Understanding AM Modulation Basics
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ScribdTranslationsBolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Ministry of Popular Power for Defense
National Experimental University of the Bolivarian Armed Forces
Guacara. Carabobo State.
Telecommunications Engineering
Chair: Communication Electronics
Laboratory: Modulation
AM
Professor:
High School Graduate
Fredy Alvarez Christian Iannuzzi
C.I.
27,850,994
Guacara, December 2019
AM Modulation
AM is nothing more than the process of changing the amplitude of a carrier signal.
of a relatively high frequency according to the amplitude of the signal
modulating with amplitude modulation, the information is printed on
the carrier in the form of amplitude changes.
The information that acts on the carrier is called the modulating signal. The
The signal that is generated is called a modulated wave. On the other hand, it then passes the
signal to revert to the original signal (carrier), this process is called
demodulation. When an AM wave is demodulated, the carrier and the portion
of the envelope that carries the information are converted or transferred from the
radio frequency spectrum to the original source of information. The
frequencies that are sufficiently high to be efficiently radiated by an antenna and
They propagate through free space and are commonly called radio frequencies or simply RF.
in amplitude modulation, the information is printed on the carrier in the form of
amplitude changes.
Amplitude modulation is a relatively cheap and low form of modulation.
modulation quality used in the broadcasting of audio and video signals. The band
Commercial AM broadcasting ranges from 535 to 1605 kHz.
It is important to highlight that an AM modulator is a non-linear device with two input signals.
of information: a carrier signal of constant amplitude and simple frequency, and the signal
of information. The information acts on or modulates the carrier and can be a form of
simple or complex frequency wave made up of many frequencies that were originated
from one or more sources. Because the information acts on the carrier, it is called a signal
modulating. The result is called a modulated wave or modulated signal.
Note that the shape of the AM envelope is identical to the shape of the signal.
modulating. Furthermore, the time of one cycle of the envelope is the same as the period of the
modulating signal. Consequently, the envelope repetition rate is equal to the
frequency of the modulating signal. AM frequency spectrum and bandwidth How to
previously established, an AM modulator in a non-linear device, therefore, it occurs
a nonlinear mixture and the output envelope is a complex wave composed of a voltage of
cd, the carrier frequency and the sum and difference frequencies (that is, the products
crusaders).
AM Reception
AM reception is the reverse process of AM transmission. An AM receiver
conventional, simply converts a modulated amplitude wave back to the source
original information (that is, demodulate the AM wave). When an AM wave is demodulated, the
carrier and the portion of the envelope that carries the information (that is, the sidebands) is
they convert (they 'descend') or are transferred from the radio frequency spectrum to the original source of
information.
A receiver must be able to receive, amplify, and demodulate an RF signal. A
the receiver must also be able to limit the bands of the total radio frequency spectrum to
a specific frequency band.
In many applications, the receiver must be able to change the range (band) of
frequency that it is capable of receiving. This process is called tuning the receiver. Once that
An RF signal is received, amplified, and band limited; it should be converted to the source.
original information. This process is called demodulation. Once demodulated, the
information may require greater limitation of the bands and an amplification, before
considered ready to use.
To fully understand the demodulation process, it is first necessary to have a
basic understanding of the terminology used to describe the characteristics of the
receivers and the receptor circuits. The following figure shows a block diagram.
simplified from a typical AM receiver. The RF section is the first stage and, therefore,
The front part is often called.
The main functions of the RF section are: to detect, limit the bands, and amplify the
received RF signals. Essentially, the RF section establishes the threshold of the receiver (that is, the
minimum level for the RF signal that the receiver can detect and demodulate to a signal of
useful information).
Peak Detector
The function of a
AM detector is
demodulate the signal of
AM, recover y
reproduce the
information of the
original source. And it must have the same relative amplitude characteristics. Peak Detector
The following figure shows a schematic diagram for a simple AM demodulator.
coherent, commonly referred to as peak detector.
Because the diode is a nonlinear device, nonlinear mixing occurs in D1
when two or more signals are applied to its input. Therefore, the output contains the frequencies
original inputs, their harmonics, and their cross products.
Essentially, the difference between an AM modulator and an AM demodulator is that
the output of a modulator is tuned to the sum frequencies (high converter
frequencies), while the output of a demodulator is tuned to the frequencies of
difference (low frequency converter).
On the other hand, the carrier signal captures the diode and forces it to activate and
deactivate (rectify) synchronously (both frequency and phase). Thus the frequencies
laterals mix with the carrier, and the original baseband signals are recovered. The network
RC that follows the diode in a peak detector
it a low-pass filter.
The slope of the envelope depends on both
from the frequency of the modulating signal as
of the modulation coefficient (m). Therefore
Thus, the maximum slope occurs when the
the enveloping is crossing its zero axis in the negative direction. The frequency of the signal
the highest modulating signal that can be demodulated by a peak detector without attenuation is given as:
Where fm(max) = maximum frequency of the modulating signal (hertz). m = coefficient of
modulation (unitless). RC = time constant (seconds). For 100% modulation, the
the numerator of the previous equation tends to zero, which essentially means that all the
The frequencies of the modulating signal are attenuated when demodulated.
Simulation:
I started assembling the circuit of an AM Modulator:
In which
the
they used
Resistencias: (1) de 1k; (1) de 1.5k; (1) de 120 Ohms; (1) de 26.1k; (1) de 158KK.
Capacitors: (3) of 1uF.
Transistor: 2N3904.
Wave generators.
Oscilloscope.
VCC.