REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON

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Peace-Work-Fatherland Peace-Work-Fatherland
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UNIVERSITY OF YAOUNDE I THE UNIVERSITY OF
********** YAOUNDE I
DEPARTMENT OF **********
PHYSIQUE DEPARTMENT OF
PHYSICS

PHYSICS PRESENTATION:
RENEWABLE ENERGY

Theme: STUDY AND IMPACT OF

HYDRAULIC ENERGY ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF CAMEROON

Names of participants

NOUBISSI NGAKAM ERIC ZIDANE 18H2717

LEMOULA KONGTIO NATACHA DESIREE 19K2959

KEUAMENE DJOGUE MAROZZOTTI 12W0197

WAKAM GOUPA DANIELLE 19E2618

FRAMER: Pr SIMO Elie

2022-2023
 INTRODUCTION

Renewable energies (or RE) refer to a set of means to produce

energy from sources or theoretically unlimited resources, available without
time limit or reconstitutable faster than they are consumed. On
generally talks about renewable energies as opposed to energy derived from
fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas, ...) whose stocks are limited and non
renewable on a human time scale. There are several types of energies
renewable (solar energy, wind, biomass, hydraulic, ...), and within the framework of
in our work, we will place a particular emphasis on hydraulic energy. It will be
question of conducting a study on this form of energy and its impact on
development of CAMEROON.

I - STUDY OF HYDRAULIC ENERGY

1 - DEFINITION

Hydraulic energy, also known as hydroelectric energy, is produced by the

movement of water flowing in rivers and other bodies of water. The Energy
hydraulics is actually a kinetic energy related to the movement of water as in the
ocean currents, watercourses, tides, waves, or the use of energy
potential like in the case of waterfalls and dams. Hydropower
depends on the water cycle. It is the most important source of renewable energy.

2- HYDRAULIC ENERGY PRODUCTION

Hydraulic energy is produced by the movement of water flowing in rivers.

and other bodies of water. In general, this movement, which provides what is called energy
the kinetics of water occurs with the falling water, which is why the areas for
Locating hydropower plants must show irregularities. The water that
A tomb turns a turbine that produces the electrical energy that will be injected.
directly into the power grid.

3 - TECHNICAL OPERATION

The operation of hydraulic energy will depend on the type of power plant.
hydroelectric and these vary depending on where these plants are located.
Given the above, we therefore note that there are different types
hydraulic (central) developments.

2.2 The different types of hydraulic installations

Each site has its own characteristics, hydrological, geological,

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topographical, and will be arranged according to its characteristics and objectives
pursued: almost permanent electricity supply, supply during peak periods
only, temporary storage, etc.. Although each hydraulic installation is
very specific to the chosen site, the various arrangements can be classified into
some large families.

The developments with retention

Many rivers have a very variable flow throughout the year, notably due to
of the seasonal variation of precipitation and natural snow storage in winter, and
this all the more so because their watershed is limited. This is the case for most rivers.
at altitude, but also of some others. When one wants to exploit their potential
Hydraulic, we are led to build dams that will themselves store water.
when it arrives in abundance, and allow it to be returned and turbinated when we have it
needs. These dams have varying heights ranging from a few tens of meters and
largely more than 100 meters depending on the topography of the location and the quantities
water to be stored. These quantities themselves are very variable, from a few hundred
millions to several billion cubic meters or even much more (Nasser dam on the Nile in
Egypt or Kariba on the Zambezi.

The developments 'in the course of the water'

When the flow of a river does not vary too much throughout the year, one chooses
generally to equip it "as needed", without creating a retention. This is the case for most
rivers once they have reached the plains, with a significant flow but a low
water. The water we want to turbine is generally diverted into a side canal, on a
sufficient distance to achieve a sufficient drop height (on the order of 10 m.) On
the Rhine, for example, each factory, turbining about 1000 m3/s over a height of 10
at 15 m, has a capacity of 80 to 120 MW; the general slope of the river allows for installation
a factory of this type every 30 km or so.

Pumped storage power stations (PSPS)

Pumped storage power stations (or PSP)have two basins, one basin
upper basin (for example, an altitude lake) and a lower basin (for example, a reservoir
artificial) between which is placed a reversible device that can operate both
as a pump or turbine for the hydraulic part and as a motor or alternator for the
electrical part.

The water from the upper basin is turbine-powered during peak demand to produce
the electricity. Then, this water is pumped from the lower basin to the upper basin in
the periods when energy is cheap, and so on. Pumped storage plants are not considered.
as producers of renewable source energy since they consume electricity
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to pump up the turbine water. These are energy storage installations. They
they frequently intervene for short-term interventions at the request of the network and
as a last resort (after the other hydroelectric plants) for longer interventions,
notably due to the cost of pumping water. The yield between the energy produced and
the energy consumed is around 70% to 80%. The operation proves to be profitable when the
price difference of electricity between off-peak periods (buying electricity at low prices) and the
peak periods (selling electricity at high prices) is important.

