What is meant by water footprint?

Water footprint is the way to measure our direct or indirect use of water. All human activities
They use water, for example: drinking, cooking, washing, but also producing food, paper, clothing, etc. For
For example: 1500 liters of water are needed to produce 1 kg of wheat, but 10 times more water is used to
produce 1kg of meat.

2. What are the denominations for the different qualities of water?

Saying that water is contaminated or not is a somewhat relative concept, as it does not
it is possible to make an absolute classification of the 'quality' of water. The determination of the state of quality
the water is referred to the intended use for it.
 Water quality for agricultural use
 Water quality for aesthetic use
 Water Quality for Livestock Use
 Water quality for recreational use: allocation of the resource for recreational use.
 Water quality for drinking use: allocation of the resource for human and domestic consumption.
 Quality of the water served when returned to the course

3. What causes or activities lead to water pollution?

Water pollution is the degree of impurity that can cause adverse effects on health.
a representative number of people over foreseeable periods of time. Water is considered
it is contaminated, when it loses its potability for daily consumption or for its use in activities
domestic, industrial or agricultural.
Causes
Pathogenic agents: Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasites that enter the water from
organic waste.
Waste that requires oxygen: organic waste can be decomposed by bacteria that
they use oxygen to biodegrade them. If there are large populations of these bacteria, they can deplete the
oxygen from the water, thus killing aquatic life forms.
Inorganic chemical substances: acids, compounds of toxic metals (mercury, lead),
they poison the water.
Plant nutrients can cause excessive growth of aquatic plants that later
they die and decompose, exhausting the oxygen in the water and thereby causing the death of the
marine species (dead zone)
 Organic chemical substances: oil, plastics, pesticides, detergents that threaten life.
Sediments or suspended matter: insoluble soil particles that cloud the water, and that
they are the main source of pollution.
Radioactive substances that can cause birth defects and cancer.
Warmth: inflows of warm water that decrease oxygen content and affect organisms.
very vulnerable aquatic species.
Water pollutants, whether introduced through domestic, industrial, or agricultural means, can produce,
In general, numerous types of effects that will need to be studied depending on the use that one intends to give to the
water.

4. What are the stages or phases of urban wastewater treatment?

Urban wastewater is referred to as all discharges that occur within urban areas.
urbanized populations, as a direct consequence of the activities carried out by the inhabitants of these
populations.
The facilities for the treatment of urban wastewater consist of three elements
main:
Collection and transportation of wastewater to the treatment plant. It goes from where it
wastewater is generated up to the treatment plant or purification station, this is done at
through a complex network of pipes (sewer, collectors).
Depending on the topography, the waters will flow by gravity or it will be necessary to resort to it.
pumping. Normally the collection systems are unitary, that is to say, the sanitation network
it collects both wastewater and rainwater.
in order to ensure that no more flow than projected reaches the treatment plant, in the
collectors are installed spillways, which allow to divert excess flow; and to be able to
deriving them before their entry to the treatment plant, in case of operational problems, it
install a general bypass upon the arrival of discharges.
Proper treatment of wastewater. It consists of a set of physical operations,
biological and chemical, which aim to eliminate as many contaminants as possible before their
treatment. In conventional wastewater treatment plants, two lines of
treatment: water line and mud line.
Evacuation of the products resulting from the treatment: purified effluents and sludges.

What is a wastewater treatment plant?

It is a Wastewater Treatment Plant whose goal is to improve its quality to comply with the
quality standards of the receiving body or the reuse standards for their final disposal or their
exploitation.

6. What are the lines of work of a WWTP? Draw a diagram of both.

Water line: includes the processes or treatments that reduce the contaminants present.
in wastewater; pre-treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, treatment
tertiary.
Pre-treatment: removal of coarse objects, sands, and fats. The basic operations are:
roughing, sieving, de-sanding, and degreasing.
Primary treatment: removal of settleable and floating materials. The basic operations
primary decantation, physicochemical treatments (coagulation-flocculation)
removal of dissolved or colloidal organic matter. Basic processes:
bacterial degradation, secondary decantation.
Tertiary treatment: removal of suspended solids, residual organic matter,
nutrients and pathogens. Basic processes: flocculation, filtration, removal of N and P,
disinfection.
Sludge line: it processes most of the byproducts that originate in the water line.
The treatment of wastewater leads to the production of byproducts known as
sludges or muds.
 Primary sludge: solids settled during primary treatment.
Secondary or biological sludge: solids settled in the clarifier after the passage of the waters
by the biological reactor.
Sludge line treatment:
. Thickening: increasing the concentration of solids. The basic operations are:
Thickened by gravity, thickened by flotation and centrifugation.
. Stabilization: reduce the biodegradable fraction of the sludge. The basic processes are:
aerobic stabilization, anaerobic stabilization, chemical stabilization.
. Conditioning: improving the characteristics of the sludge to facilitate its dehydration.
The basic processes are: addition of flocculants.
. Dehydration: reduce the water content. Basic operations: mechanical drying,
thermal drying, drying areas.

