FEDERICO HENRÍQUEZ Y CARVAJAL UNIVERSITY

(UFHEC)

FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

WORK IN DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY

THEME

RESEARCH WORK

SUSTAINER:

• Héctor Manuel Martínez Cáceres LR-2022-03318

METHODOLOGICAL ADVISOR

ARQ. Jordy Amaury Mercedes Reyes

La Romana, Dom. Rep.

January 19, 2023

 Descriptive Geometry

1. Etymology of Geometry

It is presented in Latin as comogeometrĭa, referencing the Greek as geōmetría, allowing for a

deconstruction that identifies the prefix geo-, from the word ge, which refers toearth, and lthe metric word,
which is located in the Latin metrĭca in relation to the Greek metrikḗ. In this framework, the meter is observed in the
form of the Greek métron.

As an integral and essential branch of themathematics, andis responsible for analyzing the structure and the
eigenvalues of afigureconsidering various levels of complexity, starting from the
line. Its remote origin is related to the periodic flooding of the Nile River over the fields of
crop. This phenomenon of thenatureit made it necessary to precisely calculate the measurements of
various surfaces. Those who were dedicated to this task were the surveyors of Ancient Egypt.

In this context, the need to measure the land area to establish the boundaries of a vast
territory, of a cultivated field, of an urban center or of any other environment. Such possibilities
They are only possible from the determination of geometric parameters.

2. Geometry
Geometry is a branch of mathematics that is dedicated to the study of figures in a plane or
space. Thus, it analyzes its characteristics and measurements such as perimeter, area, and volume.

This discipline is responsible for studying, for example, thepolygonsWhat are two-dimensional figures?
consisting of several consecutive non-collinear segments, forming a closed space.
Another object of study in geometry is thepolyhedra, athese three-dimensional figures formed by
various faces that are, in turn, polygons.

Other elements of study in geometry are planes, lines (lines with infinite points),
semirays (a portion of a line that extends from one of its points to infinity), angles
(arcs formed from the intersection of two lines), curves (lines that change at some point)
direction) and segments (portion of a line limited by two points, with an origin and an end).

Geometry is a science with many applications and serves as a foundation for other fields of study such as
physics, geography, architecture, and topography (study of the Earth's surface). For example, we
it is used to calculate the dimensions of certain spaces or constructions. For that reason, this subject is
mandatory in basic education, both in primary and secondary.
3. Descriptive Geometry

Descriptive geometry is that branch of geometry that focuses on being able to represent a figure.
three-dimensional in a two-dimensional space. In this way, the goal is to graphically depict solids, such as
the polyhedra, on a plane.

This type of geometry aims to illustrate three-dimensional elements in a two-dimensional environment.

This, using perspective, means illustrating a space or object in the same way it is perceived.
the view.

Likewise, the concept of section is used, which is the intersection between a plane and a solid or element.
three-dimensional. To put it another way, let's consider when the layout of an apartment includes the
elements that are found within the bedroom. These might not be observable by the
existence of a wall or a door, for example.

4. Types of Geometry

Some of the most popular types of geometry are:

Plane geometry.
Analytical geometry.
Elliptic geometry.
Hyperbolic geometry.
Differential geometry.
Algorithmic geometry.
Descriptive geometry.
Algebraic geometry.
Projective geometry.
Riemannian geometry.
The geometry of space or spatial geometry.

5. Primitive Figure

Geometric forms considered primitive due to their basic constitution in the parts that make them up,
They are also known by the name of geometric primitives whose shapes are the Circle, the Triangle.
and the Square.

The primitives are diverse groups of basic objects, for example:

the two-dimensional or 2D types: are the circle, the square, and other basic shapes.
 Primitive Figure

6. Platonic Primitive Figure

Platonic Primitive Figure

Father of Descriptive Geometry

Gaspard Monge (May 9, 1746 - July 28, 1818) was a French mathematician, inventor of the
descriptive geometry. Monge is considered the inventor [citation needed] of descriptive geometry. The
Descriptive geometry is the one that allows us to represent three-dimensional surfaces of objects onto a
two-dimensional surface. There are different representation systems that serve this purpose, such as the
cone perspective, the system of dimensioned planes, etc. but perhaps the most important is the system
dihedral, which was developed by Monge in his first publication in the year 1799.

