NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 'JORGE BASADRE GROHMANN' GEOGRAPHY

PREUNIVERSITY CENTER
THEME: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL GEODYNAMICS
CEPU CYCLE II-2023

LA GEODYNAMICS

I. GEODYNAMICS.
Geodynamics is a part of Geology; geodynamics refers to the sum of the processes.
geological factors that affect the earth and determine its constant evolution.
The relief does not always remain the same, because while it is formed by processes interns
(Internal Geodynamics) is altered by forces that act from the outside (Geodynamics
External). Next, we will see the differences between Internal geodynamics and External geodynamics:
Internal Geodynamics External Geodynamics
Act from within the crust. Act on the cortex (agents
It moves against gravity. modelers)
They are agents that construct reliefs. They move in favor of gravity.
(mountains, plateaus, hills, etc.). They are mainly destructive agents of
They are slow, (mountain formation) relieve.
takes millions of years. His actions are quick, in the case of the
Its action starts from the mantle erosive agents (river, glacier, sea,
superior. winds, etc.)
It is a set of processes It is a set of geographic processes.
geological.

II. INTERNAL GEODYNAMICS:

[Link]: Set of Orogenic and Epeirogenic movements that motivate
great transformations of the Earth's crust (folds, faults, fractures, etc.). These
movements can be horizontal or vertical and give rise to different shapes of
relieve.

OROGENY: It is the set of geological phenomena that cause the formation of

mountains are formed because tectonic plates converge. This occurs through
folding (Geological process, which when subjected to lateral pressures, produces
upliftings and subsidence.
Folds: For a folding to occur, there must be flexibility in the crust, in the areas
Elevated areas are called Anticlines (which originate mountains), and the sunken ones are called...
as a syncline (originates large valleys or depressions, some of which fill with water and
tectonic plate formation.
Fracture: A fracture is called a break in the cortex, which presents displacements or
unevenness, we have as follows: The Diaclases (those that do not show separation, nor displacements)
rocky outcrops and Faults (are those that exhibit unevenness or displacements)
notorious). The most common faults are steplike, observed in two parts: the Horst o
Tectonic Pillars (give rise to plateaus), and the Grabeno Rift Valley (give rise to valleys or lakes)
tectonic.

EPIROGENESIS: These are diastrophic movements that act in coastal areas in a way
vertical and allow the uplift of the crust, resulting in the construction of mass
Continental. Epirogenesis seeks to maintain the isostatic balance lost by the Earth due to
the action of erosive agents or by igneous accumulation that ultimately thickens part of the crust.

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GEOGRAPHY Practice 03

ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE CONTINENTS

can theorIgen of lthe continents
Existen dos teorí asqyou explain

a. The Continental Drift:

Proposed by Alfred Wegener, it considers that at the end of the Paleozoic, more than 300 million years ago
For years, there was a continental block that was called 'Pangaea' (all the Earth). About 200 million years ago.
Millions of years ago, Pangaea began to fracture and started to shift, giving rise to the
current continental blocks. Initially, it fragmented into two continental blocks called
Laurasia and Gondwana which moved north (North America, Europe, Asia, and Greenland)
frIca, Amhe ca of l On , l a Antar you
and to the South(Á da, Iandia y Ajustralia). Entre los large blocks originated
a great ocean that could be named as the Sea of Tethys (current Mediterranean Sea), the two blocks
they continued drifting across the ocean waters. Approximately 135 million years ago
of years (J you co) he form ó theocean Índ ico y theAtlantico of l [Link] from the South it was separating
youare

from Africa, which allowed the formation of the South Atlantic. Then, more than 65 million years ago
(Cretaceous), the oceanAtlantico Surhabi a crecid o, Madagascar he eparó of Af ica y l a Ind ia se
moved north to join Asia. Antarctica was moving away from Australia, just like
Greenland was finishing its formation. Finally, in the Cenozoic, the last phase of
continental formation as North America had joined South America by the isthmus of
Panama.
Causes of fragmentation:
Movimiento of rotacion; quplegnera a fuerza centrifuge.
The effect of the tides.
The polar escape.