Water line

Sludge line

7. What types of wastewater treatment plants exist?

Biological treatment systems: the objectives of biological treatment are three: to reduce the
organic matter content of water, reduce its nutrient content, eliminate pathogens
 and parasites. These objectives are achieved through aerobic and anaerobic processes, in which the
Organic matter is metabolized by different bacterial strains.
Active sludge ponds: treatment is provided through air diffusion.
mechanics inside tanks. During the treatment, microorganisms form flocs that,
Subsequently, they are allowed to settle in a tank, called a clarification tank. The system
basic includes, therefore, an aeration tank and a clarification tank through which it is passed
the sludge several times.
Anaerobic treatment: consists of a series of microbiological processes, within a container
hermetic, aimed at the digestion of organic matter with methane production. It is a process in
that can involve different types of microorganisms but is primarily directed at
by bacteria. It presents a series of advantages over aerobic digestion: it generally requires
less costly facilities, there is no need to supply oxygen so the process is more
cheap and the energy requirement is lower.
Artificial wetlands: this system consists of the controlled reproduction of conditions
existing in shallow lagoon systems or lentic waters which, in nature, perform the
water purification. This purification involves a mixture of aerobic bacterial processes.
anaerobes that occur in the environment of the roots of hydrophilic plants, which at the same time
they provide oxygen, consume the elements supplied by bacterial metabolism and transform them into
foliage.

8. What is physical-chemical treatment and what are its stages?

This treatment basically consists of two stages: coagulation and flocculation. The first consists of
to get the colloidal and suspended materials present in the water to form clots, through
polarity changes. During the flocculation phase, these clots agglomerate forming flocs, which
that allows for its easy separation from treated water. In the physical-chemical treatment of wastewater
Industrial processes separate non-dissolved contaminant components in water without altering, in principle, the
dissolved components. At least this is the commonly accepted concept in technology.
wastewater treatment. When the addition of chemical reagents (coagulants, flocculants,
pH neutralizers) the chemical structure is modified and precipitation of components occurs that
they were dissolved in the water.

9. What are the biological treatments in wastewater purification?

They are the secondary treatments also known as biological treatments:
Bacterial beds: biological wastewater treatment system in which oxidation is
is produced by making air and wastewater circulate through a porous medium. The circulation of air is
It is carried out naturally or artificially, generally against the current of the water.
Active Sludges: the active sludge process consists of a biological reactor followed by a
decanter. The reactor, which is where the microorganisms and the flocs are kept in suspension,
It serves to enable them to carry out their metabolic action, achieving the flocculation of the particles in
suspension. Once the appropriate flocculation is achieved, the water with the floccules passes to the decanter
secondary, where a solid-liquid separation is performed.
Rotating biological contactors: wastewater treatment systems consisting of a
inert medium support that is sequentially exposed alternately to water and to
air. It is necessary to differentiate between bio discs and bio cylinders. Externally, they are practically the same, but
its operation is different. The first of them, the intermediate support, consists of parallel circular disks,
while the seconds are perforated cylinders filled with loose and disordered elements.
Rotating biological reactor: biological purification system based on the oxidation process of the
organic matter by microorganisms, which during the aeration phase are in a state of
suspension in the wastewater contained in the reactor. An SBR allows for processes to be carried out in a single tank
all phases of the process functioning as a batch flow reactor in which they are timed
each of the stages.
10. What is meant by Eutrophication?
Eutrophication is the process of excessive growth of algae and aquatic weeds in the waters.
provoked by phosphates and other pollutants discharged into the waters. The main manifestations of
This phenomenon includes, additionally, the green-gray coloration of the water, the production of unpleasant odors.
and the decrease in dissolved oxygen concentrations.

