Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Ministry of Popular Power for Defense

National Experimental Polytechnic University
From the Bolivarian National Armed Forces
UNEFA.
Guanare - Portuguesa State.

Fundamentals of analysis
systems.

Members:
Franlismar Medina
Yenifer Barazarte ID; 27106427
Maria Laura Godoy ID; 29938825

Career: Systems Engineering.

 Introduction:

The analysis phase of a system development life cycle

information includes various activities that will serve as a foundation for
the preparation of the subsequent phases. The purpose is for the analyst to prepare
to carry out the analysis and be able to define the problem that the organization has,
identifying the objective to follow and selecting the information that is relevant to you
necessary to know everything about the defined problem. This collection of the
The information will be executed using special techniques for this work. If the
the analyst knows the range of techniques available to apply, they will be able to choose the
appropriate according to the organization and the issue in question.
 The role of system analyst.

Roles of the systems analyst: The systems analyst generally evaluates the
the way businesses operate by examining the input, the processing of
data and the output of information with the purpose of improving processes
organizational.
Many improvements involve better support for business functions by
through the use of computerized information systems. This definition
emphasizes a systematic and methodical approach to analyze, and possibly improve,
what is happening with the specific context created by a business.
System analysts are required to handle many packages in the
course of your work. Some of these papers are:

External consultants for business.

Support expert within a business.
Change agent in both internal and external situations.

Life cycle of an information system.

