NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TRUJILLO

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COURSE : SOIL MECHANICS II

THEME : SIMPLE COMPRESSION ESSAY....

TEACHER: Mr. Calderón Vásquez, Carlos Octavio

STUDENTS: Evangelista Ruiz Gilmer Junior

Sevillano León Cesar Eduardo

Tantalean Jara Carlos Bryan
Ventura Sánchez, Brenly Grover
Villegas Ruiz Williams Tachini

Cycle : VI Cycle

TRUJILLO-PERU
2019
 Faculty of Engineering
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TRUJILLO School of Civil Engineering

SIMPLE COMPRESSION ESSAY

I. INTRODUCTION

The unconfined compression test, also known as the test of

simple compression or uniaxial compression test allows obtaining a load value
last of the soil at a lower cost using an unaltered soil sample carved in
cylinder shape, generally with a height/diameter ratio between 2 and 2.5. it is related to
with the shear resistance of the soil. This testing method is only applicable to
cohesive materials that do not expel water during the loading stage of the test and that
they maintain their intrinsic resistance after removing the pressures of
confinement, like clays or cemented soils. The dry friable soils,
cracked materials, laminated, silts, peats, and sands cannot be
analyzed by this method to obtain significant values of resistance to
unconfined compression.

II. OBJECTIVES
Generals
Determine the unconfined or simple compressive strength of cohesive soils
under unaltered or remodeled conditions applying axial load
Determine the soil cohesion

Specific

Process the data through tables and graphs.

III. REFERENCE NORM

NLT 202
AASHTO T 208-05
ASTM D2166-00
I.N.V. E - 152

IV. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Simple Compression Test

It aims to determine the compressive strength not trusting quof a

cylinder of cohesive or semi-cohesive soil, and indirectly the shear resistance qc.

= ( )
2 am2

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This calculation is based on the fact that the minor principal stress is zero (since when
the soil is surrounded only by atmospheric pressure) and the angle of internal friction (α) of the
ground is supposed to be zero. Due to numerous studies, it has become evident that this
essay generally does not provide a reliable value for resistance to
cut of a cohesive soil, due to the loss of the lateral restraint provided by the
soil mass, the internal conditions of the soil such as the degree of saturation or the
pore pressure that cannot be controlled and the friction at the ends produced by
the support plates. However, if the results are interpreted correctly,
recognizing the deficiencies of the essay. these will be reasonably reliable. The
simple compression test is a special case of the triaxial test, in which
Since it is not necessary, only the longitudinal tension is applied to the test tube.
device to apply lateral pressure. and how, in addition. the sample does not need to be
wrapped in a rubber membrane, this test has become a test
simple field. The device is only useful for quick tests on soils
predominantly clayey that are saturated or nearly saturated. It will be possible to carry out
well, through a control in two ways, through a deformation control or
efforts. The first one is widely used, controlling the advance speed of
the team's platform. The second requires making load increments, which
cause errors in the unit deformations when an additional load occurs
impact when increasing the load, resulting in practically zero usage.

As the simple compression test in relatively impermeable clays is

it performs loading the test tube quite quickly, it turns out that, ultimately, it constitutes
also a test without drainage if the clay is saturated. Like the test of
Simple compression is extraordinarily easy and cheap to do. It turns out that very
Triaxial tests on saturated soils are done infrequently. According to the value of the
You can classify based on how a clay's maximum compressive strength.
indicate below (Terzaghi and Peck, 1955).

TABLE N° 01 AND 02: soil classification by its load and cohesion according to Terzaghi and Peck, 1955

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TYPES OF BREAKAGE.

Fragile: original crack parallel to the direction of the load and the break occurs in a way
abrupt decrease under very small deformations, followed by a drop after that
examples of resistance cemented soils.

Ductile: the mode of fracture limits deformation, without the appearance of zones of

discontinuity in it in such a way that the break occurs through a plane

inclined, showing a peak in resistance example white clays

STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

Unitary deformation

∆
=
0

WHERE

∆ variation of length

0 initial longitude

Effort

σ=

WHERE

p = applied forces (N)

A = area of the sample (specimen)

Graph No. 01: stress vs deformation diagram of a

material X

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V. TEAM
Press with good approximation or a triaxial press. (sensitivity of 1%)
simple compression resistance of the tested sample
A lathe with a motor or cutter for unaltered sample specimens with accessories
(wire saw, knives, miter box, etc.)
Micrometer or another instrument for measuring physical dimensions.
Balance with an approximation of 0.1 g.
Deformimeter or vernier (0.1 mm).
Precision Stopwatch 1s (if the press control is manual)
Cylindrical mold.
Pison.
Sample extractor
Devices to determine the moisture of the sample as indicated in the Standard
INV E-122.