11. What uses can be given to the sludge from wastewater treatment?
The residues of organic materials from the collection of separately sourced urban waste,
as well as from the industry, wastewater and sludge from treatment plants are intended to be used in the
agriculture as it is considered to be the most suitable destination for this type of materials from the point
from an environmental and economic perspective

12. What is the use of water once treated according to Peruvian regulations?
Reuse treated wastewater for irrigating urban green areas and for
agriculture, in order to save potable water currently for irrigation and protect natural sources.
Primary needs and supply of populations
2) Breeding and exploitation of animals
3) Agriculture
4) Energy, industrial and mining uses
5) Other uses.

13. What are the maximum permissible limits of effluents according to Peruvian regulations once treated?
the water?
Discharge limits to a freshwater body
14. What methods are used for the disinfection of wastewater?
Chemical agents
 Among the chemical agents that can be used are:
 Chlorine and its compounds
 Bromine and bromide
 Iodine
 Ozone
Physical agents
i) Heat: It is not a feasible medium due to its high application cost for large quantities of
A.R.. On the other hand, it is used for the pasteurization of sludge.
ii) Solar Light: Solar light is a good disinfectant, especially the radiation can be used.
ultraviolet.
iii) UV radiation: They have a sterilizing effect. They are produced with special vapor lamps.
mercury. They have very little penetration and, in the case of the A.R., the lethal action can only be exercised at
through a few millimeters, due to Suspended Solids (SS) and turbidity. Its use was
limited to water of the highest quality, both potable and tertiary wastewater,
Although since the 1980s its scope of action has expanded to include secondary effluents from wastewater treatment plants.

Mechanical means
 Bacteria can also be removed by mechanical means during wastewater treatment.
 Radiation
 Within electromagnetic radiation, rays have been used for their penetrating power.
gamma for disinfecting (sterilizing) the R.A.

15. What levels of oxygen does a healthy river have?

Dissolved oxygen: A healthy river exceeds 8 mg per liter.

16. What is Biogas and what is its process temperature?

Biogas is a mixture of gases whose main components are methane and carbon dioxide.
What is produced as a result of the fermentation of organic matter in the absence of air, by the
action of a group of microorganisms.
The process takes place over a wide range of temperatures, from 15 to 60 degrees Celsius.
embargo, for methane-forming bacteria to work optimally, it is necessary to maintain them
at temperatures that range between 30 and 60 degrees Celsius, depending on the type of bacteria that
adapt and develop.

17. What is a biological rector or digester?

A digester is, in its simplest form, a closed, airtight, and waterproof container.
reactor), inside of which the organic material to be fermented (animal manure and
humans, plant waste in a certain dilution of water so that through fermentation
anaerobic produces gasmethaneyfertilizersorganic materials rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and also,
reduce the contaminating potential of excrement.
One of the most important characteristics of biodigestion is that it reduces the polluting potential.
from animal and human waste, reducing the Chemical Oxygen DemandDQOand the
Biological Oxygen DemandDBOup to 90% (depending on design conditions and
operation)

18. What are the most common microorganisms in AR?

Fecal coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, protozoa, helminths, bacteria, viruses.
19. What are the retention times in stabilization ponds?
Anaerobic lagoons. - 1 to 5 days
Aerobic lagoons or aerated lagoons .- 2 to 7 days
Optional lagoons - 7 and 20 days.
20. What are the retention times in a wastewater treatment plant with an activated sludge system?
a. Activated sludge of complete mixing.- 3 to 5 hours
b. Prolonged aeration sludge.- 18-36 hours

21. How do you remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus?

BIOLOGICAL ELIMINATION OF NITROGEN. NITRIFICATION-DENITRIFICATION PROCESS
Of the possible methods for nitrogen removal, biological nitrification and denitrification is usually
the most suitable for the following reasons:
High removal performance
2. High stability and reliability of the process
Relative ease of process control
4. Reduced space requirements
Moderate cost

Biological Nitrification
There are two genera of bacteria responsible for nitrification, Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. The Nitrosomonas
ammonia is oxidized to nitrite and Nitrobacter transform nitrite into nitrate.
Nitrifying bacteria are strict aerobic organisms, so their growth stops in the
anoxic and anaerobic reactors. The growth rate of nitrosomonas is lower than that of the
nitrobacter, that is to say, this will be the limiting factor, thus providing a concentration of nitrites always.
very low.
Biological Denitrification
The removal of nitrogen in the form of nitrate by conversion to nitrogen gas can be achieved
biologically under anoxic conditions (absence of dissolved oxygen but with nitrates and/or nitrites). It can
define heterotrophic denitrification as a microbial respiratory process that supplies to the
Microorganisms need energy for their growth. The nitrogen obtained is an inert gas.
that, unlike the other nitrogen compounds, cannot be used for growth
biological.

