UNIVERSITY OF IBAGUE

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

HEAT TRANSFER GUIDE WITH INTERNAL GENERATION – EXTENDED SURFACES –
VARIABLE CONDUCTIVITY

Eduardo Santacruz Gómez Code 2120151072

1. A flat wall with a thickness of 0.1 m and thermal conductivity of 25 W/m·K, with a generation
of uniform volumetric heat of 0.3 MW/m3, is insulated on one of its sides while the
On the other side, a fluid is exposed to 92°C. The heat transfer coefficient by
the convection between the wall and the fluid is 500 W/m2·K. Determine the maximum temperature
on the wall.

Solution:
From equation 3.42, the temperature at the inner surface is given by Equation 3.43.
(book Incropera) and it is the maximum temperature inside the wall:

̇ 2
0= +
2

The temperature of the external surface comes from equation 3.46,

̇
= ∞+
ℎ

(0.3 * 106 3 )(0.1 m)

= 92° +
500 2·

= 92° + 60° = 152°

Therefore, it is obtained that:

(0.3 * 106 3 )(0.1 m2

0= + 152 °
2(25 )
·

0= 60 °C + 152 ° = 212 °

2.
A 100 mm diameter uninsulated thin-walled tube is used to transport water.
to a cooling system that operates outdoors and uses water as a refrigerant.
In particularly adverse winter conditions, the tube wall reaches a
a temperature of -15ºC and a cylindrical layer of ice forms on the inner surface of
the wall. If the average temperature of the water is 3°C and a coefficient is maintained
convection of 2000 W/m2·K on the inner surface of the ice, which is at 0°C, what is the
thickness of the ice layer?

Solution:
Performing the energy balance for a control surface over the interface
ice/water, we need to stop for a unit of length of pipe:

̇ = ̇

, − s,0
ℎ (2 1) ( ∞, − , )=
2
ln( )
1
2
Dividing both sides of the equation by 2we have:

2
ln( ) − 1.94 15°C
1
= ∗
, s,0
= · ∗ = 0.097
2 ℎ 2 ∞, − , (2000 (
) 0.05m ) 3°C
1 2·

2 0.050
The equation is satisfied by 1.114, in which case = 1 = 0.045 m, and for it
1 1.114
the thickness of the ice layer is:

= 2− 1= 0.005 m = 5 mm

Referencias:Tabla A.3, Hielo: T = 265 K ; k = 1.94 W/m⋅K.

4. Consider one-dimensional conduction through a composite wall where the

the outer surface is exposed to a fluid that is at 25 ºC and a coefficient of
heat transfer of 1000 W/(m2K), the intermediate wall B experiences a
uniform heat generation qBwhile there is no generation on walls A and C, the
temperatures at the interfaces are; T1= 261 ºC and T2= 211 ºC. Determine:
 Figure 1.

a) Assuming negligible contact resistance at the interfaces, determine the

volumetric heat generation qBand the thermal conductivity KB.
b) Create a graph of the temperature distribution showing its characteristics.
important.
c) Consider conditions that correspond to a refrigerant loss on the surface.
exposed material A (h = 0). Determine T1y T2and I created a distribution graph of
temperature throughout the system.

Solution:

From an energy balance on wall B we have:

̇ − ̇ +̇ =̇ 2 = 60

− ′′ − ′′ 2 ̇
1 2+ =0

′ ′
( +1 ) 2
̇ = (1)
2

To determine the heat flows, ′1 y ′2we build thermal circuits for A and C:

∞= 25 °C ; 1 = 261 °C 2= 211 °C ∞= 25 °C

′1 ′2
1 1
′ = ; ′ = ′ = ; ′ =
ℎ ℎ

( 1− ∞ ) ( 2− ∞ )
′1 = 1 ′ 2= 1
( ℎ+ ) (+) ℎ
 ( 261−25 °) ( 211−25 °)
′1 = ′ 2=
1 0.030 0.020 1
( + ) ( + )
1000 2· 25 · 50 · 1000 2·

236 °C 186 °C
′1 = ′ 2=
( 0.001+0.0012 ) · 2 ( 0.0004+0.001 ) · 2

′1 = 107,273 2 ′2= 132,857 2

Using the values of ′1 y ′2in equation (1) we find ̇ :

( 107273 + 132,857 ) 2
̇ = = 4.00 ∗ 106 3
2∗ 0.030

To determine , we use the general form of temperature distributions and

heat flow in wall B:

̇ 2 ′ ̇
( ) =−2 + 1 + 2 (1) ( )= − [− + 1] (2)

There are 3 unknowns, 1 , 2y that can be assessed using three conditions:

̇
(− )= 1= − (− )2− 1 + 2 Where 1= 261 °C (3)
2

̇
( )= 2= −2 (2+ ) 1 + 2 Where 2= 211 °C (4)

̇
′ (− )= − ′1 = − [− − ( + 1)] Where ′1 = 107273 2
(5)

Solving equations (3), (4), and (5) simultaneously with ̇ = 4.00 ∗ 106 3
,
we found:

= 15.3
·

B) Following the analysis method from Example 3.6 of the book Fundamentals of Transfer
of heat by Frank Incropera, the temperature distribution is shown in the following
graph. The most important characteristics are:

The distribution is quadratic in B, but at the same time asymmetrical; it is also linear in A and C.
Due to the different thermal conductivities of the materials, there are
discontinuities at each interface.
-Comparing the gradients in = − y+ we found that ′2> ′1
 = 15 ; ̇ = 4.00 ∗ 106 3
·
= 25 ·
= 50 ·

C) Using the same analysis method as for Part (B), the distribution of the
temperature is shown in the following graph whenℎ = 0on the surface of A. As
the left boundary is adiabatic, material A will be isothermal in . 1

1 = 835 °C 2equals 360 °

= 25 ; adiabatic surface
·
= 15 ; ̇ = 4.00 ∗ 106 3
·
= 50 ·
You are the head of the design department of a combustion engine factory.
which is in the process of designing an engine for grass trimmers. The external surface
The motor is made of an alloy with a thermal conductivity of 18 W/m.°C.
It has a thickness of 2.5 cm and will remain in contact with air at 25°C, which
provides a heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m2.°C. Through the 4 walls
lateral areas can dissipate 1500 W to prevent the interior from heating up
at more than 900 °C, because above this temperature, the alloy will begin to present
premature failures due to the efforts caused by the expansions that
experiment. This surface can be assumed, for thermal design purposes, as a
cube of 7.5 cm on each side, to achieve the dissipation of 1500 W. The first proposal that
For your design engineer, it is that 5 fins are implemented on each side wall.
same material as the walls, 0.5 cm thick and with a space of 1 cm between them.
Given that your design engineer does not have much experience and you are directly
responsible, it is necessary to verify whether the response is appropriate or not, if it is not, please indicate to the

designer what parameters would you change to make the fins work as they should
wait.

Solution:
Data
Number of fins=5
t=0.005 m
S=0.01 m
Heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m2·°C.
Thermal conductivity is 18 W/m·°C
Ambient temperature = 25°C
Working temperature = 900°c
L = thickness of the cube = 0.025 m
Side of the cube = 7.5 cm

In the case of having fins, we must use graph 3.43 (Efficiency of circular fins of
constant thickness), from the book Heat Transfer by Cengel, to determine the
efficiency of circular fins attached to a circular tube

3 2 ℎ
=( + 0.5 * )∗
2 √
∗( + 0.5 * ) ∗

2 10
= (0.025 +0.5 *0.005)1.5 √ = 0.29
18 ∗(0.025 +0.5 *0.005 *0.005
)
 = 0.94

We found the areas:

= 2* W * (L +0.5 * t

= 2∗ ( 0.025 +0.5 *0.005 m

0.075 m )

2
= 0.0041 m

S = distance between fins

= ∗

= 0.01 m *0.075 m

= 0.00075 m2

Now we find the total heat transferred with the following equation:

̇ = . ∗ . ∗( ) +

̇ = 4 * 5 * (h * p ∗ + ∗ℎ∗ ∗ )

̇ = 4 * 5( *900− 25) ° (10 ∗ 0.00075 m2+ 00.94 ∗ 10 ∗ 0.0041 m2 )

2° 2°

̇ = 805.7 W

The conditions that the engineer has designed are not adequate, therefore it should be
increase the number of fins to dissipate heat more efficiently.

