TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

SPENCER W. KIMBALL.

STUDENT:

MAICO ALBER ORTIZ ORTIZ

GRADE:

6th.

CARRERA

COMPUTING.

SECTION:

DATA STRUCTURE.
 INFORMATION
Information is a phenomenon that provides meaning or sense to things, and indicates
by means ofcodesand sets ofdatathe models ofthoughthuman. The
information therefore, process and generate theknowledgehuman. Although manybeings
livingthey communicate by transmitting information for their survival, the difference of the
human beingslies in its ability to generate and refine both codes and
symbolswith meanings that shapedlanguagesuseful common grounds for coexistence in
society, starting from the establishment of signaling systems and languages for the
communication.
In general, information is an organized set ofdataprocessed, that
constitute amessageabout a certain entity or phenomenon. In this way, if by
we organizedataabout acountrysuch as: number of inhabitants, density of
population, name of the president, etc. and we write, for example, the chapter of a book,
we can say that this chapter constitutes information about that country. When we have to
to solve a specific problem or we have to make a decision, we use various
sources of information (such as the mentioned chapter of this imaginary book), and
we build what is generally referred toknowledgeor organized information that
it allows problem solving or decision making (see section on
knowledge).

Main Characteristics of Information:

Meaning (semantics)
Importance (relative to the recipient)
Validity (in the space-time dimension)
Validity (relative to the sender)

Value (volatile intangible asset)

History of information
In theMiddle Agesthe storage, access and limited use of information is
was carried out in thelibrariesof
themonasteriesbetween the 3rd and 15th centuries.
The IncasPeruIn the 12th century, they used a system of strings for recording
numeric information calledQuipu, mainly used for counting cattle.
In theModern Age, with the birth of theprinting press(Gutenberg), thebooksthey could
mass-produced. The first ones [Link].
In the 20th century,Claude E. Shannon, an engineer born in Michigan in 1916, published
In 1948, some works related to information processingtheory of the
informationDuring this century, theradio, thetelevisionandInternet.
James WatsonyFrancis Crickthey discovered the principles of codesDNA, that
they form ainformation systemfrom the double helix of DNA and the way it
they work thegenes.
 Norbert Wiener, father of thecyberneticswas in charge of "maintaining order" in
any natural or artificial system. These advances gave rise to a new stage in the
development of thetechnologyin which many scientists were inspired by these studies to
make your own contributions to thetheory of information.

Function of information
It is believed that the generation and/or acquisition of information pursues these objectives:

Increase user knowledge.

Provide decision-makers with the fundamental raw material for development.
of solutions and the choice.
Provide a set of evaluation rules and decision rules for purposes of
control.

Data:
Data are the facts that describe events and [Link] is a word in plural
which refers to more than one fact. A simple fact is called a 'data item' or element.
of date.

Thedatathey are communicated by various types of symbols such as the letters of the alphabet,
numbers, lip movements, dots and dashes, hand signals,drawings, etc. These
symbols can be arranged and rearranged in a usable way and are referred to asinformation.

Data are symbols that describe conditions, facts, situations, orvaluesThe data
are characterized by not containing anyinformationA data point can mean a number,
a letter, a punctuation mark or any symbol that represents a quantity, a measure,
a word or adescription.

Information

Information is not just any set of data. It is rather a collection of

significant and relevant facts, for the organism ororganizationthat perceives them. The
The definition of information is as follows: Information is a set of meaningful data.
and relevant that describe events or entities.
 Difference between Data and Information

1. Data, unlike information, is used as [Link]

compress the information in order to allow for transmission orstoragemore effective.
2. Although for himprocessorofthe computerit makes a vital distinction between the
information between theprogramsand the data,the memoryand many othersparts of the
computerit does not do it. Both are registered temporarily according to the instruction that is
the of. It is like a piece ofpaperdoes not know or care about what is written to him: a poem by
love, theaccountsof thebankor instructions for a friend. It is the same as thememoryof
thecomputerOnly theprocessorrecognize the difference between data and information of
anyprogram. Forthe memoryofthe computer, and also for thedevices of
input and output(E/S) andstoragein a record, aprogramit's just more data,
more information that must be stored, moved, or manipulated.
3. The amount of information in a message can be understood as the number of
possible symbols that represent the message. "the symbols that represent the message do not
they are more than significant data.
4. In its most elemental concept, information is a message with content.
determined issued by apersontowards another, as such, represents apaper
primordial in theprocessofthe communication, at the same time possessing an evidentfunction
Unlike data, information has meaning for the recipient.
That is why human beings have always had the need to change among themselves.
information that they later transform intoactions.