b. Plate Tectonics:
Proposed in 1961 and complemented by the theory of Continental Derivation. This theory considers
that the Earth's crust is made up of a variety of blocks (plates) that interact with each other
permanent manner in different directions, the plates are located within the crust
and at the top part of the mantle with an approximate thickness of 100km. These plates would be
moving over the Astenósfera. Hay dos you posde p l ac astec toneicas:l as ac asOceanscas(lasmore
small ones) and the Continental plates (the largest ones).
Oceanic ridges: They are located on the bottom of the oceans. Composed of the crusts.
oceanic, the plates move apart to allow the magma to surface
Subduction Zones: It is when the plates collide with each other. Subduction occurs when one plate...
one is introduced under the other. It has the following shapes:
Subduction between 02 Oceanic plates: One of them submerges beneath the other, entering
the mantle, producing the destruction of the edge of the plates. This oceanic encounter ends up
reduce the surface and decreases the ocean floor and underwater volcanoes form. At the point
At meeting points, oceanic trenches are formed; the current ones are mainly concentrated between
the plac asEuroasiática e Indo-Australian.
Subduction between an oceanic plate and a continental plate: The oceanic plate is introduced
below the continental plate, originating from it a folding of the sedimentary crust
The original location of the mountains. The one of the Nazca plate, with plate A. South, which in turn generates.
the seismic movements.
Subduction between two continental plates: Both plates are thick, they cannot be
dragged towards the mantle, resulting in a collision between the two. As a result of the collision, formations occur.
the mountain ranges and plateaus, located behind plac as. The case of the Indic Plate with the
the
Eurasian, where the Himalayas are formed, where Mount Everest is located. .

[Link]:
It is the process through which magma is displaced from the interior of the crust.
towards the surface, managing to emerge through a crack, which is called a volcano. It is the accumulation of

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GEOGRAPHY Practice 03

igneous material, which leads to the formation of different types of relief. The highest volcano of the
The world is the 'Nevado Ojos Del Salado' (6,893m) located between Argentina and Chile.

[Link] of a volcano :
Focus or Volcanic Hearth: It is the place where magma (rock in a molten state) is concentrated.
Chimney: It is the duct through which the smoke rises from the fire to the outside.
more peripheral.
Volcanic Cone: It is the shape that volcanic materials take around the
volcano chimney. The cone gradually forms as it originates
eruptions, which is why it presents a series of successive layers .
Crater: It is the conduit located at the summit of the volcanic cone, from where it flows
magma towards the surface. If the crater has experienced explosions, and it expands
considerably is called a boiler .
Lava: This term refers to the igneous material that has managed to exit and is displacing in the ...
surface. It can be basic (dark and fluid, which moves quickly, has less silica) and
acidic (they are clear and viscous, moving slowly).
The distinction between magma and lava lies in their location. When geologists talk
magma refers to the molten rock that is still trapped underground. If this molten rock
It reaches the surface and continues to flow like a liquid, it is called lava.

[Link] of volcanic eruptions:

There are 5 main types of eruptions, determined by the viscosity of the magma:
Erupciones Hawaianas, Estrombolianas,Vulcanianas, Pliniano y Peleano.

Hawaiian Eruptions: Gentle eruption, named after the Hawaiian islands. The Mauna Volcano
Loa is the largest, its base is located at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean (at 10 km).
Strombolian Eruptions: Named after the Stromboli volcano known as 'The Lighthouse of the
"Mediterranean" due to its constant eruption through the centuries.
Vulcanian eruptions: They are extremely violent and explosive. .
Plinian eruptions: Also explosive, its chimney serves as a cannon shooting up to
about 30 km high. Named after the Vesuvius volcano (Italy) that killed yesterdaya Pliny the I
theaño79deerupón you
has
d.C. It you po been compared
yes to a nuclear explosion, it has the shape of
mushroom.
Pelean Eruption: Named after the volcano Pelée (in Martinique - France). Most of
these eruptions occur underwater. When the water expands and turns into steam,
The water that touches the hot lava explodes, creating clouds of ash and vapor.

C. Classification of volcanoes:
Active: These are those that are in eruptive activity. Example: volcano Pac aya (Guatemala)
Irblue(C buy Rich) Sto abandonPeru, Etna (Italia) Kilahuea Hawaii ), Vesub io (Italia, destroyed
a), etc.
Pompey
Sleepers: They maintain certain signs of activity; it is considered dormant if it has not been for centuries.
eruption. Example: Pichu Pichu (Peru), Fujiyama (Japan).
Extinct: They are those whose last eruption was 10,000 years ago. We have: Helens (USA.
UU), and Kilimanjaro (Africa), Parikutin (Mexico).

D. Volcanic manifestations:
Hot Springs: They are warm waters that contain mineral salts. They are formed near places.
volcanic.
Geysers: Violent eruptions of water and steam at high temperature that emerge from
underground sources. It connects through small openings.