8. Importance of Descriptive Geometry

Descriptive Geometry is extremely important as it helps to delve into those aspects that
helps them understand the third dimension. Their work is especially based on the management of
fundamental concepts of localization and spatiality, such as the determinations of
orientation, slopes, true lengths, shapes, and shorter distances between points or elements,
to be applied to concrete problems in your profession at the moment you want,
example: when tracing a route.
It provides us with the opportunity to acquire this knowledge that will help you understand better the
concepts that will be handled throughout your career and in your professional life in the future.
9. Tools used for technical drawing
Drawing board:

It is a technical drawing instrument on which the paper is fixed to carry out the work. When tilted,
this board allows the T rule to move easily.

Usually, this technical drawing table is placed on a floor pedestal so that the board can be
rotated in different positions. Its height can also be adjusted. Additionally, there are options
laptops for those who do not have much space.

It is one of the main tools for technical drawing, so we recommend you take your time.
time to get the ideal board.

Rules:

There are two types of drawing rules that you should know:

• Rule T: it has two perpendicular arms and is used to draw horizontal parallel lines of
quick and accurate way. It is also used as a support point for the square.
• Graduated ruler: it is rectangular and flat. It is used to measure and draw straight lines. The most common ones are
30 centimeters.
• Scalimeter: it is a special technical drawing ruler whose cross-section is triangular,
with the aim of containing different scales in the same rule.

Squads:

They are used to measure and draw horizontal, vertical, inclined lines, and combined with the T-square it
They draw parallel, perpendicular, and oblique lines.
The triangles used in technical drawing are two:
• The one at 45º that has the shape of an isosceles triangle. It has an angle of 90º and two others of 45º.
• The 60º triangle or set square has the shape of a scalene triangle. Its angles measure 90º, 30º, and 60º.

Compass

It is a precision instrument used to draw arcs, circles, and transfer measurements.

There are 4 types of compass for technical drawing:
• Piece compass: accessories such as a mechanical pencil or pencil can be attached.
• Compass with dry points: it has sharp steel points at both ends and is used to take or
transfer measurements.
• Beard compass: keeps the opening radii fixed. It is used to draw circles of
small dimensions and circles of equal radius.
• Beam compass: it is used to draw very small arcs or circles. It is made up of a
arm that serves as a vertical axis for the pencil holder to rotate around it
Pencils

Pencils are the basic element of technical drawing, without them there is no drawing.

The most used ones are made of wood or polymers, which are made up of a graphite core and a
wrapper of material that sharpens with a pencil sharpener.

Transporter

This technical drawing tool is used to measure or transfer angles. It comes in two formats:
semicircle divided into 180° and full circle of 360°.

Markers

Calibrated markers, or micrometric calibrated markers, are a drawing tool.

a technique that provides maximum precision for making strokes.

Templates

They are used to draw standard shapes such as squares, hexagons, triangles, and ellipses. You
they will save time and provide greater accuracy in the drawing.
Within the tools of technical drawing, there are also curve rulers that allow for drawing.
well-defined curves.

Drawing support

You also have to consider the support on which you are going to draw. It is essential that the paper to be used is
highly resistant and suitable for the materials and technique to be used in your drawing project. In addition,
You must consider the type of paper to choose and the size or format.
 Drawing papers

There are different types of paper for technical drawing. We summarize them into three main categories:
• Normal drawing paper: it is an opaque paper, similar to silk, that wrinkles when it is
moistened. It is usually used with pencils and markers. The marks of pencils can be
corrected to a certain extent with an eraser.
• Thick drawing paper: it is a sheet of thicker paper, but it also wrinkles when...
to become damp. It can be used with pencils and markers, with limitations for technical pens.
While pencil lines can be erased, it is quite difficult to erase ink without damaging it.
paper.
• Tracing paper or vegetable paper: it is a thick translucent paper that also comes in different types.
wrinkle when wet. It can be used with graphite pencils and technical pens. It is needed
some specific erasing tool, like a cutter or special erasers, to correct
the drawing strokes.

