7.24.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
The following principles should be thoroughly understood before drawing orthographic projections (Fig.
7.41):-
(1)The top view (plan) and front view (elevation) always should be vertical.
The front view (elevation) and side view (end elevation) should always be horizontal.
( ii) The length of the top view should always the same as the length of the front view. ( W) The breadth
of the top view should always the same as the breadth of the side view.
(v) The height of the side view should always the same as the height of the front view.
(vi) If a line is parallel to a plane of projection, then it will show its true length on that plane.
(vii) If a line is perpendicular to the plane of projection, then it will represent shorter length than true
length on the plane of projection.
with It a line is perpendicular to a plane of projection, then its projection on that plane will be a point.
(ix) If a surface is parallel to a plane, then its projection on that plane will show its true shape and size.
(x) If a surface is inclined to a plane, then the projection on that plane will be foreshort-ened.
(vi) If a surface is perpendicular to a plane, then its projection on that plane will be a line simply.
25. PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
The procedure for preparing orthographic views is very important, as speed and ccuracy largely depend
upon the method to be used in laying down the lines. The systematic orking of drawing saves time.
The following steps should be noted while preparing orthographic views of an object lee Fig. 7.38).
(1) Determine overall dimensions of the required views and select a suitable scale so as to accommodate
the required views on drawing sheet.
(2) Draw different rectangles for the views, keeping suitable space between them and from the borders
of the drawing sheet (see Fig. 7.39).
(3) Draw the centre lines in all the views. When any cylindrical portion or hole is seen as rectangle, draw
only one centre line, but if the circle is visible, draw two centre lines Intersecting each other at right
angles at its centre.
(4) Draw simultaneously the required details in different rectangles in the following, I.e.,
(i) the circles and arcs of circles.
(ii) the straight lines for proper shape of the object.
(ii) the straight lines, the small curves, etc. for minor details.
( 5) After completion of the required views, rub off all unnecessary lines except the centre lines and
mark the outlines so as to give good appearance.
(6) Give the dimensions, the scale and print the title along with the other required particulars such as
notes, etc.
(7) Check the drawing carefully and see that it is complete in all respect.