ATHLETICS

What is athletics?
Athletics consists of a sport of
competition practiced either individually or
in a team. They are a set of tests that
they reflect the natural movements of the human being
that he has been doing them since he was able to reason.
how to walk, run, throw, etc. The tests are
they are divided into three major groups: races and walking, jumps, and
releases.

2. WHAT ARE THE BASIC PHYSICAL CAPABILITIES?

1.- RESISTANCE
It is the ability to perform or
maintain an effort during a
extended time, that is,
for as long as possible.

It is the ability of a muscle(s) or the body to repeat

many times an activity.
It mainly depends on the good functioning of the heart,
of the lungs, of the circulatory system and of the degree of
training. A strong heart pumps more blood.
blood in every pulse, thus, before the same demand of
blood (according to the activity), a heart unaccustomed to
effort should make more beats per minute than one
trained.

Resistance Classes:
Aerobic endurance (organic): when we endure
prolonged efforts of medium intensity. The demand
of oxygen (in blood) that the activity causes is
fully supplied at every moment. It does not occur
debt (lack) of oxygen that needs to be recovered after
finish the activity. Once the activity ceases, and the subject
at rest, the heart rate drops to the levels
normals in a short period of time. Examples: walking to
quick step, run, jump rope, ride a bicycle, swim
go on a trip, dance, skate, exercises with music
 aerobic circuits, games and sports,... in short,
any activity that is carried out at a moderate pace.

Anaerobic endurance: allows us to maintain a

high intensity effort for the longest time
possible. The activity that is being maintained causes more
demand (need) for oxygen (in blood) than that which the
the heart and lungs are capable of supplying,
resulting in an oxygen debt that must be
recover once the activity is finished. Upon ceasing work,
the heart rate (pulse) takes time to return to normal,
well, the muscles are still lacking oxygen (debt
accumulated) to recover. Examples: races of
speed, jumps, throws.

2.- FORCE
It is the ability that allows us to,
through muscular actions
(contraction), to overcome a
resistance or oppose it; and
in some cases create tension
enough to try it.
Types of muscle contraction:
Isotonic or dynamic contraction (with movement);
it involves the shortening or lengthening of the muscle with
a corresponding movement of the involved parties.
(Example: flexion and extension of arms on the ground).

Isometric or static contraction (without movement); it is

the maximum force exerted against a resistance
immovable. (Example: push against the wall).

3.- FLEXIBILITY
 It is the ability to move the
body or any of its parts
with great breadth, without
to cause damage, thanks to the
joint mobility and to the
elasticity of tissues.

It depends on two factors:

Joint mobility: the possibility that they have
joints to achieve the maximum range.
Muscle elasticity: the possibility that we have
tissues and muscles to deform (stretch) and recover their
shape.

4.- SPEED
It is the ability to do
one or several movements
in the shortest time
possible. Time that is
it takes a while to cover a

determined distance (shortest possible time).

Speed classes:
Reaction speed: ability to react to a
stimulus (visual, auditory,...).
Gesture or execution speed: to perform a gesture
correctly in the shortest time possible. (Example:
penalty shoot in Handball.
Translation speed: distance traveled in the least
time. Space/Time. (Example: 60m race).
Endurance speed: the ability to withstand certain
time the speed. (Example: run 200m.)

3. HOW ARE THE RACES CLASSIFIED?

In athletics, the term race refers to a competition that puts

it tests the speed of the players, who must complete
a determined route on foot and in the shortest time possible.
The races are classified into
next way:

SPEED RACE: this type

of races are the least
distance within athletics. The goal is to run as fast as possible.
fast as possible a journey that ranges between 60 and 400
smooth meters, according to what was previously established.

Before starting the race, the athlete positions themselves semi-

stop on a structure located on the track, called taco.
Thanks to the tacos, the competitors boost their bodies in the
starting moment.

The athletes who practice thissportThey are called

sprinters.

HURDLE RACE: as its name indicates, this type of

the race consists of the competitors' overcoming of
a set of barriers made of plastic, metal, or wood called
fences.

In the case of the men's race, it includes 60, 110 and

400 meters of distance. For its part, in the category of the
women the distance is 60, 100, and 400 meters.

MIDDLE DISTANCE OR MIDDLE LONG DISTANCE RACE: the races

of medium distance are based on the walking distance of distances that
they range between 800 and 3000 meters. With the aim of achieving the
best possible performance, athletes perform lunges
short and low knee elevation.

In the Olympic Games, the distances run are 800 and

1500 meters.
 LONG DISTANCE OR DISTANCE RUNNING: includes from the
3000 meters to 42 kilometers. In the Olympic Games,
they dispute the competitions of 5000 meters, 10000 meters and for
last, the marathon.

RELAY RACE: it is based on a competition where the

athletes take turns among themselves with the purpose of achieving
complete the entire route. At least four participate
individuals, and after one of them covers a distance
determined passes a tube called to the following athlete
witness. This mechanism is carried out successively until
all involved players have participated.

4. STATE WHAT THE FIELD TESTS ARE.

They are all those tests that are not conducted on the track, it is
saying they are not races, these tests are also known as
competencies, which are divided into 2 large groups namely,
the jumps and the throws:
The jumps are in turn divided into horizontal jumps such as the
long jump and triple jump, and vertical jumps such as the
high jump and pole vault.