Sulfataras: It is the post-eruptive volcanic manifestation of sulfurous exhalation.

Sulfur Dioxide is expelled in contact with air = Sulfur .

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GEOGRAPHY Practice 03

Earthquakes: An earthquake or seismic event is referred to as the shaking or sudden movements of the ground generally.
produced by tectonic or volcanic disturbances. In some regions of America, the word is used
tremor to indicate minor seismic movements (microseisms) and earthquake for the larger ones.
intensity (macro earthquake). Sometimes tsunami is used to refer to the earthquakes that occur in
the sea. The science that deals with the study of earthquakes, their sources and how the waves propagate
The study of seismic waves through the Earth is called seismology.

Causes of earthquakes
:

Tectonics: It refers to the fact that earthquakes originate from the movement of plates that make up
the bark.
Volcanic: It is very rare, but when the eruption is violent it generates great shocks.
in nearby places.
Impact: Caused by the abrupt sliding of rocks (avalanche), due to a landslide
caves or due to meteorite falls.
Sinking: When the erosive action of water has occurred within the crust.
underground, this leaves a void, which ultimately yields to the weight of the part
superior, in this fall that generates vibrations we call an earthquake.

Seismic Terminology :

Hypocenter: Located on the inside, it constitutes the real focus where the waves originate.
seismic.
Epicenter: It is a point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus where the movements originate.
seismic. It is the place where the earthquake reaches its greatest intensity.

Magnitude: It refers to the amount of energy released, it constitutes a measure of strength.

The earthquake at the epicenter is measured using the Richter scale.
Intensity refers
: to the local effect recorded at the epicenter, measured with the scale of
Mercalli (12 values).
Seismographs: It is an instrument that records the seismic waves of earthquakes.
Classification of earthquakes:
According to its depth:
Superficial: If the focus is located at a depth of about 60 km.
Intermediate: If located between 60 and 300 km deep .
Deep: It is located more than 300 km deep. .
According to its intensity :
Microseisms: They are light
Macrosisms: They are of consideration
Megathrust earthquakes: The area is considerable and the effects are of great intensity.

SEISMIC WAVES: They are oscillations that propagate from a hypocenter through materials.
solids, liquids, and gases, in addition, these oscillations are graphed on a seismogram. We have
the following :
P Waves: Primary or compressional waves (they propagate through solids, liquids, and gases).
S-Waves: Secondary or Shear Waves (they only move through solids).
L Waves: They are the long or surface waves. They reach the earth's surface, originating
the vibrational movements.
Factors that alter the effect of earthquakes:
Depth of the focus: If the hypocenter is shallow, the seismic waves will be felt with
greater intensity, as the distance traveled to reach the epicenter will be shorter.
Proximity to the area of action: Places closer to the hypocenter will be the most affected.

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GEOGRAPHY Practice 03

Soil structure: If the soil is made up of igneous rock, it offers greater resistance for
the displacement of the waves is what causes the earthquake to be felt with greater intensity. The
Sedimentary rocks are flexible, which allows the waves to encounter less resistance.
before his step.
Duration time lasts only: a few seconds, but if they have a longer duration, the effects will be
disastrous.
Seismic zones :
Circumpacific: The most destructive earthquakes have been recorded. Seismic zone where
68 - 75% of the total earthquakes occur, it is the most active zone.
Transatlantic: It extends from Spain to the northern sector of Africa. Seismic zone where
produce 21 - 23% of the total earthquakes .
ntrto of
It is a this the covers
l at nt o: from the islands adjacent to Norway to the Arctic.
produce 8% of the total earthquakes.
Indoatlantic: Covers South Africa up to the Gulf of Aden between Yemen and Ethiopia.
produce 3% of the total earthquakes.

Tsunamis:
Tsunamis occur when the hypocenter is located on the seabed, shaking the waters.
originating gigantic waves, as they approach the coasts they can reach considerable heights,
mainly affecting Asian countries such as: Japan, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore ,
and
c.
EXTERNAL GEODYNAMICS:
They are the external agents that modify the exterior relief, forming gullies, valleys, plains,
dunes, beaches, etc. These relief modeling agents have their origin in the dynamics of the
the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, this dynamic is the result of the gravitational forces of solar energy.

Weathering
Weathering is the external process of disintegration and decomposition in place of rocks
the Earth's surface into small fragments (regolith) due to physical or mechanical phenomena,
chemical and biological. Weathering is also known as Intemperism .