Know thelife cycle of an information systemit is necessary since it
it is about an essential corporate asset, both in terms of benefits
that provide as to the investment it requires.
Organizations must plan for the long term when they prepare to do
an investment in information systems and services, to ensure that
they will support business initiatives. At the same time, the system must
to ensure their ability to respond to emerging opportunities.
Phases:
In the life cycle of an information system, seven phases can be distinguished.
It is about the following:
Planning phase: In this phase, the design and subsequent preparation is carried out.
implementation of the system. It is necessary to define the scope of the project,
justify it and choose a methodology for its development. It is also necessary
associate the different activities with timeframes and assign roles and
responsibilities.
Analysis phase: Once the project team decides on a
determined development methodology begins the second stage in the cycle
of the life of an information system. It is related to the analysis and
where a series of requirements are sought to be concretized, which will govern the
new system or the changes to be introduced in the old one, if the project is aimed at
its update.
Design phase: At this stage, the project team will have to determine
how the new information system will meet the applicable requirements. It is
for this reason, at this stage of the life cycle of an information system
It is advisable to identify potential solutions, evaluate them, and choose the most convenient one.
This will be either the most effective, or the most cost-efficient, or the least complex. A
Once those tasks are completed, we will need to continue with the selection.
software and hardware technology, developing the specifications for the
different applications and obtaining management approval to proceed
to the implementation of the new system.
Development phase: Software development marks a before and after in the
system life and means, in addition, the start of production. The change is a
constant during this stage, in which it is usually advisable to focus on
the training and education of users and the technical team.
Integration phase and testing period: The objective of this stage is
confirm that the proposed design meets the business requirements
established. It may be necessary to repeat the tests as many times as needed.
missing to avoid errors and, in fact, it is advisable that the end user gives their
compliance with the result. Finally, this stage concludes with the verification
and validation, which help ensure successful completion of the program.
Implementation phase: In this stage of the system lifecycle
information you need to proceed with the installation of the chosen hardware and software,
create the corresponding applications, subject them to testing, create the
relevant documentation and training users. The data conversion is
important at this stadium, where work is already starting on the new
system.
Maintenance phase: This stage of the life cycle of a system
information relates to day-to-day operations. Generally,
it involves making the necessary adjustments to improve performance and correct
the problems that may arise. Once the implementation phase concludes
a supervised operation period is usually opened, during which the activities
maintenance take on special importance, as they focus on making backups,
support users, resolve issues, optimize the system for matters
related to security or speed and review the software to ensure
the alignment with business goals.
Use of CASE tools:
CASE tools (Computer Aided Software Engineering, Software Engineering)
Software Assisted for Computer son variousapplications
informaticsosoftware programs intended to increase the balance in
thesoftware development reducing their cost in terms
oftimeand ofmoney.
These tools can help in all aspects of the life cycle of
software development in tasks such as the process of performing adesigndel
project, cost calculation, implementation of part of the code automatically
with the given design, automatic compilation, documentation or detection of
errors among others.
Use of methods for system analysis (Reverse engineering and
software reengineering
The method for developing systems consists of two basic components, The
Analysis, which is the process of classifying and interpreting facts,
diagnosis of problems and use of information to recommend improvements to
system, and the Design, which is responsible for specifying the characteristics of the
final product.
Phase 1: Search for existing processes in order to determine which ones
should be carried out by a computer and which by methods
manuals.
Phase 2: The purpose is to understand the details of a situation and
determine if an improvement is desirable or feasible (The selection of the method already
it would be a secondary factor)
Phase 3: Determine the best way to solve a system problem, without
Regardless of the organization, the analyst will work on its issues.
Reverse engineering and software reengineering are methods to extend the
life of previous programs, known as assisted reengineering software
by computer (CARE, Computer-Assisted Reengineering) to analyze and
restructure the existing computer code. In themarkethay
varioussetsof reverse engineering tools.
The term reengineering is used in numerous different contexts of engineering,
programming and business. It is often used to denote "reengineering of
processesof business," which is a way to give a new direction to the
key processes of an organization. Systems analysts can
play an important role in business process reengineering, position
that many of the required changes can only be achieved through the use
ofinformation technologynovel.
The first step of software reverse engineering is to load, into the set of
tools the program code exists (as it has been written in COBOL, C
or any other high-level language). According to the toolkit
they produce some or all of the following elements:
1. Structuresdata and elements that describe the files and records
stored by the system.
2. Screen designs, if the program is online.
3. Report template for batch programs.
4. A structure diagram that shows the hierarchy of the modules of
program.
5. Database design and relationships.
Organizational styles and their impact on information systems:
To analyze and design appropriate information systems, analysts of
systems have to view the organizations where they work as systems
formed by the interactions of three main forces: the levels of
administration, the design of organizations and organizational cultures
The organizations son big systems compounds for
interrelated subsystems. The subsystems are influenced by three
broad levels of administrative decision-makers that divide
horizontally the organizational system. All cultures and subcultures
organizational factors influence the way individuals interrelate
the subsystems.
Information as a resource for organizations:
Organizations have long recognized the importance of
manage basic resources such as labor and raw materials. The
Information has been correctly considered as the main resource. The
decision makers are starting to understand that information does not
it is not just a byproduct of driving, but at the same time feeds the
businesses and it can be the critical factor in determining success or failure of
these.
Management of information as a resource: To maximize the usefulness of the
information, a business must manage it correctly just as it handles the
other resources. Administrators need to understand that there are costs
associated with production, distribution, security, storage and
information retrieval. Although the information is available to us
around, this is not free, and its use is strategic to increase the
competitiveness of a business.
Management of information generated by computers: The easy availability of
computers have created an explosion of information throughout society in
general and of business in particular. The management of information generated by
computer differs significantly in the handling of produced data
manually. Generally, there is a greater amount of computer information
to manage. The cost of organizing and maintaining it can grow to levels
alarming, and users judge it. Often, it is seen as more reliable than the
information obtained through other means. We will examine the fundamentals of different
they talk about information systems, the various roles of the analysts of
systems and the phases of the systems development life cycle. It also presents
computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools
acronyms in English.

