EXERCISES ON IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

1) Analyze the statements.

I. The calculation of the manometric height is unnecessary for sizing a pump for
irrigation.
II. In irrigation in plastic greenhouses, one must know the salinity level of the water.
III. Irrigation management can be done through various techniques, including that of the tensiometer.
IV. A water filtration system must always be used in irrigation systems.
conventional spraying.

Based on the statements above, mark the CORRECT option:

Only II and III are correct.

b) III, IV are correct.
c) I, II, and IV are incorrect.
d) I, II, III and IV are incorrect.

Irrigation by sprinkling simulates artificial rain where a sprinkler expels water into the air, which
due to aerodynamic resistance are transformed into small droplets of water that fall on the
only and plants. Its main systems are the conventional, the center pivot, and the self-propelled.
Regarding this type of irrigation, it is correct:

a) There is no control of the irrigation sheet.

b) Low application efficiency.
c) High labor cost.
d) It increases the development of diseases due to the damp foliage.

Irrigation is a practice used to supplement the water needs of various crops.

crops. Thus, irrigation is classified according to the way water is applied
In cultures, for each irrigation method, more than one system can be employed.
About irrigation methods and systems, consider the following statements:

The micro-sprinkler irrigation system is characterized as a method of irrigation by

spraying.
The surface irrigation method requires the systematization of the area for its execution.
III–The surface irrigation method has a higher cost compared to the
sprinkler irrigation method.
IV–An important characteristic of the sprinkler irrigation method is water savings.
regarding the surface irrigation method.
Micro-sprinkler irrigation is recommended for tree crops, as it allows for the application of water.
with higher flow rate and application area compared to drip irrigation.

Select the alternative that corresponds to the CORRECT statements.

a) I–II–IV
b) II–III–IV
c) II–IV–V
d) I–II–V

4) Regarding irrigation systems, mark the correct option.

In the subsurface or underground drip irrigation system, capillary tables enable the elevation.
the groundwater and, consequently, the partial flooding of the area to be irrigated.
b) In the drip irrigation system, an extensive network of fixed and low-pressure piping
lead the water to the base of the plant or to a wet trough, and drippers release, at low
flow, this water, in the form of drops.
c) In the furrow irrigation system, water, limited by dikes, is applied over the planted area,
for accumulation and later infiltration.
In the self-propelled system, the movement of the cannon is activated by electric motors, which
requires investments in the acquisition of generators.
In the central pivot system, water is applied in the form of circular jets and the sprinklers are
fixed in the area shaded by the tree canopies.

5) In the selection of sprinklers, the tables provided by the manufacturers should be used, which
indicate the characteristics and specifications of each model of sprinkler, such as for example: the
diameter of the nozzles (mm), service pressure, range diameter, flow rate and intensity of
application. They are metric units of these parameters, respectively:

a) mm, mca, m, m3 h-1 and kPa.

b) mm, kPa, m, m3 h-1 and m h-1.
c) mm, kPa, m, mm h-1 and m3 h-1.
d) mm, mca, m, m3 h-1 and mm h-1.

6) With the growing expansion of the irrigated area, especially in the cerrado region, it is highlighted that the
great importance of knowledge in the planning of an irrigation system that can only
bring benefits when the system is used with management criteria that result in application
of the amount of water compatible with the needs of the irrigated crop. Mark the alternative
INCORRECT about management and its irrigation systems.

a) In the Northeast, conventional furrow irrigation systems have been used since
irrigation systems with a high level of automation.
b) The conventional furrow irrigation system highlights the maximum non-erosive flow of the soil.
for a given furrow slope, accumulated infiltration, and furrow length.
c) The flow rate of the emitter and the radius must be taken into account in the micro-sprinkler irrigation system.
the reach of the emitter, phenological rest period of the mango tree and the economic analysis.
d) The performance of the drip irrigation and micro-sprinkler system is better when
used turbulent flow emitters, lowering the clogging coefficient.

Irrigation is an important technique used in agriculture aimed at supplementing the

water needs of agricultural crops. In order to use water efficiently, it is
of primordial importance is the knowledge about irrigation techniques. Regarding irrigation management,
analyze the statements:

I- The liquid water layer is considered when taking into account the efficiency of the system of
irrigation.
II- For the management of irrigation by climate, the data can be obtained directly via lysimeter.
and indirect by the class A tank.
III- To estimate the gross irrigation water volume, it is necessary to know the evapotranspiration.
of reference and the crop coefficient.
IV - To determine the evapotranspiration of the crop, the evapotranspiration of
reference and the coefficient of the culture.