The launches are divided into 4 events the launch of

javelin, which is the only throw that is done with a run
previous, and the throws of discus, hammer or mace and that of
impulse of the bullet or weight, which are executed from an area
circular, thus techniques for turning have been developed to
optimize their results.

THE JUMPS:
HIGH JUMP
In the high jump test, athletes must clear the bar.
without knocking it down.
The objective in the high jump is
to surpass, without knocking down, a bar
horizontal (slat) that is found
suspended between two vertical supports
separated by about 4 meters. The participant
you have the right to three attempts to
overcome the same height. To execute the jump, the jumpers
they approach the bar almost head-on, they turn at the take-off,
they reach the bar with their heads in front, surpassing it
they fall onto the mat with their shoulders.

POLE VAULT
In the pole vault, the athlete attempts
overcome a bar set at a great height
with the help of a flexible pole,
normally 4 to 5 m in length and
which is usually made of fiber
glass since this material
would replace bamboo and metal, used until the decade of
1960. The jumper grabs the pole a few centimeters before the end.
run down the track towards where the ribbon is located,
stick the tip of the pole into a small pit or hole that is
situated immediately before where the is located
projection of the bar, jumps aided by the provided impulse
through the pole, crosses the bar with feet first and then falls
on a mat arranged to cushion the blow.

LONG JUMP
In the long jump, the athlete runs down a track and jumps from
a line marked by plasticine trying to cover the maximum
possible distance. In mid-air, the athlete throws his feet out
in front of the body to try for a better jump. The competitors
they make three jumps and the seven best advance to the final round, which
It consists of three more jumps. A jump is measured in a straight line from
the aforementioned line up to the nearest mark made by this
any part of the athlete's body that makes contact with the ground in the
that falls. Athletes are classified according to their longest jumps. The
A long jumper must have strong legs, good muscles
abs, running speed and, above all, a great
power.

TRIPLE SALTO
The goal in the triple jump is
cover the maximum distance
possible in a series of three
intertwined jumps. The
jumper runs on the track and jump from a
line falling on the ground with a pie, return to
propel oneself forward and, falling with the foot
opposite, take the definitive leap and fall, this time with both
feet, on the surface of the ground, in a manner similar to how it is done
in the long jump. Just like in the long jump, the athlete
The triple jump must have strong legs, good muscles.
abdominals, running speed and, above all, a great
power.

THE LAUNCHES:

BULLET IMPULSE
The objective in shot put is
propel a solid metal ball to
through the air at the maximum distance
possible. The weight of the ball in category
the male is 7.26 kg and 4 kg in
feminine. The action of the throw
it is limited to a circle with a diameter of 2.1 m.

In the first phase of the test, the athlete holds the weight with the
fingers of the hand against his shoulder, putting the ball under the
chin. The competitor advances semi-crouched, to acquire the
force and speed that it will transmit to its launch. Upon reaching the
opposite side of the circle, suddenly stretch the throwing arm and
push the weight into the air in the right direction.
 DISK RELEASE
The disk is a plate with an edge and a center.
of metal that is thrown from a circle that
it has a diameter of 2.5 meters. In the
men's competition, the disc measures between
219 and 221 mm in diameter, between 44 and 46
mm wide and weighs 2 kg; in the female,
measures between 180 and 182 mm in diameter, from 37 to 39 mm in width and
it weighs 1 kilogram. The athlete holds the flat disc against the fingers and
the forearm on the throwing side, then rotates on itself
quickly and throws the disc into the air after making an appropriate
arm extension.

HAMMER THROW
Hammer throwers compete by throwing a
heavy ball attached to a metal wire with a
grip at the end. The ball, the wire, and the handle,
together, they weigh 7.26 kg and form a unit of one
maximum length of 1.2 meters.
The action takes place in a circle of 2.1 m.
diameter. Grabbing the handle with both hands and holding
still the feet, the athlete spins the ball in a circle that passes
above and below his head, up to the height of the
knees. When the hammer reaches speed, the thrower spins
about himself two or three times to further accelerate the ball of
hammer and then release it upwards and forwards at an angle
of 45º.

Javelin Throw
 Javelin throw In the events of
javelin, each participant has six
launches, of which you will score the
better. The javelin must be held by its
central part and release before exceeding
the end of street mark. The exit angle is very important
for the scope of the launch.

5. HIGH HEEL: RULES

The most important rules are:
It is considered null when the bar is knocked down or touches the ground.
beyond the jump meter.
Each jumper has 3 attempts.
It can only be propelled with 1 leg.
There is a maximum time available to make the jump.
Logically, the player who achieves the highest altitude wins.
Competitors can start jumping at any height.
announced by the president of the court, or they can proceed to their
own discretion.
If two or more athletes tie for first place, they will win.
the one with the least nulls.
The ribbon measures 4 m.

6. RESEARCH ABOUT TRADITIONAL GAMES

Careers/Disciplines
100 meters
200 meters
400 meters
800 meters
1500 meters
5000 meters
100 meter hurdles(female)
110 meter hurdles(male)
400 meters hurdles
3000 meters with obstacles
4 × 100 meters relay
4 × 400 meters relay
10,000 meters
Marathon
March
20 km
50 km (male)

Releases
Shot put
Javelin throw
Album launch
Hammer throw

Jumps
Long jump
Triple jump
High jump
Pole vault

Combined
Decathlon(male)
Heptathlon(female)