voltage jumps by 1, the equation predicts that the slope of the current will increase
in a factor of 10×10. This actually happens in real inductor circuits.
In the mechanical analogy, changing the voltage across an inductor is analogous to
Change the force on a mass. Nothing prevents you from changing the force.

Now we know both the current and the voltage just after it opens the
switch. Next, let's think about the final state of the circuit after it has
after a long period of time.
A resistor (unlike an ideal inductor or an ideal capacitor) dissipates energy in
form of heat. This heat arises from the energy stored in the magnetic field of the
inductor (the only source of energy in our natural response circuit). If
we waited a long time, the resistor will eventually transform all into heat
energy that started in the inductor. When it has been depleted, i will be 0000 and v will also be
It will be 0. This is the final state of our circuit.
Once the final response has been established, i(t) and v(t) look like this:
What happens in the meantime?

Now we determine what happens in the time interval between t (0+) and 'a long time
later. For now, I will assume that there is a smooth curve connecting the two
segments of the curve; also, that at the beginning the rate of change is maximum,
when the current is high, and there is a greater rate of power dissipation in the
resistor. Using this intuition, I can plot the expected curves for the current and
the voltage.

These turn out to be very good conjectures for the natural response of an RL circuit.
With just our intuition, we determine the initial state and the final state, and
we made an estimate of what the current and voltage curves look like during the
transition between both. We are not exactly sure how fast they fall.
curves, or really how much time is "a long time later".
3.5 SOFTWARE APPLICATION
The Electrotechnics Application oriented to RL C Circuits, 'AEL-AI13-A', is designed
in order to understand the functioning and applications of circuits
RLC. To do this, this application has a set of resistances, inductances and
capacitors of different values to be able to create multiple types of circuits.
In addition, this application also has a diode rectifier for checking.
how the circuit responds to different forms of voltage or how to build filters of
harmonics of different frequency bands. In this way, the student can
familiarize yourself with RL C circuits and their connection methods.

The AEL-AI13-A includes the following modules:

N-ALI01. Main Industrial Power Supply.
N-ALI10. AC/DC Power Supply Module.
N-CAR30. Inductance module.
N-CAR31. Capacitor module.
N-CAR32. Diode rectifier module.
N-CAR33. Module of resistive components.
N-MED65. Digital Multimeter.
CONCLUSION
At the end of the research work, a broad understanding was reached of what
they are first-order circuits of RL and RC type, for the development of problems in
the electrical area in order to create circuits in a good way
operation. Similarly, the functions with which they are carried out were recognized.
the resolution of them and the applications given to them in the software.
Having knowledge of this theory, we can put it into practice in the area of
work.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
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line/DifferentialEquations/ODE-Geo/ode-ch5-geo/laplace/[Link]
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Nicolas, Systems and Control
[Link]
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