VI. METHOD AND TECHNIQUES

The simple compression test is conducted following the method given below.
collection and preparation of samples.
1.1 the soil sample is extracted as unaltered as possible, of a sufficient size to be able to
transport it to the laboratory without it disintegrating and without internal cracking occurring

that may affect the result of the test

1.2 Any alteration of the cross-section such as water content should be avoided.
from the ground

Preparation of the test tube

FIGURE No. 01 and 02 dimensioning of the cylindrical specimen

The cross-section will be circular and with its particular ends to the longitudinal axis.
in addition, they must ensure that the larger particle contained within the specimen must

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be less than 1/10 of the specimen's diameter. It is sought that the diameter of these,
the diameter is 3.0 cm minimum and the height is 2 to 2.5 times the diameter.
2. For samples with a diameter equal to or greater than 72 mm, the particle size
must be less than 1/6 of the diameter or side.

Unaltered samples: If they are tube samples, they must be handled with great care.
care to avoid its alteration, changes in the cross-section or loss of
humidity.
Remolded Test Specimens. If you want to test a sample of saturated clay.
"remolded", for example, to determine sensitivity, the following procedure is followed.
mode: the soil is perfectly kneaded so that it is completely destroyed
previous structure. If you wish to retain the moisture that the original sample had, it is
It is convenient to wrap the material in a thin rubber membrane during this.
operation.
Compacted test specimens. A sample can also be compacted in a mold to a
humidity and predetermined unit weight. After the sample has been formed, it is
they cut perpendicular ends to the longitudinal axis, are removed from the mold and are determined
its weight and dimensions.
Experience indicates that it is difficult to manage, compact, and obtain valid results with
probes that have a humidity level above 90% of saturation of the
soil sample.

TEST PROCEDURE

FIGURE N°03: Test of the Test Tube

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The heights are measured, each separated by 120 degrees from the other and the diameter or side.

from the test tube, with a precision of 0.1 mm using a caliper with vernier or a
analog object.
2. The sample is weighed.
3. The sample is placed in the loading device in such a way that it is centered in the
the lower plate and the upper plate barely make contact with the sample.
4. The test can be conducted by controlling the deformation or by controlling the load.
5. In the case of controlled deformation, the press is operated in such a way that the
the unit deformation speed of the specimen should be between ½ % and 2%
per minute. Measurements of deformations and loads are taken every 30
seconds until the charges begin to decrease or until reaching a
axial deformation of 15% (whichever happens first). A speed will be chosen at which
the break occurs within a time frame of 1 to 10 minutes.
In the case of very soft materials that exhibit deformations greater than the
Failure should be tested on a greater deformation rat and vice versa for the
hard or brittle materials.
If it is a very hard soil sample, in which the deformation at breakage
if it is very small, the stress-strain curve will not be properly represented
represented in that graph. In that case, it is possible to disregard the increase of
section during loading
6. When controlled efforts are employed, the load will be applied to produce
an axial deformation of 0.50% to 2% per minute will be recorded
efforts and deformations every 30 seconds. The deformation rate will be regulated.
in such a way that the failure of specimens without reaming never exceeds 10 minutes.
the load should continue until the load values decrease with the
increase in section that occurs in the specimen during fracture, which translates to
in a decrease of the applied effort.
7. Once the test is completed, a diagram of the breakage shape is made and the angle is measured.
from the rupture plane (α) whenever possible.
8. Finally, the test tube is placed in the oven to determine its natural moisture.
9. The simple compression resistance (quthe soil is expressed as the quotient of the
break load (NR) and the corrected area of the specimen (Ac).
Simple compression resistance
=
,

The corrected area (AcFor each unit deformation (ε) it is calculated as:

0
=
1-ε

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A0average initial area

A + 2Am + Ab
0=
4
Atarea of the top part of the test tube
Amarea of the middle part of the test tube
Ab= area of the bottom of the test tube

The value of the corrected break area (Ac, break) is calculated with the expression
previous for rupture
legend
NmaxValue of the maximum load reached
N15%Value of the load corresponding to 15% deformation
∅specimen diameter.
NRit is equal to the previously reached value of among Nmaxy N15%
In tensions, the simple compressive strength can also be expressed as the
value previously reached among σmaxy sigma15%:
σmaxMaximum tension reached
σ15%Tension corresponding to 15% of the deformation

Graph No. 02: stress vs strain diagram of a

material X

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VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Notes and laboratory manuals of soil mechanics. M. in C. Adolfo
Morales Lozano
Soil Mechanics. Lambe-Whitman
Morales Lozano Adolfo 'Study Material 2013' Autonomous University
Warrior
Soil Mechanics, Juárez Badillo–Rico Rodríguez.

SIMPLE COMPRESSION 9 SOIL MECHANICS II