Types of Weathering:

A. Mechanical Weathering: It is also called physical weathering or disintegration.

characterize why rocks break progressively into small fragments without being
produce changes or alteration in its chemical composition. The types of mechanical weathering
son
Thermoclastism: It consists of disintegration due to temperature changes.
Cryoclasty or Gelifraction: It consists of disintegration due to the action of frost.
Haloclastism: It consists of the disintegration by the salts that crystallize. .
Bioclastism: It mainly refers to the action of plants, which exert pressure on rocks.
fragmenting them.

B. Chemical Weathering: It is known as the decomposition process as it tends to originate

changes in the chemical shape and structure of rocks, during this process there is a slight increase
of the volume of rocks, as well as density tends to decrease. Among the agents that produce
In this class of dematerialization, we can cite water in its different states and acids.

The processes of chemical weathering are called: Dissolution, hydration, oxidation.

hydrolysis and carbonation.

2. Erosion:
It is a set of external phenomena that contribute to modifying the forms created by the
endogenous phenomena. The elements that act in this process are called erosive agents,
which are rivers, glaciers, winds, seas, rains, and man himself. Erosion is different from

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weathering in which the fragmented materials are ultimately transported and finally
deposited.
Erosion has three phases: wear, transport, and deposition of materials, this brings about
consequence of relief formations due to erosion (degradation) and deposition (aggradation).
Types of Erosion

Fluvial Erosion: River currents are a kind of conveyor belt that carries away the
material of the valley walls. Since water is a fluid, it moves easily due to the effect of the
gravity and this modifies the surface of the Earth's crust. It causes the following geoforms:
River Degradation: Valleys in V shape, waterfalls, cascades, rapids, canyon, meanders are formed.
Fluvial Agggradation: We have terraces, alluvial fans, deltas, estuaries.

Glacial Erosion: It is when frozen water produces the morphological features that are found.
located at the poles of Greenland and in the mountains giving rise to the following geoforms:
Glacial Degradation: We have U-shaped valleys, cirques, passes or abras, fjords, etc.
Glacial Aggradation: We have kettles, moraines, drumlins .

Karstic Erosion: It refers to the erosion caused by waters that infiltrate into portions of
crust formed by limestones and gypsum. Groundwater acts for several years and gives rise to
to the following geoforms:
Karst degradation: Caves, sinkholes, natural bridges .
Karstic Aggregation We
: have stalactites, stalagmites, stalagnates.

Marine Erosion: In this case, the erosive agent consists of the waves that are acting.
permanently over the coasts, they are similar to those of river erosion, as it also occurs
hydraulic action, abrasion, corrosion, and corrasion.
Gulfs, Bay, Cove, Peninsula, Point, Cape, Strait, Isthmus
Acantilado, Farallón, Arcada, Grutas .
Marina Beach Gradation,
: Tombolo, Bars .

Wind Erosion: It is the result of the action of the wind, as it has the ability to transport
small particles that act as ammunition and gradually wear down the rocks. The
worn material is subsequently transported and deposited to give rise to other geoforms.
Wind Degradation: Pedestal, rocky forests.
Wind Erosion: Sand dunes, (barkhans, transverse, parabolic, longitudinal) and
loes.

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 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 'JORGE BASADRE GROHMANN' GEOGRAPHY
PRE-UNIVERSITY CENTER
Internal and External Geodynamics
CEPU CYCLE II-2023

SOLVED EXERCISES dangerous river, they review a great

utility because they are generally the
1. It is a geoform originated by a water channels that connect two
internal process that is slow, in basins What geomorphological feature does it refer to?

millions of years; its action begins a. Waterfalls.

from the upper mantle: b. Pongos
a. Valley c. Canyon
b. Moraines d. Terraces
c. Stalactites e. Ejection Cone
d. Mountain
e. Dunes The pongos are steps
narrow and dangerous riverbanks, allow
"d" because of the formation of connect basins. Notable: Rentema,
mountains take millions of years; their action is Manseriche, Aguirre, Tambo, Mantaro,
starts from the upper mantle. It is part of the Mainique, Apurimac, etc.
internal geodynamics.
5. The changes that take place in the
2. The intensity of the earthquake being referred to minerals and rocks of the crust by
to the local effect recorded in the effects of atmospheric variations
epicenter, is measured with the scale of: they call it Weathering or:
[Link] (10 values) Erosion
[Link] (12 values) b. Weathering
[Link] (13 values) [Link]
d. Aneroid (11 values) d. Sunstroke
[Link] (8 values) [Link]

response b why the RESPONSE: "b" The changes in the

the intensity of the earthquake refers to the effect rocks and minerals due to the effects of
local registered at the epicenter, is atmospheric variations are called
Mercalli scale with 12 values. At the point Weathering or Intemperism, which
vertical to the hypocenter. it can be: mechanical or chemical.