6. The steam from a heating system flows through pipes with an outer diameter of 5 cm and
whose walls are maintained at 180 °C. Circular fins made of alloy are attached to the tube.
Aluminum 2024-T6, with an outer diameter of 6 cm and a constant thickness of 1 mm. The space
between the fins is 3mm. The heat is transferred to the surrounding air, which is at 25°C, with
a heat transfer coefficient by convection of 40 W/m2°C. Determine:
a. The increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of length
as a result of the addition of the fins (w)
b. Determine the effectiveness of the addition of the fins.
Solution:
In the event that there are no fins, it is determined that the heat transfer from the tube
for every meter of length is:

( =0.05)( 1 ) =0.1571 2
1=

̇ =ℎ ( − ∞) = (40 ) 0.1571
( 2 )(− 25 °C- )
m 180
·°2

In the case of having fins, we must use chart 3.43 (Efficiency of circular fins)
constant thickness), from the book Heat Transfer by Cengel, to determine the
efficiency of circular fins attached to a circular tube:

( 2− 1) (0.06 − 0.05)
= = = 0.005 m
2 2
0.001
2+ 0.03 +( )
2= 2 = 1.22
1 0.025

1⁄
3⁄ ℎ 2 ℎ
2
( ) =( +) √
2
 0.001 40 2
= (0.005 + )√ ·° = 0.08
2 (186 )(0.001 m)
·°

= 0.97

The heat transfer from a single fin is:

=( 22 21−2 ) + 2 2
2
= 2( 0.03 0.025
- 2)
+2 ( )(
0.030.001 )
= 0.001916 2

̇ = ̇ , = ℎ ( − ∞)

= 0.97(40 ) 0.001916
( m 2 )( − 25 °C=)
180
·°2

̇ 11.53 W

The heat transfer from a single fin-free area of the tube is:

= ( 1 ) m= 0.00047122
= )( 0.05 m0.003

̇ =ℎ ( ) −) (0.0004712m
∞ = (40 )2 180−
( 25 °C)
2· °
= 2.92

Since there are 250 fins and, therefore, 250 spacings between them per meter of
Length of the tube, the total heat transfer from the finned tube will be:

̇ ,
̇ = ( ̇ + ( )
) = 25011.53 +2.92 = 3613 W

Therefore, the increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of length
as a result of the addition of the fins is:

̇ ̇ = ,
̇ − = 36-961 W2639 W

B) Total effectiveness of the addition of fins:

̇ , 3613 W
, = = equals 3.70 ∗ 100 = 370 %
̇ , 974 W

A heater is made in the form of a tube with longitudinal steel ribs.

The section is rectangular. The height (h in the figure) is 1200 mm, and its exterior diameter is 60.
mm, the length of the nerves is 50 mm and their thickness is 3 mm. The total of
nerves is 20. The temperature at the base of the nerves is 80 °C and the temperature
The ambient temperature is 18 °C. The convective heat coefficient of the surface of the steel and of the
The environment is 9.3 W/m2.°C and the thermal conductivity coefficient of steel is 55.7.
W/m°C. Calculate the amount of heat that the wall with ribs transmits to the environment and
I evaluated the efficiency of the system.

Solution:

DATA:
H=1.2 m
d2=6 cm
Length of the nerves = L = 5 cm
dn=11cm
Ambient temperature = 18°C
Base temperature = 80°C
Thickness=t=3mm
Convection coefficient of steel with respect to the environment = h = 9.3 W/m2.°C
Conductivity coefficient=k=55.7 W/m°C
Numero de nervios=20

First, we find the value of Q without fins:

= ∗ 2∗

= ∗ 0.06m * 1.2

= 0.226 2

̇ =ℎ∗ ∗

̇ ∗ 0.226
= 9.3 2
∗( 80 - 18 °)
2°

̇ = 130.31 w
To find the efficiency of the fin, we found the following:

3 2 ℎ
=( + 0.5 * )∗
2 √
∗( + 0.5 * ) ∗
2 9.3
= (0.05 +0.5 *0.003)1.5 √ = 0.38
( +0.5 *0.003 *0.003
55.7 *0.05 )

= 0.9

With the data we have, we can find

= 2∗ ∗ ( + 0.5 * (
= 2∗ ∗ (0.05 +0.5 *0.003)
2
= 0.124 m

Now we find in heat transferred with the fins:

̇ = ∗ = ∗ℎ∗ ∗

̇ = 0.90 ∗ 9.3 2 (
∗ 0.124 m∗ 80- 18° )
2°

̇ = 90,35 w

The transfer from the free part of the fins (S) of the tube is:

= ∗

= −( ∗ )