The Concept of Data Processing:

So far we have assumed that the data handled by an application is not that...
bulky and therefore fit intomemoryWhen we turn tofilesit is due to the
need to preserve data after a program ends, for example for
turn off thecomputer.

However, there areproblemswhere thevolumethe data is so large that it is

impossible to keep them in memory. So, the data is stored in a set of
filesthose who form adatabaseOnedatabaseit is therefore a set
of files that store, for example, data regarding the business ofa company.
Eachfileis formed based on a set of lines and each line is formed by
information fields. All lines of the samefilethey have the samestructure, it
say the same fields of information. Different files havestructuresdifferent,
i.e. fields of information.

For example, the applicant file [Link], seen in previous chapters, has the
next information:
CI: notebook ofidentityfrom theperson.
name.
In what follows, we will assume that both files are large enough as
so that they do not fit in the memory of thecomputerNext, we will solve
efficiently the problem of generating a file with the three fields of information, without
Pre-load the content of a file into an array.

Data Storage:
The disk drives of thecomputerand othersmeansof external storage
allow to store the data for a longer period, keeping it available but separate
from the main circuit until themicroprocessorhe needs them.
One computer dispose also of others types of storage.
The memory of onlyreading(ROM) is a permanent storage medium
basic information, such as startup instructions and theproceduresinput/output.
Likewise, a computer uses several buffers (reserved areas of memory) as
temporary storage areas for specific information, such as the
characters to send to theprinteror the characters read from thekeyboard.

Data processing:

a. Theobjectiveit's to graph theData Processingdeveloping aDiagramwhat

allows to identify the Inputs, Files,Programsand Outputs of each of theProcesses.

b. Its background is theFlow Diagram.

c. The key elements are the Programs.
d. It is made theDiagramofData Processing
e. This diagram cannot be completed from the very beginning since
depends on the Flow of Information.
f. In this first step, only Outputs and Programs are identified. The elements
the remaining are identified in a generic way.
Data validation:

It consists of ensuring the truthfulness and integrity of the data that enters a file.
There are numeroustechniquesvalidation such as: verification digit, type check,
range check.

Concept of Distributed and Centralized Processing

Centralized Processing:

In the 1950s,computersthey weremachinesthe size of a whole

room with the followingcharacterísticas:

A CPU
Small amount of RAM
Secondary storage devices (tapes)
Output devices (punching machinescards)
• Input devices(punched card readers)
With the passage of thetime, thecomputersthey were reducing their size.
Although theindustryit continued to be dominated by large computers
"mainframes". As thecomputingevolved, the computers, were
capable of handling multiple applications simultaneously, becoming
processorscentral 'hosts' to which many were connectedperipheralsand terminals
stupid things that consisted only ofinput devices/exit (monitorykeyboard) and perhaps
little storage space, but they could not process it themselves.

The "host" using modems and switched telephone lines. In thisenvironmentwere offered
transmission speeds of 1200, 2400, or 9600 bps. Aenvironmentas described is it
what is known as centralized processing in its purest form 'host/terminal'.
ApplicationscharacterCharacteristics of this type of environment are:

Administrationlarge integrated data sources

Algorithmshigh-speed scientists
• Inventory controlcentralized
As we continue theevolutionof the mainframes, these began to connect to links of
highspeedwhere some tasks related to thecommunicationswere delegated to
other devices calledprocessorscommunicationsFront EndProcesses(I7EP's) and
drivers ofgroupCluster Controllers (CC's).
Distributed Processing:
Centralized processing had several drawbacks, among which we can mention
that a limited number of people controlled access to information and reports,
a very expensive group of developers was requiredsystemsto create the applications, and
thecostsofmaintenanceand the supports were extremely high.
Advantages

There are four advantages of processingdatabasesdistributed. The first one can

result in better performance than that obtained through processing
centralized. Data can be placed close to the point of its use, so that the
timeofcommunicationbe shorter. Several computers operating simultaneously
can deliver morevolumeof processing than a single computer.
Secondly, duplicate data increases its reliability. When a computer fails, it
they can obtain the data extracted from other computers.