Eraser

Erasers are used to make incorrect marks, smudges, or excess strokes disappear.
In general, they are soft, flexible, and in light tones to avoid stains on the paper.

Plan holder

Once you have completed your drawing project, the safest and most functional option is to store it in a drawing board.
These elements will facilitate the transport of your creations and will protect them from scratches and humidity.

10. Paper sizes

Measures in
millimeters Measurements in
Measures in Measures in
inches pixels
centimeters
High ×
Height × Width Height × Width
Width Height × Width (cm)
inches (pixels)
(mm)
High resolution–14 043 x 9933
pixels.
118.9 x 84.1 46.8 x 33.1
Format A01189 x 841 mm
cm inches Low resolution - 3370 x 2384
pixels
AR–9933 x 7016 pixels.
33.1 x 23.4
Format A1841 x 594 mm 84.1 x 59.4 cm
inches BR–2384 x 1684 pixels
23.4 x 16.5 AR–7016 x 4961 pixels.
Format A2594 x 420 mm 59.4 x 42 cm
inches
 BR–1648 x 1191 pixels
AR–4961 x 3508 pixels.
16.5 x 11.7
Format A3420 x 297 mm 42 x 29.7 cm
inches BR–1191 x 842 pixels
AR–3508 x 2480 pixels.
11.7 x 8.3
Format A4297 x 210 mm 29.7×21 cm
inches BR–842 x 595 pixels
AR–2480 x 1748 pixels
8.3 x 5.8
Format A5210 x 148 mm 21 x 14.8 cm
inches BR–595 x 420 pixels

AR–1748 x 1240 pixels.

5.8 x 4.1
Format A6148 x 105 mm 14.8 x 10.5 cm
inches BR–420 x 298 pixels

AR–1240 x 874 pixels.

4.1 x 2.9
Format A7105 x 74 mm 10.5 x 7.4 cm
inches BR–298 x 210 pixels

AR–874 x 614 pixels.

2.9 x 2.0
Format A874 x 52 mm 7.4 x 5.2 cm
inches BR–210 x 147 pixels

AR–614 x 437 pixels

2.0 x 1.5
Format A952 x 37 mm 5.2 x 3.7 cm
inches BR–147 x 105 pixels

AR–437 x 307 pixels

Format 1.5 x 1.0
37 x 26 mm 3.7 x 2.5 cm
A10 inches BR–105 x 74 pixels

Measures in Measures in Measures in Measurements in

millimeters centimeters inches pixels
Width × Height Width × Height Width × Height Width × Height
(mm) (cm) (inches) pixels

AR–11811 x
39.4 x 55.7 16701 pixels
Format B0 1000 x 1414 mm 100 x 141,4 cm
inches BR–2835 x 4008
pixels
AR–8350 x
70.7 x 100.0 27.8 x 39.4 11,811 pixels
Format B1 707 x 1000 mm
cm inches BR–2004 x 2835
pixels
 AR–5906 x 8350
19.7 x 27.8 pixels
Format B2 500 x 707 mm 50.0 x 70.7 cm
inches BR–1417 x 2004
pixels
AR–4169 x 5906
13.9 x 19.7 pixels
Format B3 353 x 500 mm 35.3 x 50.0 cm
inches BR–1001 x 1417
pixels
AR–2953 x 4169
9.8 x 13.9 pixels
B4 format 250 x 353 mm 25.0 x 35.3 cm
inches BR–709 x 1001
pixels
AR–2079 x 2953
67.62 pixels
B5 format 176 x 250 mm 17.6 x 25.0 cm
inches BR–499 x 709
pixels
AR–1476 x 2079
4.9 x 6.9 pixels
Format B6 125 x 176 mm 12.5 x 17.6 cm
inches BR–354 x 499
pixels
AR–1039 x 1476
3.5 x 4.9 pixels
Format B7 88 x 125 mm 8.8 x 12.5 cm
inches BR–249 x 354
pixels
AR–732 x 1039
2.4 x 3.5 pixels
Format B8 62 x 88 mm 6.2 x 8.8 cm
inches BR–176 x 249
pixels
AR–520 x 732
1.7 x 2.4 pixels
Format B9 44 x 62 mm 4.4 x 6.2 cm
inches BR–125 x 176
pixels
AR–366 x 520
1.2 x 1.7 pixels
Format B10 31 x 44 mm 3.1 x 4.4 cm
inches BR–88 x 125
pixels
11. Types of Pencil (HB, F, H, B)