Select the CORRECT sequence.

a) I - II
b) I - III
c) I–IV
d) II - IV
e) II - III

8) Among the alternatives below, mark the one that describes the characteristics of the irrigation method,
micro irrigation:

a) The application of water to the soil results from the subdivision of a jet of water released under pressure in the air
atmospheric, through simple holes or sprinkler nozzles.
b) The application of water is done by emitters that operate under pressure and locate the volume of
water needed in the areas of interest.
c) Use the surface of the soil to direct the water that should be applied to the area to be irrigated.
It consists of applying water to the subsurface by forming an artificial groundwater table.
or by controlling a natural one, keeping it at a convenient depth, able to
provide a satisfactory flow of water to the root zone of the crop, meeting its needs
needs in the evapotranspiration process.

Agricultural drainage is the set of techniques and practices aimed at removing excess water from
alone. In the options below, mark the one in which the statement is not true:

a) Drainable porosity corresponds to the difference between the moisture of the saturated soil and the moisture
reached after a certain time of soil drainage.
b) The artificial drainage system of the interceptor type, known as sewage disposal of
Várzeas involves connecting the depressions of the area through shallow drains.
c) Ridge drainage system is used in wet areas with little slope and with
only little permeable. It consists of the construction of wide bunds in sequence, so that
At the intersection of the raised beds, there is a depression that will function as a drain.
d) Surface drainage is also necessary in steep areas (>2%), aiming to control
erosion through the removal of rainwater.

10) Select the alternative that corresponds to the types of irrigation described below: I. Subirrigation.
Central pivot.

a) I. Sistemas não convencionais; II. Sistemas localizados; III. Sistemas por aspersão; IV. Sistemas
by surface.
b) I. Sistemas por superfície; II. Sistemas localizados; III. Sistemas por aspersão; IV. Sistemas não
conventional.
c) I. Surface systems; II. Sprinkler systems; III. Localized systems; IV. Non-systems
conventional.
d) I. Sistemas não convencionais; II. Sistemas por aspersão; III. Sistemas localizados; IV. Sistemas
by surface.

11) Irrigation is an ancient technique whose purpose is to provide water to plants for
that can produce appropriately. Drainage is the act of channeling water from
flooded lands, through pipes, tunnels, channels, ditches, and moats, being possible to resort to
engines as support for drainage. With regard to irrigation and drainage, indicate the
correct alternative:

a) Drainage is a technique primarily used by farmers, due to the large amount

of water necessary for the most diverse types of planting.
b) Irrigation does not harm the environment. It is characterized as a conscious practice.
of improving the plantations.
c) In very dry regions, drainage serves as an important tool for
increase agricultural production.
d) Natural or artificial systems capable of draining surface water, generally coming from the
rains are composed of interconnected channels, and this set of interconnected channels is called
is the name of the drainage network.
12) Regarding irrigation projects, operation and maintenance of irrigated perimeters, judge the
following items.

In micro-sprinkling, water is brought to the base of the plant or to a wet trough by an extensive
fixed low-pressure piping network, and the release of water to the soil is done punctually
through drippers, in the form of drops and at reduced flow rates.
II - The liquid blade is the amount of water (in height) available in the soil that will actually be
used by the plant, being a direct function of the difference between field capacity and moisture
critique and the effective depth of the plant's root system.
III - The central pivot is a system that operates in a circle at a constant speed, being indicated
for irrigating large areas.
IV - In localized irrigation, the application of water is made within the soil by raising the water level of the
water table.

Only the following items are correct:

a) I and II.
b) II and III.
c) III and IV.
d) I, II and IV.
e) I, III and IV.

The quality of water is a fundamental aspect for the success of the use of irrigated systems.
However, this quality is often overlooked during the project design phase.
that can lead to undesirable effects in the management of an agricultural crop. There are several
problems linked to poor quality irrigation water. One of them is the high total concentration
You said. Which of the following alternatives describes this problem?

a) The High Total Concentration of salts is the high proportion of sodium concentration in relation
to other cations (mainly calcium and magnesium), causing problems in the structuring of
alone, making the process of water infiltration difficult due to the obstruction or extinction of the pores.
b) The high total concentration of salts promotes the precipitation of calcium and magnesium, in the form of
carbonates, reducing their concentration in the soil. It can increase the relative proportion of sodium, RAS,
since the solubility of sodium carbonate is greater than that of calcium carbonates and
magnesium.
c) A high total concentration of salts can cause contamination by pathogenic agents.
irrigator, to the neighboring community to the irrigation and to the consumers of the irrigated products.
d) High total salt concentration causes soil salinization by increasing potential.
osmotic and the reduction of water potential, making it difficult for the plant to absorb water. This high
total concentration of salts in the irrigation water and in the soil solution can cause toxicity to
plants.
e) High total concentration of salts occurs when the iron dissolved in water (Fe+2) is present
in a reduced state, mainly in groundwater; however, when oxidizing, it precipitates in the
form of (Fe+3) and can obstruct emitters.

