TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

Superior of San Andres Tuxtla

Electromechanical Engineering

Group
502-A

Subject
HEAT TRANSFER

Unit 5:
TRANSFER WITH PHASE CHANGE

Teacher:
ING. ALEJANDRO OLIVERIO COPETE PAXTIAN

Student
Marlon Kadhir Castro Mayoral
CONTENT
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
SYLLABUS
EVALUATION CRITERION
EVALUATION DATES
INTRODUCTION
5.1 Physical mechanisms of condensation.
5.2 Physical mechanism of boiling.
5.3 Evaluation of local coefficients.
5.4 Application in evaporators and condensers
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
Apply, interpret, and evaluate the laws of heat transfer involved.
electromechanical systems
Syllabus
Steady state conduction
1.1 Physical mechanism of conduction.
Thermal conductivity.
1.3 Heat conduction equation.
1.4 Unidirectional conduction.
2D conduction.
1.6 Selection and design of insulators

2. Transient state conduction

2.1 Parametric analysis of the transitory.
2.2 Flat wall.
2.3 Radial systems.
2.4 Application of numerical analysis (finite differences, finite volume)

3. Natural convection
3.1 Physical fundamentals.
3.2 Natural convection over a vertical plate.
3.3 Correlations for other geometries.
3.4 Applications on plates, cylinders, spheres

4. Forced convection
4.1 Physical fundamentals.
4.2 Dimensional numbers.
4.3 Empirical Equations.
4.4 Flat plate.
4.5 Circular tube. Applications in heat exchangers
4.6 Correlations for External Flow.
4.7 Correlations for Internal Flow

5. Transfer with base change

5.1 Physical mechanisms of condensation.
5.2 Physical mechanism of boiling.
5.3 Evaluation of local coefficients.
5.4 Application in evaporators and condensers

6. Thermal Radiation
6.1 Physical mechanism of radiation.
6.2 Laws of radiation.
6.3 Emissivity, Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission of Surfaces.
6.4 Form factor.
 6.5 Heat exchange by radiation between black bodies.
6.6 Heat exchange by radiation between gray surfaces.
6.7 Calculation of radiation in furnaces.

EVALUATION CRITERION
Research 35%
Exhibition 35%
Resolution of exercises 20%
Part. In class 10%

EVALUATION DATES
First evaluation 06/09/2018
Second evaluation September 27, 2018
Third evaluation October 18, 2018
Fourth evaluation November 8, 2018
Fifth evaluation November 22, 2018
Sixth evaluation 06/12/2018
INTRODUCTION
Heat transfer is the energy in transit due to a difference in
temperatures in a body or between different bodies. As long as there is a
temperature difference, energy is transferred from the region of higher
temperature to the lowest temperature According to the concepts of the
Thermodynamics, the energy that is transferred as a result of a difference in
temperature is heat.
The laws of thermodynamics deal with the transfer of energy, but only
they apply to systems that are in equilibrium (they can be used to predict the
amount of energy required to modify a system from a state of equilibrium
to another), but they are not useful for predicting the speed (time) with which they can
to produce these changes.
Heat transfer complements the thermodynamic principles.
providing analytical methods that allow predicting this speed of
thermal transfer.
Example:
The heating of a steel bar immersed in hot water, the principles
thermodynamic principles can be used to predict final temperatures once
the two systems have reached equilibrium and the amount of energy transferred
between the initial and final equilibrium states, but it tells us nothing regarding the
speed of thermal transfer or the temperature of the bar after a
certain time, or the time that needs to be waited to obtain a temperature
determined in a certain position of the bar.
Conducting a heat transfer analysis allows for predicting the speed of
the thermal transfer of water to the bar and from this information can be
calculate the temperature of the bar, as well as the temperature of the water as a function
of time.
To proceed with a complete analysis of heat transfer is
It is necessary to consider three different mechanisms: conduction, convection and
radiation.
The design and project of the systems of a heat exchange and conversion
Energy-related fields require a certain familiarity with each of these mechanisms, so
as from their interactions.
 5.1 PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF CONDENSATION
Condensation is referred to as the physical process that consists of the transition from a ...
substance from gaseous form to liquid form. This phase change generates a certain
amount of energy called "latent heat." The transition from gas to liquid depends, among
other factors, of pressure and temperature.

Condensation, at a given temperature, involves a release of energy. Thus,

The liquid state is more favorable from an energetic point of view.
The condensation technique forces the combustion gases to condense and, of
In this way, the latent energy in the water vapor is harnessed to convert it.
in sensible heat.
In addition, smoke losses are significantly reduced through the
gas emission system from combustion.
During combustion, the combustible components of natural gas or diesel fuel
(hydrocarbon), react with the oxygen in the air, forming carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O) and heat.