• Those with the letter H (which means "hard") draw fine gray lines. You can find the
4H, 3H, 2H, and H, which are the hard mine ones.
• Those with the letter B (which means 'black') draw thick lines in black.
find the B, 2B, 3B, and 4B which are the softer mines.
• The one with the HB mark, which is the intermediate grade and is also known in some countries.
as No. 2.
• The one with the letter F – Firm lead pencil, is the variant of HB leaning towards hard. Medium pencil with
benefits similar to HB.
12. Dihedral Plan
The dihedral system is a method of geometric representation of spatial elements.
three-dimensional on a plane, that is, the reduction of the three dimensions of space to two
dimensions of the plane, using an orthogonal projection onto two intersecting planes
perpendicularly.

13. Draw the dihedral system in perspective and descriptive

14. Explanation of the X, Y, Z axes
Axis X: As we already know, this is the horizontal axis of the Cartesian system, which is assigned the letter 'x'.
to determine the coordinates. This line crosses in the center, with the y-axis the vertical line
with which it forms the previously mentioned perpendicular intersection.

Y Axis: The vertical axis is called the Y axis or the ordinate axis. Point O, where the two axes intersect, is the
origin of coordinates. The coordinates of any point P are represented by (x, y). The first
The coordinate is measured along the x-axis and is called the x-coordinate of the point or abscissa of the
point.

Axis Z: In the drawing, the Z axis is vertical, while the other two (X, Y) form a 90° angle with each other.
determining the horizontal plane (ground). Normally, the X-axis is at 120° to the Z-axis, while
the Y axis is at 150° from that axis.

15. Explanation of horizontal, vertical, and lateral grounding lines

Ground line is the intersection of the horizontal projection plane with the vertical. It is also called the same.
in the dihedral system that in the conical system, which is where this term is used. In the system
dihedral is symbolized by a continuous thin line with two strokes, each at one end always in the
zone that corresponds to the horizontal projection of the first quadrant. When changes are made
The position of the projection planes uses two or three strokes at each end to specify the
second and third line of ground. If more plan changes are made, only a line is drawn in each.
extreme accompanied by a Roman numeral to indicate the order in which it was done. Other people
they prefer to follow the Anglo-Saxon system, representing the property line with a thin continuous line to the
to which the letters H and V are added at one of its ends, in front of a key '} ', to indicate which of
the two areas in which the space is divided is the part of the horizontal plane that is in the first
quadrant (the letter H for horizontal) and which is for vertical (the letter V for vertical).

16. Explanation of the horizontal, vertical, and lateral planes

Horizontal plane: it is a plane parallel to the horizontal projection plane and perpendicular to the vertical.
projects in true size in the horizontal projection for being parallel to this plane, and as a
parallel line to the ground line in the vertical projection
 Vertical plan:it is a plane parallel to the vertical projection plane and perpendicular to the horizontal. It projects
in true size in the vertical projection since it is parallel to this plane, and as a line parallel to the line
of land in the horizontal projection.

Lateral plane: it is a plane perpendicular to the projection planes, but parallel to the lateral plane of
projection. Both in horizontal and vertical projection, the plane is observed as a line,
The true size is appreciated in the reference lateral projection.

17. Explanation of why the font size for: L.T.V, L.T.H, L.T.L must be
being 5mm