22. What treatment is given to biosolids?

Anaerobic digestion
Used in the treatment of almost all biosolids, it produces methane which is used as a source of
energy for the operations of the treatment plant. Excess energy can be sold to the grid.
electricity.
Biosolids can be used as an alternative fuel instead of coal in industrial processes.
such as the cement industry.
Biosolids can produce energy directly through thermal combustion technologies.

23. What benefits do we have from treating wastewater from an environmental perspective?
Benefits:
1. Reduction of pollutant discharge: Environmental respect
2. Maintenance of the ecological flow
3. Energy production through cogeneration
4. Agricultural Exploitations
5. New alternatives

What is understood by lagunaje?

It is an efficient procedure for purifying wastewater. The treatment of wastewater from
household and industrial origin is one of the main problems that arises, derived from
mainly from large urban concentrations. The treatment system by lagoons, this
based on various types of lagoons connected in series, in parallel, or in a combination of both, it is
In some Spanish-speaking areas it is known as lagunaje, in other areas they are called balsas.
 The lagooning, understood as the arrangement of wastewater in natural depressions or
specifically built for this purpose, it is an efficient procedure for purifying wastewater.
The treatment of lagoons provides the necessary establishment and fosters biological improvement of
storage in puddles or artificial lagoons. It is an imitation of the self-purification processes
that subjects a river or a lake to wastewater naturally. These lagoons can be anaerobic,
generally associated with primary treatment; aerobes, associated with secondary treatment, and
tertiary.
The lagooning system is cheap and easy to maintain but has the drawbacks of requiring a large
amount of space and being somewhat incapable of purifying the waters of large cores.

25. What are wetlands?

WETLANDS. Known as wetlands or swamps, they are natural water treatment systems in the
the sense that purification is achieved through the existing vegetation. An advanced variant of them
they are the microbiological filters of rock and plants, which are the subject of a design that involves
dimensions, detention times, inclusion of waterproof membranes, type of plants (bulrush, reed,
cattails, among others) and separation between them, which allows for predicting removal efficiencies. They are
characteristics of geographical areas with high water availability.

Biological Treatment System that mimics the functioning of natural wetlands using the
capacity of these to remove organic matter. It is a low-cost in-situ application technology
for operation and maintenance. It is designed to function by differences in levels and gravity for savings
of energy. It does not require chemical inputs, making it a type of passive technology.
Applications:
. Agricultural: Wine production, dairies, food industry, slaughterhouses, poultry
. Mining: Clear Waters, Acid Mine Drainage
. Sanitary: sewage, activated sludge

26. What treatments are applicable to small communities?

Pre-treatment:
Roughing bars.
Roughing bars.
Static sieve

TREATMENT:
Primary Treatment:
PrimaryDecanter
Secondary Treatment:
GreenFilter
ArtificialFlowWetland
Anaerobic Lagoons.
Facultative and Maturation Lagoons
Tertiary Treatment:
Sand Filters
27. What are the criteria for the design of WWTPs?
a. The fundamental requirement before proceeding to the preliminary or final design of a plant
wastewater treatment involves having conducted a study of the receiving body. The study of the
The receiving body must take into account the most unfavorable conditions. The degree of treatment is
It will be determined according to the quality standards of the receiving body.
b. In the case of utilizing effluents from wastewater treatment plants, the degree of
treatment will be determined in accordance with the quality requirements for each type of
utilization according to the standard.
c. Once the required level of treatment is determined, the design must be carried out in accordance with the
next stages:
Feasibility study, which has the following components:
 Characterization of domestic and industrial wastewater;
 Basic information (geological, geotechnical, hydrological, and topographical);
 Determination of current and future flows;
 Current and future per capita contributions;
 Selection of the treatment processes;
 Pre-dimensioning of treatment alternatives;
 Environmental impact assessment and vulnerability to disasters;
 Technical-economic feasibility of the alternatives and selection of the most favorable one.
Final design of the plant that includes
 additional characterization studies that are required;
 Detailed geological, geotechnical, and topographic studies;
 Studies of treatability of wastewater, using plants
 Laboratory or pilot scale, when the case warrants it;
 Sizing of the treatment processes of the plant;
 Sanitary hydraulic design;
 Structural, mechanical, electrical, and architectural design;
 Plans and technical memory of the project;
 Reference budget and price adjustment formula;
 Technical specifications for construction and
 Operation and Maintenance Manual.