14) About the drip irrigation system, mark the correct alternative:

a) Allows better control of the applied water layer.

b) Greater loss by evaporation, by percolation and by surface runoff.
c) Interfere with the cultural practices of cultures and has low implementation and usage costs.
d) It does not adapt to different types of soil and topography.

15) The irrigation system is recommended for the crop, EXCEPT:

a) Micro-sprinkling for bell pepper.
Dripping for lemon.
c) Furrows for tomato.
d) Furrows for corn.

16) The need for water for irrigation can be estimated by different methods, with
the amount of water to be applied depends on:

of the requirements of the crop, the type of soil, the available flow rate, and the climate.
b) from the requirement of the crop, the type of soil, the irrigation system, and the climate.
c) from the requirement of the soil, the type of crop, the flow system, and the climate.
d) All the statements are correct.

17) Regarding soil drainage, mark the incorrect alternative:

a) Interceptor drain: A drain whose purpose is to intercept surface and/or underground flow of
adjacent areas located upstream.
b) Surface drainage: Process of removing excess water from the surface of the soil to
make it suitable for agricultural use.
c) Subsurface drainage: Process of removing excess water from the soil, with the purpose of
create favorable conditions of humidity, aeration, and agricultural management, prevent salinization or
remove excess salts.
d) Subsurface drain: Vertical conduit through an impermeable layer, through which water flows
surface or subsurface drainage is drained.

This irrigation system is also called the gravity method, as the water is applied
directly over the surface of the soil through the energy of gravity moving from the elevation
greater to the lower quota of the land. This irrigation system is the:

Under pressure.
b) Superficial.
c) Spraying.
d) Dripping.

19) Regarding the types of irrigation systems adopted in a production system, indicate the
alternative that corresponds to the correct description of one of them:

a) Furrow irrigation systems: water is applied through total flooding in the area to be irrigated.
b) Furrow irrigation systems: water is applied by total flooding of the area to be irrigated,
tracing the lines of culture, flowing and seeping through subterranean furrows.
c) Drip irrigation lines are buried in the soil at depths that allow
that the water applied reaches the volume explored by the roots.
d) Micro-spray systems: they use micro-sprayers or sprays that apply water in the form
from jets or aerosol; they have lower flow rates and application areas than dripping.
e) Elevation of the water table: it is used in areas where there is the occurrence of layers of
subsurface impediments. Its disadvantage is the lack of saturation of the soil profile and control of the
depth of the groundwater level.

20) In vegetable cultivation, surface irrigation is preferable in some areas due to:

a) reduction of water waste.

b) reduction of root pathogen attack.
c) decrease in the incidence of weeds.
d) reduction of the cost of implementing the irrigation system.
e) reduction in the amount of fertilizers applied per cultivated area.
21) Analyze the excerpt below and mark the alternative that respectively fills in the blanks:

In general terms, diseases of the aerial part are favored by irrigation systems.
, while soil diseases are favored by the systems
superficial and by_____________________.

Subterranean – micro-sprinkling.
Drip-sprinkling.
c) Sprinkler-drip.
d) Groove-dripping.

22) Surface irrigation is conducted to the infiltration point directly through the surface of the
alone. Regarding surface irrigation, mark (T) for true statements and (F) for false ones.
False: (__) Standing water can harm plants, mainly due to decreased respiration.
das raízes; (__) Bastante dependente da declividade do solo; (__) O vento limita a irrigação; (__)
High cost of implementation, energy, and maintenance.

a) F-F-V-F.
b) T-F-F-T.
c) V-V-F-F.
d) V-V-V-V.

Irrigation is an ancient technique that has developed significantly in recent years.

presenting equipment and systems for the most diverse conditions. About the use of water in
it is correct to affirm: irrigation of crops

a) The water needed for irrigation is the amount of water required by the crop, in
specific time of year, in order to limit its growth and production, under the conditions
local climatic.
b) The water needed for irrigation is the amount of water required by the crop, in
a determined period of time, in order to saturate the soil.
c) The water needed for irrigation is the amount of water required by the soil at a given
period of time, in order to saturate the soil.
d) The water needed for irrigation is equal to twice the volume of the plant's stem.
e) The water needed for irrigation is the amount of water required by the crop, in
a determined period of time, so as not to limit its growth and production, in the
local climatic conditions.