=2 ∗ 2− ∗ 20

=2 ∗ 0.03 m -0.003 m *20

= 0.12

= 1,2 ∗ 0,128

= 00.144 m2

̇ =ℎ∗ ∗

̇ 9.3 2 (
∗ 0.144 m∗ 80-18° )
2°
 ̇ = 83.03 w

We find the total amount of heat that the wall transmits:

̇ = ∗( ) +

̇ = 20 * (90,35 +88,79 )w

̇ = 3580

The efficiency of the system would be:

3580 - 130.31
= = 26.47
130.31

A company that does electronic assemblies requires circuits made up of 36 transistors.

of power that during its operation heat up to 360 K and to dissipate the energy
thermal emissions, propose to locate them on a cubic surface of 15 cm per side with 4
rows of fins, each having 24 aluminum fins 15 cm wide,
2.5 cm in height and 2 mm in thickness (as shown in the figure). They also expect
implement a fan in the back of the set (of the cube) to make
circular air at a speed such that the heat transfer coefficient is 50
w/m°C. The company is interested in knowing if the proposed setup is feasible,
for which they ask you to specify the maximum amount of heat that can be
dissipate per transistor, knowing that the average air temperature is 310 K.

Solution:
Data
Number of fins=96
t=0.002 m
h=heat transfer coefficient of 50 W/m2.°C.
Ambient temperature = 310 K
Working temperature = 360°K
thickness of the cube = 0.025 m
W= Side of the cube = 7.5 cm

In order to find the efficiency of the fin, we find the following:

K=thermal conductivity is 237 W/m.°K

The value for pure aluminum has been found in Table A.1, page 828 of the book.
Heat and mass transfer by Cengel.

3 2 ℎ
=( + 0.5 * )∗
2 √
∗( + 0.5 * ) ∗
2 50
= (0.025 +00.5 *0.002)1.5 √ = 0.26
(
273 * 0.025 )
+0.5 *0.002∗ 0.002

= 0.96

We found the areas:

= 2* W * (L +0.5 * t

= 2∗ ( 0.025 +0.5 *0.002 )

0.15 m

2
= 0.0078

Now we find the heat transferred by the fins:

̇ = ∗ ∗ℎ∗ ∗

̇ ( ∗ 360 - 310
= 96 ) ° ∗ ( 0.96 * 502 ∗ 0.0078 2)
°

̇ = 1797.12

S = distance between fins

= ∗

(
(0.15m -240.002 ))
= ∗ 0.15 m
24

0.0042 2
=
 Now we find the heat transferred without fins:

̇ = . )∗ (

̇ = 96(ℎ ∗ ∗ )

̇ ( = 96 360)- 310 °k(50 ∗ 0.0042 2)

2°

̇ 1008

̇ = +

̇ (1797.12 + 1008)

̇ = 2.8

The heat that will dissipate the entire extended fin structure is 2.8 kW.
̇ =

2.8
̇ =
3 x 9 = 27

̇ = 103.7 w

The maximum heat per transistor that the structure with extended fins could dissipate
aluminum series of 103.7 w

9.
1⁄
3⁄ ℎ 2
10. (2 ) = 0.8

1 = 1.5 m
2= 4.5 m
L = 4.5 m - 1.5 m = 3 m

0.001
2
=
2+ 2 = 0.045 + 2 = 3.033
1 1 0.015

0.001
= + = 0.03 + = 0.0305
2 2

= = 0.0305 *0.001 = 3.05 * 10-5 2

 1 2
2
3 50 2·
(0.0305)( 2 ° ) = 0.8
k(3.05 * 10-5 2

[ ]
50 2·
° = 1501892
k(3.05 * 10-5 2)

50
=
(150,1892 )(3.05 * 10-5 2)

k = 7.2676 ∗ 10-5
·

11.
12. ̇ = (1 4 − 24 )
= 0.5
= 1∗ 2
= 0.9 *0.9
= 0.81
60= (5.669 multiplied by 10-3)1(0.5)(0.81)(3284 − 4
2)
2= 307.7 K

13. ̇ = (1 4 − 4
2)
= 1∗ 2
= 0.1
9
= =
6
Y = 1.5
3
= =
6
= 0.5
( 7 times 10 −8 ) ∗ 6 ∗ 9 ∗ 0.1 *0.8 ∗ 0.6 4
( 323 4)
q ̇ = 5.6 300
-
̇ = 409 W