d. Depending on the size and importance of the facility to be designed, the two may be combined.
design stages mentioned, with prior authorization from the competent authority.
Every treatment plant must have a perimeter fence and security measures.
f. According to the size and importance of the treatment system, infrastructure should be considered.
complementary: guardhouses, warehouse, laboratory, operator's housing, and others
installations specified by the competent authority. These installations will be mandatory for those
treatment systems designed for a population equal to or greater than 25,000 inhabitants and others of
smaller size that the competent authority deems significant.

28. What is BOD and COD?

The B.O.D. (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) represents the amount of oxygen consumed by the
aerobic microorganisms to ensure decomposition under well-specified conditions
of the organic substances contained in the water (wastewater) to be analyzed. The C.O.D. (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
Oxygen) is the amount of oxygen expressed in mg/l. consumed by the oxidizable materials in the
testing conditions, contained in 1 liter of water.
DQO (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is the amount of oxygen required to oxidize the matter.
organic and inorganic in the sample with a strong chemical oxidizer.
DBO is a parameter that measures the amount of matter susceptible to being consumed orrustyfor
biological media contained in a liquid sample.
29. How is wastewater treatment managed in Peru?
In Peru, at the end of 2007, 63.6% of the total urban population had managed sewerage service.
by companies providing sanitation services (EPS); the rest was managed directly by the
municipalities or through specialized operators (OES) in small cities, water committees or
it simply does not offer such service.
In this context, the National Superintendency of Sanitation Services (SUNASS) performs two functions.
main:
1) The supervisory function, with which it evaluates the management of the EPS regarding the state of operations and
maintenance of wastewater treatment plants and dictates corrective action when detected
failure to comply with its technical, legal or contractual obligations, and
2) The regulatory function, with which it determines the tariff level that allows covering the needs of
investment in treatment infrastructure and the efficient costs for its operation and maintenance.

30. What is meant by a biodigester?

An organic waste digester or biodigester is, in its simplest form, a closed container,
hermetic and impermeable (called reactor), inside which the organic material to be fermented is deposited
(animal and human excrement, vegetable waste - citrus fruits are not included as they acidify -
etcetera) in a certain dilution of water so that through anaerobic fermentation it produces
gasmethaneyfertilizersorganic rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and in addition, it decreases the
potential contaminant of excrement.
This system can also include a loading and leveling chamber for the wastewater before the reactor, a
device for capturing and storing biogas and hydrogenation and post-treatment chambers (filter and
stones, seaweeds, drying, among others) at the reactor outlet.
Closed enclosure where anaerobic reactions occur in which organic matter is degraded
dissolved in an aqueous medium, resulting in methane and carbon dioxide, traces of hydrogen and
hydrogen sulfide.

31. Artificial lagoons and their environmental benefits?

Artificial lagoons, or Artificial wetland technology, is based on the use of prepared ponds or beds.
especially (as a great filter) to take advantage of the gray wastewater from showers
and laundries. In the wetland pool, the porous substrate will support the growth of plants. The water
It circulates in contact with their roots. As a result, the water comes out suitable for irrigation or for diversion.
to the river.

One of the basic pillars of this water regeneration system, based on artificial wetlands, is
their energy sustainability. These facilities themselves do not represent an energy cost, since
they take advantage of the resources that the natural environment itself offers to purify the pollutants from the water.
They do require a certain input of energy, since it must be taken into account, however, as explained.
Lluís Sala, who stated that 'in order to properly operate these facilities, an effluent must be applied.'
nitrified, which leads to a certain increase in energy consumption in the treatment plant." However, the
The researcher himself points out that it is 'a well-utilized energy, as it is about purifying
and to regenerate clean waters that can be returned to nature without impact.