Organizational fundamentals:
The organizational structure defines how activities are divided, grouped and
they coordinate the work of the activities, which in turn are divided into
specialization of work which is the degree to which the activities of the
Organization is subdivided into separate tasks.
Authority is a foundation of the organizational structure and the chain of command is
an unbroken line of authority descending from the highest level of the
organization at the lowest level and clarifies who reports to whom.
It is considered that one has authority when inherent rights are given to a
executive position to give orders and expect them to be obeyed.
In this case, this authority can direct a command unit, which consists of
to have the idea that a subordinate must have a superior and only one, before whom
is directly responsible. Another variant is the extent of the control, which is the
number of subordinates that a manager can effectively and efficiently direct.
Decision-making in an organizational structure often varies in many
points, when centralization occurs it indicates that decisions are
concentrated on a single point of the organization. When a
formalization corresponds to a greater standardization in the positions of the
organization.
Organizations as systems.
An organization is a group of people assembled for the purpose of achieving a
a goal, through a method or action plan and that have
resources for that. For the purpose of theanalysis of an organization since the
from the point of view of the theory, the word system takes on a particular meaning: it means
a guideline for relationships within a relevant framework aimed at implementation
for a specific purpose. Thus, an organization can be conceived as a
complex set of relationships between physical, human, and labor resources, united
in a network of systems. The systems act as arteries that transport
resources to generate productive and distributive processes, to become the
means to satisfy the needs of groups of members. There are systems
interns whose function is to connect others to each otherorganization systems.
They provide goods and services consumed within the organization during
the efforts to fulfill their missions. An example could be the system of
communication, which provides the necessary information to maintain the
organization and its operations.
Administrative level:
The administrative level is the management of an organization. It includes all the
aspects of supervision and review of business operations, as well as the
related areas, including finance, accounting, marketing, and management of
projects.

Includes the performance or management of operations and decision-making of

business, in addition to the effective organization of people and other resources, to
direct activities towards common objectives and goals.

Administration generally refers to a broad management function.

including financial services, personnel services, and information systems
associates. Some analysts see the administrative level as a subset of
management, specifically associated with the technical and operational aspects of
an organization, and different from executive or strategic functions.

La cculturea Oorganizational.
It is the set of perceptions, feelings, attitudes, habits, beliefs,
values, traditions, and forms of interaction within and between existing groups in
all organizations. Organizational culture can facilitate the implementation of
the strategy if there is a strong coherence between both or on the contrary, to prevent
or delay its implementation. If we accept the premise that the strategy
business-oriented, in addition to leading the company towards the achievement of
determined economic objective serves as a guide in its constant search to
improve its functioning, it can be deduced, therefore, that culture can
influence, and in fact influences, the results of the company's activities. It
can be considered as basic elements of the definition of organizational culture,
the following:

Set of essential values and beliefs: Values are statements

about what is right or wrong in an organization. Belief is perception
of people between an action and its consequences. Values and beliefs are
they are specified through norms, whose role is to define behavior
expected.

The shared culture: It is not enough that there are values and beliefs
individual title, they must be values and beliefs held by a majority of the
members of the organization.

Integrated image: It is the configuration of the company's identity. The identity

provides continuity over time, coherence despite diversity,
specificity towards the outside and allows its members to identify with it.
Persistent phenomenon: It is resistant to change. This social inertia can have
both positive and negative implications. However, the organizational culture
constantly evolves.

Differentiating characteristics there are certain key characteristics according to

with which cultures differentiate from each other, among which we can
highlight the following:

Individual initiative: The degree of responsibility, freedom, and independence that

they have the individuals.

Risk tolerance: The degree to which employees are encouraged to be

aggressive, innovative, and to take risks.

Control: Number of rules and amount of direct supervision used to

control the behavior of employees.

Identity and integration: Degree to which members identify with the

organization as a whole rather than with its particular work group or field of
professional experience and in which organizational units are encouraged to
to function in a coordinated manner.

Incentive system: The degree to which incentives (salary increases,

promotions, etc.) are based on employee performance criteria against
criteria such as seniority, favoritism, etc.

Conflict tolerance: The degree to which employees are encouraged to air out
the conflicts and criticisms openly.