The center pivot irrigation system is classified as a mobile irrigation system.

provided with mechanical movement. In this system, the application rate varies according to the
sprinklers and the speed of movement of the lateral line of the pivot. The sprinklers used in
central pivots can be classified into four most common types: TYPE A - the sprinklers of
variable size; TYPE 8- medium size sprinklers; TYPE C- Diffusers and TYPE D- emitters
of localized application. Analyze the statements about the types of sprinklers.

I. In Type A (variable size sprinklers), the size of the sprinklers increases as

approaches the center of the pivot, with the greatest width at the end of the pivot.
wet strip.

II. In type 8 (medium-sized sprinklers), there is no variation in the size of the sprinklers, in
Meanwhile, the diameter of the nozzle increases and the distance between sprinklers decreases as it moves away.
from the center of the pivot.
In type C (diffusers), the diameter of the diffuser nozzle increases as it moves away from the center.
From the central pivot, however, the width of the wet strip remains practically constant.

IV. Type D (localized application emitters) generally exhibit high potential for
surface runoff due to the high application intensities caused by means of the
concentration of the jet in a small area and shorter application times. Considering the
Based on the above statements, we can affirm that:

a) Only statements II, III, and IV are true

b) Only statements I, III, and IV are true
c) Only statements II and III are true
d) Only statements II and IV are true
e) Statements I, II, III, and IV are true.

What systems make up the localized irrigation method?

a) Drip irrigation, furrow, center pivot, and self-propelled.

b) Drip irrigation, micro-sprinkling, and conventional in a mesh.
c) Drip irrigation, micro-sprinkling, and subsurface.
d) Conventional irrigation, micro-sprinkling, and center pivot.

Central pivot is a very commonly used irrigation system in agriculture, in which a circular area is
designed to accommodate a suspended structure. In the center of this area, there is a vertical pipeline.
that transmits water through a long horizontal pipe, supported by support towers, the
which rotate, around the wheels, around the pivot center, also called the base, according to
show the figures.

Each tower moves at a constant speed.

A pivot of three towers (T1, T2e T3) will be installed on a farm, with the distances between
consecutive towers as well as from the base to tower T1are equal to 50 m. The farmer intends to adjust
the speeds of the towers, so that the pivot makes a complete turn in 25 hours. Use 3
as an approximation for π.

To achieve its goal, the speeds of the towers T1, T2e T3must be, in meters per hour, of

12, 24 and 36
b) 6, 12 and 18
c) 2, 4 and 6
300, 1200 and 2700
e) 600, 2400 e 5400

27) Drip irrigation encompasses the irrigation systems in which water is applied to
alone, directly on the root zone, in small intensities. About the irrigation method
it is correct to state:

a) Furrow irrigation is a localized irrigation system.

b) The emitter of the drip irrigation system applies flow rates that range from 20 to 150L/h.
c) Micro-sprinkler irrigation is a localized irrigation system.
d) Sprinkler irrigation is a localized irrigation system.
e) The emitters of the drip irrigation system operate at pressures that range from
30 to 40 mca.

28) Production system through which high productivity per hectare and an increase in
capability of cab/ha, keeping cattle on pasture (organic) with high weight gain. The
The technology used for this system is based on the installation of electric fencing and fertilization.
grass constant and irrigation during the dry season. We are talking about the system:

Agroecological.
b) Extensive.
c) Intensive.
d) Semi-intensive.
e) Conventional.

Localized irrigation for fruit and vegetable crops is widely used due to its greater
efficiency in water use and the application of water being directly on the root system.
Meanwhile, the clogging of the emitters is one of the main problems encountered in this method.
of irrigation, which requires the use of filtering systems in order to retain solid particles. About the
filtering system, analyze the sentences below and mark the INCORRECT alternative.

a) The screen and disc filters perform the same function, which is the filtration of particles that
they were not retained in the sand filter.
b) The capacity of the sand filter depends on the diameter of its pores, being used mainly
in the retention of coarser particles.
c) Sand filters are made up of layers of sand with different diameters responsible
through the filtration of dissolved salts in irrigation water.
d) Disk filters are typically more efficient compared to screen filters, besides
they present greater ease of cleaning.
e) Sand filters, when used, should be the first type of filter, followed by
screen or disc filters.

The sizing of the main line of an irrigation system is generally sized

using the average water velocity criterion. Considering a situation where the flow rate is
From 11.77 Use an average speed of 1.5 m/s, calculate the diameter and choose from the options.
below the commercial diameter of the piping to be adopted.

150 mm
b) 50 mm
c) 75 mm
125 mm
e) 100 mm
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