32. What are the industrial water treatment processes?

The treatment of wastewater from industrial sources includes the mechanism and process used for treatment.
wastewater that has been contaminated by some means due to activities of
industrial or commercial anthropogenic origin and then released into the environment or reused.
Many industries produce some wet waste, recently in the developed world the industries
they try to minimize their production or recycle these waste after their production. However, many
industries continue to produce wastewater.
In cases where the reuse of water used in production processes is not possible, it is
It is important to adjust the effluent to the discharge limits contemplated by current legislation.
The main techniques for wastewater treatment in different sectors of industrial activity:
Physical-Chemical Treatment:
The physicochemical purification consists of the removal of contaminants contained in wastewater.
by the combination of chemical methods (addition of chemicals to achieve precipitation and the
appropriate volume and weight of the sludges) and physical methods (decanter and flotation).
Biological Treatment of wastewater:
There are various membrane biological reactors on the market. (MBR type, moving bed MBBR and
sequential SBR).
An environmental engineering company has recently patented a model called BIOCARB.
It deals with a fixed bed reactor whose filling material is granulated lignite coal, developed for
treating wastewater with difficult-to-degrade contaminants and color. The immobilization of biomass in the
the surface of lignite coal allows for a single-step biological and physicochemical treatment of
wastewater.
Through processes carried out in anaerobic reactors, such as UASB or ECSB, it is possible to degrade large
quantities of organic matter at a relatively low cost and taking advantage of the process for generation
of energy.
 Pre-treatments and primary treatments: screening, neutralization, coagulation-flocculation,
sedimentation, filtration, flocculation, desanding, and deoiling. They aim to eliminate
suspended solids, colloids, heavy metals, and oils and fats.
 Secondary treatments: activated sludge, percolating filters, lagooning, etc. Organic matter is removed.
biodegradable.
 Tertiary treatments: oxidation processes (destruction or transformation of organic matter and
oxidizable inorganic compounds) and reduction.
 Chemical precipitation processes: removal of metals and inorganic anions.
 Air or steam stripping: removal of volatile compounds. These three processes also
They can sometimes be primary treatments.
Membrane processes (reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, electrodialysis,...) and ion exchange:
removal of dissolved species and colloids if applicable.
Adsorption processes with activated carbon.
 Removal of organic compounds.
Incineration processes. Elimination of organic compounds.
Electrochemical processes: Electrolysis and electrodialysis. Elimination or transformation of species
dissolved.
33. What kind of treatment do the wastewater from the city of Chiclayo receive?
PAMPA DE PERROS LAGOONS
These units deal with the drains that are drained by the North North Emisor of the city of Chiclayo.
consists of a set of eight stabilization lagoons grouped in two batteries, located in the
kilometer 5 of the Chiclayo San José highway, for a treatment capacity of 17,000 cubic meters
per day corresponding to 196.7 liters per second.
The complex consists of the following stages: a bar rack chamber and two batteries of four ponds each.
Each battery consists of two optional primary lagoons in parallel, one secondary lagoon.
optional and a tertiary maturation lagoon.
The treatment consists of three stages: physical treatment, gravity treatment, and biological treatment; the latter includes
different processes that take place in the units: elective and maturation.
The outgoing effluent has physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics that ensure its use in
irrigation of tall stem crops.
SAN JOSÉ LAGOONS
The land of the Stabilization Lagoons of San José is located at Km. 6 of the highway.
Chiclayo-San José, 500 meters from Ciudad de Dios, is conceived as a compact unit for the
treatment of the wastewater drained by the North, South North collectors of the city of Chiclayo
for a capacity of 76,850 cubic meters per day, corresponding to 890 liters per second.
The facility includes: pre-treatment with bar screen chamber, Parshall flow measurement system,
in addition to three series of lagoon batteries consisting of two primary anaerobic lagoons and two lagoons
optional secondary.
The effluent discharge displays physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics that ensure its use in
irrigation of high stature crops.

What is understood by ozonation and reverse osmosis in advanced wastewater treatment?