3. On a study trip through the mountains PROPOSED EXERCISES

from Peru, the lower parts are visited
mountainous system, where the The Andes mountain range originates from
inhabitants han built the interaction of the oceanic plate of
roads to reach other towns Nazca with the continental part of the plate
What type of glacial degradation is it? South American. Which is part of:
a. Pongo a. Internal geodynamics
b. Stalactite [Link] Geodynamics
Canyon [Link] Geodynamics
d. Steps or openings Modeling agent
e. Caves [Link] forces

RESPONSE: The 'd' The lower parts of the The action of the wind in forming pedestals
mountainous system, where the inhabitants have and rocky forests, is carried out on the
built roads to pass to others surface; therefore, the wind
towns are called steps or openings. The highest constitutes in
Anticona (Lima- 4818m above sea level) a. Construction agent
b. Modeling agent
4. Peter lives in the high jungle, describes c. Epirogenic agent
as the river creates narrow steps and d. Internal agent

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GEOGRAPHY Practice 03

e. Increase in erosion
8. More than 300 million years ago, there existed
3. Dalila, investigate the group of a single continental block to which Alfred
orogenic and epirogenic movements, it Wegener called it "Pangaea", which
what causes the transformation of the it was fractured due to:
Earth's crust What geomorphologies should a. Translational movement
relate to your research? b. Sun Attraction
a. Estuaries, Deltas c. Increase of terrestrial gravity
b. Pedestals, rocky forests d. Rotational movement
c. Faults and Fractures e. Existence of water
d. Tombolos, beaches
e. Terraces, Valleys 9. They are the lakes that are filled by the
depressions created by the faults and the
4. The set of faults and folds are folds.
transformations of the Earth's crust [Link] lakes
produced by orogenic movements and [Link] lakes
epirogenic that together also [Link] lakes
they are called: [Link]
a. Magnetism [Link] of coasts
b. Tectonism
c. Erosion 10. The mountain ranges like the Andes, the
d. Weathering Himalayas are formations of the crust
e. Weathering terrestrial known as:
a. Syncline
5. The .......... are usually formed in b. Isostasy
the so-called hotspots, where the c. Trench
material incandescent emerge d. Horts
punctually in a specific area of the e. Foldings
Earth and due to plate tectonics:
a. Valleys 11. Joshua, do a research project
b. Blows They are diastrorphic movements
c. Tectonic lakes that act in the coastal areas of
d. Volcanoes vertical manner and that allow the
e. Tectonic seas lifting of the bark
mass construction taking place
6. The intrusive magmatism continental. What endogenous forces
solidification of magma inside the What does the text refer to?
cortex, while the displacement a. Orogenesis
from the magma through the chimney towards b. Epeirogenesis
the Earth's crust is called: c. Weathering
a. Orogenesis. d. Erosion
b. Extrusive magmatism e. Volcanism
c. Wind magmatism
d. Tectonics 12. In a training for teachers about
e. Folding. seismicity and risk management, it is said:
It is the point where the waves originate.
7. In Candarave, in the Calientes area, seismic" What is this called?
they exist thermal springs which point?
they expel columns of boiling water with Epicenter
a great strength and an unusual one b. Hypocenter
vaporization; which are called: c. P Waves
a. Fumaroles d. Diaclasas
b. Hot springs e. Syncline
c. Geysers
d. Caves 13. In relation to the type of eruption we have the
e. Batholiths of gentle eruption, the Mauna Loa Volcano