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TURBINE

The turbine will allow the water escaping from the pipe to be transformed into energy.
rotation. The shape and characteristics of the turbines depend on the categories
hydroelectric installations in which they are used:

The Pelton turbine, generally reserved for high head plants (from 300 to 1800
meters), was developed by Pelton in the 19th century. This turbine consists of a
wheel, on the perimeter of which are fixed series of double metal spoons
called jets. The water exits the pressured pipe at high speed and collides with
force the wheel axles through the injectors. The maximum power
The unit achievement is 400 MW.
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The Francis turbine is used for medium falls (between 30 and 750 meters). It
resembles a flared cylinder, divided lengthwise by a series of partitions
curved longitudinal. The expanded perimeter of the turbine is surrounded by a crown.
breakthrough of about twenty openings through which pressurized water enters from
the forced driving. This water glides over the blades of the turbine and heads towards its core,
from where it is evacuated. When the water flows through the turbine channels, it leaves
its pressure on the turbine blades. It is this pressure difference that is responsible for
turbine rotation. The maximum power reached is 800 MW per unit.

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The Kaplan turbine is used in low head plants (10 to 80 m). The water is channeled.
through wells or steel or concrete pipes ranging from five to ten meters in diameter towards
a room whose spiral layout allows water to reach the turbine with the
better efficiency. Kaplan turbines have a shape similar to ship propellers. Their blades
are generally adjustable and allow, by simply varying their inclination,
to adjust the rotation speed of the turbines to the level conditions. The power
the maximum output is 200 MW. A variant of the Kaplan turbines is that of '
bulb groups", for very low falls (5 to 20 m) for which the technique has been developed
In France for the tidal power plant of Rance. The alternator is coupled to the turbine.
Thanks to a waterproof protection system, these groups can be completely
submerged in water. The maximum power achieved is 60 MW.

For the STPs, either ternary groups are used (whose shaft line includes the
turbine, the alternator and the pump) are groups with reversible pump-turbines.
capable of ensuring turbine operation and pumping (Francis type).

2.2 ELECTRICITY TRANSPORT NETWORK

2.2.1 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Like most human and industrial activities, energy extraction

hydraulics has advantages and disadvantages, both for the environment, as well as
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for health and for social aspects.

a) For the environment

One of the main advantages of hydropower, a renewable energy source, is

that, in most cases, it does not emit greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere. If the 20% of electricity from hydropower were produced in
From coal-fired power plants, CO² emissions into the atmosphere would increase by 500.
at 600 megatonnes of carbon contained (600 MtC), while they are already much
too high. In some cases, this advantage may be offset, at least in
transitively, through methane emissions, a greenhouse gas more 'effective' than
the CO², but with a shorter lifespan. When the retention of the development
hydraulics covers a large area with dense vegetation, the decomposition of
Plant materials produce methane released into the atmosphere and consume
the oxygen contained in the water that can become unsuitable for aquatic life. This kind
the situation is likely to occur in tropical areas with
shallow retention and requires specific protective measures of
the environment. These problems are generally of a temporary nature.

b) For health

Hydraulic energy has been in many countries, particularly in Europe, the

the primary means of producing large quantities of electricity. In countries with
temperate climate, no harmful health effects of energy are known
hydraulics. In tropical countries, some poorly designed hydraulic works
conceived lead to the spread of waterborne diseases, particularly malaria.
and schistosomiasis (or bilharzia). The problems encountered are however
at least as attributable to irrigation networks as to the reservoirs of dams and
preventive and curative treatments exist even if they are not often implemented
the disposition of the concerned populations.

c) Social

One of the main grievances against hydroelectric energy is that it often requires
population movements. Indeed, throughout history, rivers and streams have
summer privileged places of habitat. In mountain areas, it is mainly
often from hamlets or land used for agro-pastoral purposes. Although traumatic
for the few affected families, the change can be supported and it is
possible to offer these families a living environment that is not very different from what they
knew before, comfort in addition or to accompany them in a change
that they can wish for or accept. In the plain, the consequences can be
much more significant, and the social impact more difficult to manage. The implementation of
water from the Three Gorges Dam in China is accompanied by the displacement of nearly

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of 2 million people. This is a disruption. But on the other hand, this
The dam allows for control of the devastating floods of the Yellow River, which come year after year.
causing thousands of victims, not to mention the material damage. The authorities
Chinese officials judged that the overall assessment was positive; but one of the difficulties
evident is that those who suffer the inconveniences of this project are not the
the same as those who benefit from it, as often happens to the great ones
infrastructure projects (airports, high-speed trains..).

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