Ozonization: After chlorination, it is the most frequently used disinfection method.
widely used in the treatment of water, both drinking and wastewater. In the treatment
from wastewater, ozone is used in disinfection (reuse), oxidation of compounds
inorganics (removal of toxic substances such as cyanide), oxidation of organic compounds and the
removal of particles. It allows for the removal of both organic and inorganic compounds,
reducing BOD, odor, color, taste, and turbidity of water, as well as refractory compounds
(toxic substances and pharmaceutical compounds).
Reverse Osmosis: Please note that in reverse osmosis through the semipermeable membrane
It only moves water. That is, water from the area of high concentration passes to the area of low concentration.
For the removal of pollutants in solution primarily aimed at water savings. If one
It has water with contaminant 'X' whose molecules have a size of 'Y'.micrasbeing "Y" greater
that the size of the water molecule. If a semipermeable membrane is sought that allows to pass
molecules the size of water but not of "Y", when pressure is applied (reverse osmosis) it will be obtained
water without contaminants.
The use of reverse osmosis in effluent treatment pursues one of the three objectives.
following:
Concentrate the pollution in a small volume.
Recover high economic value products.
To recycle water.
Reverse osmosis does not destroy pollution but at most allows it to be concentrated in a
small volume.

35. What is chlorination and UV for, how is it applied?

Chlorination: It is the most widely used disinfection method in water purification processes.
of water and wastewater treatment. The most economical way to chlorinate water is by using
chlorine gas as a germicide.
The way to dose gaseous chlorine is through a control diaphragm that injects it in the form of
regulates the gas that evaporates from the tank. A high-pressure pump pumps water through a pipe
 that has a venturi creates a vacuum that sucks the chlorine gas that evaporates from the tank, mixing it
with the water that is going to be disinfected.

Ultraviolet Rays: They have a sterilizing effect. They are produced with special vapor lamps.
mercury. UV disinfection is a physical process that neutralizes microorganisms instantly.
when these pass through the ultraviolet lamps submerged in the effluent. The process does not add
nothing in the water except UV light and therefore has no impact on the chemical composition or on the
dissolved oxygen content in water.

36. What are the parameters to control in the design of a wastewater treatment plant?
Parameters to control:
Volumetric Load
Depth
Retention Time and Efficiencies
Solid Accumulation

37. What is septic water?

It is wastewater undergoing anaerobic decomposition.

38. What is an Inhoff tank?

The IMHOFF tank is a primary treatment unit whose purpose is to separate solids.
sedimentable materials, coarse materials, sands, and fats present in the water. It also achieves
to reduce a significant part of the accumulated organic substances through anaerobic digestion.
For communities of less than 5000 inhabitants. Advantage. They integrate the sedimentation of the water and the
digestion of the sludge in the same unit. (vs. Septic tank, lagoons).

39. What is understood by the process of oxidation?

Biological oxidation is the mechanism by which microorganisms degrade organic matter.
wastewater contaminant. In this way, these microorganisms feed on that organic matter.
in the presence of oxygen and nutrients, according to the following reaction:
Organic matter + Microorganisms + Nutrients + O2 =>
Final Products + New microorganisms + Energy
For the above to occur, two types of fundamental reactions are necessary.
totally coupled: of synthesis or assimilation and of endogenous respiration or oxidation.

40. What is understood by ion exchange and adsorption with activated carbon?
Adsorption with activated carbon
Adsorption is a process where a solid is used to remove a soluble substance from water. In this
active carbon process is the solid. Activated carbon is produced specifically to achieve a
very large internal surface (between 500 - 1500 m2This large internal surface makes the coal
it has an ideal adsorption. Activated carbon comes in two variations: Powdered activated carbon (PAC) and
granular activated carbon (GAC). The GAC version is mainly used in water treatment, it can
fix the following soluble substances by adsorption
Adsorption of non-polar substances such as:
oMineral oil
oBTEX
oPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
oPhenol Chloride
Adsorption of halogenated substances: I, Br, Cl, H and F
Smell
Taste
Yeasts
Various fermentation products
Non-polar substances (substances that are not soluble in water)
 Ion exchange
It is an exchange ofionsbetween twoelectrolytesor between a solution of electrolytes and [Link] the
In most cases, the term is used to refer to purification, separation, and processes.
decontamination of solutions containing said ions, using polymeric solids for this purpose
minerals inside devices calledion exchangers.
ION EXCHANGE.- It is an operation in which a material, commonly referred to as
ion exchange resins, which are capable of selectively retaining ions on their surface
dissolved in water, it temporarily keeps them united to the surface, and gives way to a solution
with a strong regenerating effect.
The usual application of these systems is, for example, the removal of salts when they are found in
low concentrations, being typical for the application of demineralization and softening of water,
as well as the retention of certain chemicals and the demineralization of sugar syrups.
ADSORPTION WITH ACTIVATED CARBON.- Adsorption is a process where a solid is used to remove a
water-soluble substance. In this process, activated carbon is the solid. Activated carbon is produced
specifically to achieve a very large internal surface area (between 500 - 1500 m2/g). This surface
The large internal surface area makes the carbon have an ideal adsorption. Activated carbon comes in two variations:
Powdered activated carbon (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC). The GAC version is primarily used
in water treatment.
The need for higher water quality is making this treatment popular.
considered as a refining treatment, and therefore at the end of the most treatment systems
usual, especially following a biological treatment.

