Understanding Euler's Identity
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ScribdTranslationsUnderstanding Euler's Identity
Uploaded by
ScribdTranslationsTHE IDENTITY OF LEONHARD
EULER
In mathematics, one of the most famous identities is called
Euler's identity is a special case of the
formula developed by the mathematician Leonhard Euler that by itself
it presents a rare curiosity among all the others, and
she relates the 5 most important numbers in
mathematics such as e, π, i, 0, 1.
History
Leonhard Paul Euler was an important mathematician born in
Basel - Switzerland on April 15, 1707. It is considered a
one of the most influential and prestigious mathematicians of the 18th century.
One can observe how the concept evolves in it.
numerical through the years. Since the most basic conception
instinctive, like that of the natives (which are already known since the
prehistoric times) to negative numbers (represented
by -1) then obtaining the integers. If the numbers are added
fractions (not listed) are obtained as a result to the numbers
rational. Then, by adding the irrationals (e and π) we
they obtain the reals. As a final point, if the ... are added
imaginary numbers (represented by the imaginary unit i)
we finally obtain the complex numbers.
You can also observe in this identity the history of the
mathematical evolution, in this case of the operations
arithmetic. We can see a sum, a product, and also a
power. This identity is interesting and extremely valuable, as
that relates five numbers commonly used in mathematics:
• e (Euler's number or Napier's constant) essential in
analysis. This is a very popular irrational number and it is also
one of the most significant numbers in mathematics. Its
first figures son the next,
2.71828182845904523536028747135…
• π (pi) is an essential number in geometry (it corresponds to the
relationship between the length of a circle and its diameter, pi =
3.14159265…
i
• (the imaginary unit) is a number of great importance
algebraic. An imaginary number is a number that has as
√−1 ⇒ i 2=−1
square to a negative, i= property
fundamental of complex numbers.
0 and 1 are the arithmetic bases since they are the
neutral elements corresponding to the addition and to the
multiplication
These numbers did not seem to have much relation to each other.
But Euler discovered its relationship, a fact that surprised the world.
of mathematics.
This identity, as I indicated at the beginning, is a special case of the
Euler's formula which specifies that:
e nine=cosx+ For all x in R
the arguments of the trigonometric functions sine and cosine are
they take in radians)
Here is the base of the natural logarithm, it is the imaginary unit,
sin x and ycos x are trigonometric functions.
This function has even and odd symmetry, which is why they are
great utility in modern physics, and its graphical representation is
how it continues:
Geometrically, it is interpreted as a circle of radius
one in the complex plane, drawn by the function e nine when varying
x
about R Thus x
it is the angle of a line that connects the
origin of the plane and a point on the circumference, with the axis
positive real, measured in counterclockwise direction and in radians. The
the formula is only valid if the sine and cosine functions have their
arguments in radians.
The Euler formula was first proven by Roger
Coordinates in 1714, and then rediscovered and popularized by Euler in
1748. It is interesting to know that none of the discoverers saw
the geometric interpretation mentioned above: the vision of
complex numbers as points in the plane emerged about 50
years later.
Let's move on to see the formula and the identity:
In Euler's formula:
e ix=cosx+isenx
If we do x=π we have then:
e iπ=-1+isenπ
And how -1=−1 y senπ=0 so:
e iπ=−1+0
From where it follows that:
e iπ+1=0 What is Euler's identity.
Demonstration using Taylor series:
and is given in the form of a series by:
∞
x x 0x 1x 2x3
e = + + + + …=
0!1!2!3!
∑
n=0
( )xn
n!
We also know that:
i 0=1 ; i 1=I ; i 2=−1 ; I 3=−I
i 4=1 ; I 5=i ; i 6=−1 ; i 7=−i …
In ex If we substitute x for is
where z
it is a real variable e
i z
it is the imaginary unit, and we group the even powers of
on one side and the odd ones on the other then we obtain that:
( ) ( )
∞ ∞
zi−z 2 z 3 (−i) z 4 (−1n) z 2n +1 (−1n) z 2n
e is=1+ +
1!2!
+
3!
+ +…=
4! ∑
i=0 ( 2 n + 1) !
i+ ∑
=0 (2 n ) !
sinx cosx
And writing the expressions of y in the form of a series:
∞
x3x 5x 7 (−1 )nx 2 n+1
sinx=x− + − ±…=
3!5!7!
∑
=0 ( 2 n +1) !
∞
x 2x 4x 6 (−1n) x 2 n
cos x=1− + − ± … =
3!4!6!
∑
=0 ( 2 n) !
We obtain:
e from=isinz+cosz
z
And now replacing for π:
e iπ=isinπ+-1=i∙0−1=−1
e iπ=−1
e iπ+1=0
The formula provides a powerful connection between the analysis.
mathematical and trigonometry. It is used to represent numbers
complex numbers in polar coordinates and allows defining the logarithm for
negative numbers and complex numbers.
For the logarithm of a negative number:
Just evaluate Euler's formula at x=π obtaining:
e iπ=-1+asinπ=−1
e iπ=−1
Then by inverting the exponential, the natural logarithm of -1 is obtained.
iπ=ln (−1 )
For any negative number:
ln (−a )=ln ( a ) +ln (−1 )=ln ( a )+ i pi(cone>0)
Moreover, the logarithm of a negative number can be defined in
any base, starting from the natural logarithm and the change of base formula
base.
An important property of Euler's formula is that it is the only one
mathematical function that remains in the same form (except for
the imaginary unit) with the operations of integration and differentiation
of integral calculus, which allows it to be used for conversion
differential equations in equations with algebraic form
simplifying operations greatly.
From the rules of exponentiation we have:
e a+b =e a ∙ e b
( e a )b =e ab
a b
Valid for every pair of complex numbers y , they can
derive several trigonometric identities as well as De's formula
Moivre.
The Euler formula also allows for the interpretation of sine functions and
cosine as variations of the exponential function.
e ix +e−ix
cosx=
2i
e nine−e−nine
sine x=
2i
These formulas also serve to define the functions
trigonometric for complex arguments x. The two equations
previous ones are obtained simply by solving the formulas:
e nine=cosx+isinx
e−ix=cosx−isinx
In differential equations, the function e ix is used for
simplify derivatives, even if the final answer is a real function
in which sines or cosines appear, Euler's identity is one
immediate consequence of Euler's formula.