Communication model: The extent to which organizational communications

are restricted to the formal hierarchy of authority.

Determination of feasibility and management of analysis activities and

design

The four fundamental points of the project that the systems analyst must
to handle sound:

Project initiation

2. Determination of the project's feasibility

3. Project Scheduling

4. Management of the system analysis team members.

Projects can be requested by many different people within the
business or by the same system analysts.
The selection of a project is a difficult decision, as they will be required
more projects than can be done. Five important criteria for the
project selection are:
1. That the requested project is supported by the administration.

2. That it has the appropriate time for the allocation of resources.

3. That drives the business towards achieving its objectives.

4. That it be practicable.

5. Be important enough to be considered instead

of other possible projects.

If a requested project meets these criteria, then it can be developed.

a study of the feasibility of its operational, technical, and economic merits.
Through the feasibility study, system analysts collect data that
they allow the administration to decide whether to continue with a system study
complete.
The project planning includes estimating the time required for each
one of the activities of the analyst, its scheduling and the streamlining of them, yes
It is necessary to ensure that a project is finished on time. A technique
what the systems analyst has for task scheduling is the
Gantt chart, which displays activities in the form of bars on a graph.
Computer-based project scheduling, using
microcomputers, it is now common practice, mainly due to the use of
graphical user interfaces. Additionally. They can be used the
personal information managers (PIM) by analysts to plan,
create a repository of telephone and fax numbers and even to execute others
programs.
A second technique, called PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)
review), displays the activities as arrows in a network. PERT helps to
for the analyst to determine the critical path and the float time, which is the
required information for effective project control. When necessary
completing a project in less time, the analyst can reduce the total duration
of the project identifying and streamlining the main activities.
Once a project has been deemed feasible, the systems analyst must
manage the team members, their activities, time and resources. The
most of this is achieved through communication with the members of
team. Teams are constantly seeking a balance between working
about the tasks and maintaining relationships with the team. They must be
tensions that arise when trying to achieve this balance have been resolved.
Two leaders often emerge in a team, a task leader and a leader.
socioemotional. Members must periodically value the norms of
team to ensure they are functional rather than dysfunctional for the
achievement of the team's objectives.
It is important for the systems analysis team to set objectives
reasonable productivity for tangible outputs and process activities.
The project failures can generally be avoided by examining the
motivations for the requested projects, as well as the reasons of the team to
recommend or avoid a particular project.

Mandatory activities:
Describe what the skills of a systems analyst are.

Mention the seven sequential phases.

Explain each of the three fundamental points of the

organizations to consider when analyzing and designing systems
of information.

Suggested activities:
What are the four reasons for the adoption of the tools?
CASE?

Explain what the PERT technique consists of.

How is the feasibility of the project determined?

 Conclusion:
To conclude this work, the development of a system is
understood various components or steps carried out
durn
i g the anaylssi stage, whcih hepl s to transa
l te the
customerneedsn i asystemmodelthatusesone
more of the components: Software, hardware, people, database,
documentation and procedures.
In a company or organziato i n, the anaylssi and desg i n of
systems, it is the process of studying its situation in order to observe
how to work and decide if it is necessary to make an improvement and the
Thepesrone
rsponsbielo
fcrayrnigouh
ttesea
tsksh
itesyse
tmsanayls.t
Before starting the development of any project, a study is conducted
a study of systems to detect all the details and the current situation in
This company information gathered with this study serves as a basis for
create several design strategies for
the administrators decide which strategy to follow.
Managers, employees, and other end users who are becoming increasingly familiar
with the use of computers are playing a very important role in the
system development. All organizations are systems that act
of way reciprocal with
tisenvrionmentrecevin
i gn
i putsandproducn
i goutputs.
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The organizational structure defines the
they are divided into separate tasks.
The administrative level
is the management of an organization
Includes performance or management
towards common goals and objectives.
The Culture
organizational/
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organizational/