Arrangements

They are a collection of homogeneous data, that is, with the same type of basic data
associated. They are stored contiguously in memory and are referenced with a
common name and a relative position.
Examples:
Linear Array (1 dimension or vector)

In a linked list, the order of the elements is determined by a link field.

(explicit pointer) in each element, for example:batteriesand dynamic queues.
The representation of linked list is the most optimal because any process of
update (insertion, modification, or deletion) is based on reassignment of
pointers. In this chapter we will only deal with linked lists since the lists
sequential ones are already well known to you.
Types of Linked Lists
Simply linked linear lists
Circular Lists
Doubly linked lists
Multiples linked lists
Binary file:

Permanent data structure composed ofrecords(rows) and these in turn by fields

(columns). It is characterized by having an associated data type, which defines its structure
internal.
DEFINITION OF FILE:

Unstructured permanent data structure formed by a sequence of characters

ASCII.
Types of File Access

a.) Sequential:
Records are accessed one by one from the first to the last or until
those that meet a certain search condition. It is allowed on files of
Organizationsequential and Indexed Sequential.
Random:
The index table is accessed initially in order to retrieve the
addressstart of block where it is locatedregistrationsought. (within the area
primary or overflow). It is allowed for files with Indexed Sequential Organization.
c.) Dynamic:
The index table is accessed initially in order to retrieve the
address of beginning of block in where himself
find therecordsought. (within the primary area or overflow). It is allowed for
files with Indexed [Link].
d.) Direct:
It is the one that uses thefunctionfrom hashing to recover the records. Only
allows for files with Relative Organization.
Constants

Constants are similar to a variable but have avaluedetermined that it is

remains the same throughout the execution of the program. The content of a variable can
change as many times as necessary. Why use a constant if it cannot change?
valueWe do this when we want to use the same number or a word (string) multiple times.
times.
 Variables

Magnitude that can take differentvaluesand is represented by a letter

or letters. The real variable is the set of real numbers, and it can be represented by
any letter or set of letters works for us topoweruse that letter for calculations or
to obtain results.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE DATOS

A very simple definition:

The type of a data is the set of values it can take during the program. If it is given
trying to give a value outside the set will produce an error.

The assignment of types to data has two main objectives:

On one hand, detecting errors in operations

On the other hand, determine how to execute these operations

There are many classifications for types of data, and depending on the source that is
Look, they will show one or the other. Below you have one of the possible classifications.
o The string type
o Structured
o Simple
o ordinals
Simple types

As their name indicates, they are the basic types in Pascal. They are the simplest and the most
easy to learn. For all this, they will be what we focus on.
The most basic simple types are:whole, logical, characteryrealAnd the majority of the
programming languages support them, unlike structured ones that can
to switch from one language to another.
Structured types

While a variable of a simple type only references one element, structured ones
they refer to collections of elements.
The collections of elements that appear when discussing structured types are very
varied: we have ordered collections that are represented by the array type.
Among the simple types, ordinals are the most abundant. A type is said to be
ordinal because the set of values it represents can be counted, that is, we can
establish a one-to-one relationship between its elements and the set of numbers
natural.

Among the simple ordinal types, the most important are:

The integer type (integer)
 The logical type (boolean)
The character type (char)
The basic types
We really take the most basic simple types, which are:integer, boolean, chary
realIn addition, there will also be a brief discussion about character strings, the so-called
strings.
Note: only the type of each will be commented on below, its declaration will not be explained.
you can see it if you go to thecorresponding section.

The integer type

As you may have read, the integer data type is a simple type, and within these, it is ordinal.
Todeclarean integer variable, you are creating a numeric variable that can
take positive or negative values, and without decimal part.

The boolean (logical) type

The logical data type allows you to use variables that have only two possible values.
values: true or false. Because of this, their utility is evident, and it is none other than variables of
check. They help us maintain the state of an object through two values:

yes/no

true/false

works/does not work

on/off

etc.

The real type (real)

As I have already seen, Pascal supports the entire set of numbers. But it is not the only one,
it also allows you to work with numbers belonging to the set of real numbers.

The real data type corresponds to real numbers. This is a type

important for calculations. For example, in statistics, as they are characterized by
fundamentally deal with decimal values.

The char and string types (character and string)

With the character type, you can have objects that represent a letter, a number, etc. It is
You can use variables or constants that represent an alphanumeric value. But be careful,
each variable can only store one character.