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GEOGRAPHY Practice 03

whose base is located in the c. Transatlantic - Mediterranean Sea

bottom of the Pacific Ocean (10 km deep), d. Atlantic Ridge - Turkey
What type of volcano is it? e. Transasiatic - Japan
Vulcanian
b. Strombolian 18. In a discussion is analyzed
Hawaiian Weathering is the external process of
d. Plinian disintegration and decomposition in situ
[Link] from the rocks of the Earth's surface in
small fragments (regolith) by the
14. Alex, a geology student, must physical or mechanical phenomena, chemical and
differences between lava and magma. Investigate and "biological" What can be inferred from the
Draft a conclusion. The Magma is the text?
molten rock underground. Lava, it is the a. Weathering transports rocks
liquid fluid that forms the volcanic cone disintegrated to other locations.
about the Earth's surface. Where b. The weathering transforms the
does it essentially root the difference? materials of the earth in smaller pieces
a. In the form of subduction small.
in the place where it is located c. Weathering is the wear and
c. In the amount of ashes transport of disintegrated rocks.
d. At the origin of both d. Weathering is the deposition of
e. In gravity disintegrated rocks.
e. Weathering is the sedimentation of
[Link] to the difference in speed chunks of rocks.
each type of wave, when we feel a
earthquake the first shakes are 19. When ambient temperatures
due to the P waves, being the increase, the accumulated crystals are
following the S waves and finally the They heat up. As a result, they expand and
waves: release pressure on the rock, causing
a. Shear let it break. What process of the
b. Superficial Does physical weathering refer to the text?
c. Primaries a. Cryoclasty
d. Secondaries b. Thermoclasty
e. Ionic c. Haloclastism
d. Gelifraction
16. In the text "Igneous rocks, offer e. Bioclastism
greater resistance to displacement
from the waves what causes the earthquake is 20. It is an example of weathering.
sits with greater intensity. While mechanics:
that sedimentary rocks are flexible a. Accumulation of loess in deserts.
what allows the waves not to b. Deposition of alluvial material in
find greater resistance against your terraces.
step. "What factor influences the c. Accumulation of sand on beaches.
What effect of the earthquake is the text referring to? d. The oxidation of rocks in beaches and rivers.
a. Depth of the focus The underlying roots of the trees
b. Proximity to the area of action they break rocks from the ground.
c. Soil structure
d. Duration time 21. The Tumbes River forms sediments at
e. Average temperature flow their waters into the sea, where it
they have formed the channels that are
[Link] is a seismic zone that encompasses locally known as estuaries, it has
from Spain to the Northern Sector of a triangular shape. What geoform
Africa. Seismic zone where it occurs Does the text refer to river degradation?
21 - 23% of the total earthquakes, and their dejection cone
respective area of influence: b. Valleys in V
a. Circum-Pacific - Mexico c. Waterfall
b. Indoatlantic - Colombia d. Meanders

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GEOGRAPHY Practice 03

e. Delta 27. Hudson Bay is the largest

22. María is drawing a cut valley. dimensions of the Planet and in Peru the
throat mode with almost walls the largest bay is Sechura. What about
verticals that move forward and backward and What type of erosion do the bays correspond to?
point out an example; the Cotahuasi of 3km Wind degradation
in depth. What geoshape is Marine degradation
drawing María? Marine degradation
a. Pongos d. Karstic degradation
b. Fast e. River degradation
c. Canyon
d. Terrace 28. Lucas is in Huarmey, where
cataract an earthquake occurs at 9:50 PM
local, on October 3rd, 2022 according to the
[Link] accumulation of sediment of origin IGP, an earthquake at a depth of 42 km,
alluvial, in the lower course of the of a magnitude of 4.5 at 71 km to the west
rivers of the coast, and of one from Huarmey. What can be inferred from the
smoothpendingalso call text?
alluvial fan, shape; Peter is at the hypocenter.
a. The marine slaps b. It is a deep earthquake.
b. The sand dunes c. It is a shallow earthquake.
c. Wetlands or lagoons Peter is at the epicenter.
The hills of cacti e. It is a macrosism.
The alluvial cones
29. The waterfalls and cascades are falls of
24. Martin acknowledges that in Lima there is a vertical flows of a river, being the most
interesting place, which originates from high waterfalls; said elevations of
wind action cause, it is about a The riverbeds are formed due to:
huge forest of granite stones. Is it A Wind grading
Which rocky forest is being referred to? Marine degradation
Huayllay c. Fluvial aggradation
Marcahuasi d. River degradation
c. Little Hell e. Karst degradation
d. Cotahuasi
e. Ocoña 30. In summer, the population goes to the
beaches, which are nearly flat extensions of
25. It is a plain that is located at sand or stones on the shore of the sea, of a
considerable elevation, they are referred to as river or lake, in Lima stand out the
also plateaus or high plains. San Bartolo, Herradura, Costa beaches
beach Green, among others; those that are formed
b. Table product of:
c. Pampa Karstic degradation
d. Plateau Marine degradation
e. Duna Marine degradation
d. River degradation
26. In relation to marine degradation is e. Karst subsidence
a gravel tongue that connects the coast to
an island; whose presence is due to the
islands produce the refraction of the waves,
depositing sand and gravel.
Peninsula
b. Terrace
c. Beach
Dune
e. Tombolo

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