The latent heat contained in the fumes is released during the condensation of the vapor.
of water generated during combustion and transferred to the boiler water.
The condensation process usually occurs when a gas is cooled down to its
dew point. However, this point can also be reached by varying the
pressure.
 5.2 PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF BOILING
Summary of the Physical Mechanism of Boiling

Boiling occurs when a liquid is in contact with a

surface maintained at a temperature Ts sufficiently above the saturation point
Liquid Tsat. It is classified as pool boiling or flow boiling.
depending on the presence of massive fluid movement. It is said that the
boiling is in a tank if there is no massive movement of the fluid and boiling in
flow (or boiling in forced convection) if available. Boiling in flow and in
The tank is also classified as subcooled boiling and saturated boiling.
depending on the temperature of the liquid mass. It is said that boiling is
subcooled (or local) when the temperature of the main mass of the liquid is
below the saturation Tsat, and saturated (or massive) when the temperature
of the liquid is equal to Tsat. Boiling exhibits different regimes, depending
from excessive temperature, Texceso. Four different regimes are observed
boiling$ natural convection boiling, nucleate boiling, boiling of
transition and boiling in film. These regimes are illustrated on the curve of
boiling. The reason for evaporation and the transfer of heat in boiling
nucleated increase as excess Texceso increases and reaches a maximum at some
point. The heat flow at this point is called the critical (or maximum) flow of
heat, q*max
 5.3 EVALUATION OF LOCAL COEFFICIENTS
It is possible to interpret the physical phenomena that determine the behavior of
the boundary layer and illustrate its importance in convective transport by
the development of the equations that govern the conditions of the boundary layer.
This means that in each of the boundary layers (thermal and hydrodynamic), there
they identify the relevant processes and apply the laws of conservation
appropriate (continuity equation, momentum equation, and energy equation) in
infinitesimal size control volumes. The equations thus obtained
they provide a complete representation of the conditions of the boundary layers.
It is possible to find the dimensionless groups involved in the formulation of the
heat transfer by convection.
The general expression that describes this phenomenon is a function of the type

f Nu, Pr, Gr () = 0 natural convection

f Nu, Pr, Re () = 0 forced convection

Natural convection
a) Gases in contact with vertical walls

The properties are evaluated at the average temperature between the surface and that of the fluid.
in the undisturbed region.
b) Gases that move in cross flow with horizontal tubes
Forced convection
a) Liquids that move in a turbulent regime, circulating through the interior of pipes

b) Liquids that flow in a turbulent regime, with cross currents, over

the surface of bare tubes.

c) Gases that move in turbulent flow, in a direction perpendicular to the

surface of bare tubes.

Air that circulates in current with bare tubes.

 5.4 APPLICATION WITH EVAPORATORS AND CONDENSERS.
Since an evaporator is any heat transfer surface in the
What vaporizes a volatile liquid to remove heat from a space or product?
refrigerated, the evaporators are manufactured in a wide variety of types, sizes and
designs and can be classified in different ways.
According to the coolant supply, they are classified as follows:
Direct expansion or dry expansion.
In these cases, the evaporation of the refrigerant takes place through the
evaporator, being in a mixed state at an intermediate point of
Thus, the fluid that exits the evaporator is purely vapor.
overheated. These evaporators are the most common and are widely
used in air conditioning systems. However, they are very widely used in the
medium and low temperature refrigeration are not the most suitable for
large volume facilities.
Flooded
Flooded evaporators operate with liquid refrigerant, which fills them up.
completely in order to have the entire inner surface of the exchanger moistened
and, consequently, the greatest possible rate of heat transfer. The evaporator
flooded is equipped with a vapor accumulator or collector that serves to the
time, as a liquid receiver, from which the liquid refrigerant is circulated by
gravity through the evaporator circuits. They are preferably used.
in industrial applications, with a considerable number of evaporators,
operating at low temperature and using ammonia (R717) as refrigerant.

Overfed
A superheated evaporator is one in which the amount of refrigerant
liquid in circulation through the evaporator occurs with considerable excess and that
it can also be vaporized.
 CONCLUSION
Heat transfer by convection was studied, which shows the way
on how some fluids are heated, and how patterns are established
currents in the fluid, whether compressible or not. Heat transfer by
convection has great applicability in fluid theory, in applications
industrialists in the field of mechanical engineering.
Several models of the black body for heat transfer were studied.
electromagnetic radiation, which proved to be controversial regarding the
conception and paradigms, both of classical physics and modern physics.
Starting from Kirchhoff and his definition for the black body, from where through
Both Wilhelm Wien and Lord converged on classical thermodynamic analysis.
Rayleigh and James Jeans. The theoretical basis for cavity radiance, or
The black body model proved to be inconsistent for modeling the results.
experimental, based on the assumption that the energy radiated by the
Atomic oscillators are continuous. The Stefan-Boltzmann law, found in a way
empirical by Josef Stefan and then theoretically modeled by classical theories
from thermodynamics by Ludwig Boltzmann, does not conflict with physics
classic, as it shows the proportionality that exists between the total power
emitted by thermal radiation and the temperature of the material, relating it to
the emissivity (characteristic of the material) and its geometry. Let us remember that the
the main characteristic of spectral radiance (of the black body) is that it does not
depends at no time, neither on the geometry of the body, nor on the
absorbing or emitting properties of it.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
V. G. LEVICH, Course of Theoretical Physics Vol. 1 and 2, 2nd Edition, Ed. Reverté, S.A.
Spain, 1976.
D. HALLIDAY, R. RESNICK, Physics Part I and II, Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1966.
R. SERWAY, R. BEICHNER. Physics Vol 1 and 2. 5th Edition McGRAW HILL. 2002.
J. LIENHARD IV, J. LIENHARD V, A Heat Transfer Textbook 3rd Edition
Phlogiston Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 2004.
MICROSOFT CORPORATION. Encarta 2005 Reference Library.
BEUCHE, F. Fundamentals of Physics. First Edition. Mexico City, Mexico.
McGraw Hill Editorial of Mexico, S.A. 1970.
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