41. What is the issue of wastewater reuse in Peru?

Use of untreated wastewater for agricultural purposes that puts health at risk
populations.
Lack of regulations to establish quality limits for treated wastewater of the
population and productive activities that are intended for agricultural use.
Deficiencies in wastewater treatment systems.
The control actions to monitor compliance with the commitments established in the
Environmental Instruments approved by the Sectors.
Weakness in the institutions of the Executive Power to carry out oversight, control, and inspection
harmonized compliance with the environmental and health commitments of the activities
productive.
Environmental Management Instruments that need to be strengthened with criteria and methodologies of
regulated assessment for the reuse of wastewater for agricultural purposes.
The universe of wastewater generation from population activities is not available and
productive, characterized by their activity, final disposition, and needs to be reused.
Technological advances are not incorporated to the necessary extent, in line with global advancements.
There is no national assessment of its actual volume and the need to compensate for the usage deficit.
surface waters.

42. What is an underwater emitter, what is its function?

It is a dilution treatment system that leads the wastewater offshore to a certain
depth and distance from the coast, in such a way that the organic load does not cause sanitary damage and/or
ecological to marine and terrestrial ecosystems nor to the surrounding coastal populations.

43. What are the design methods for stabilization lagoons?

DESIGN OF ANAEROBIC LAGOONS
The design of anaerobic lagoons is carried out through empirical procedures. The parameters of
The design of more employees includes volumetric load and hydraulic retention time, as the processes
that take place in them are independent of surface phenomena.
 Nevertheless, there are different methods based on the surface load required to maintain a lagoon in
anaerobic conditions
DESIGN OF FACULTATIVE LAGOONS.
The design methods for facultative lagoons can be classified as follows:
Empirical methods: They are simple mathematical relationships deduced from experimental observation.
in a stabilization lagoon, or in a group of them that work under similar conditions. They
they use a small group of these as design variables, primarily flow, time of
residence and applied load. The main design parameter is biochemical oxygen demand at the
5 days (DBO5), which is a measure of organic load.
Rational methods: They attempt to provide an explanation in kinetic terms of what
It occurs in the stabilization lagoons. They are typically based on the reduction of a single variable.
indicative of the organic load and are based on restrictive hypotheses.
Mathematical methods: They are actually a subcategory of the previous ones, but they present
very different characteristics regarding the hypotheses used.

44. What are the gases that are most frequently found in wastewater?
The gases most frequently found in raw wastewater are nitrogen (N2), the
oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and methane
(CH4).

45. What is understood by anaerobic and aerobic processes?

Anaerobic process.- It consists of a series of microbiological processes, within a container.
hermetic, aimed at the digestion of organic matter. The process is characterized by the conversion of the
organic matter into methane and CO2, in the absence of oxygen and with the interaction of different populations
Bacterial. The final products of anaerobic digestion are biogas.
Aerobic process.- are carried out by living microorganisms, whose metabolism takes place in the presence of
dissolved oxygen. The final products are mainly CO2 and H2O, with the release of energy, in
part employed in the formation of new microorganisms, of great importance in this process for the
synthesis reactions.

46. How would you briefly describe the purification process in stabilization ponds?
The purification process in stabilization ponds refers to those biological processes of one or
various communities of living microorganisms, commonly bacteria, in the presence or absence of oxygen
dissolved.
The objectives pursued by the biological treatment of wastewater are: coagulation and removal of
the dissolved and suspended non-sedimentable solids, mainly organic and the stabilization of the
organic matter.

47. What are percolating filters?

A percolation filter is a bed of gravel or a plastic medium on which black waters are sprayed.
pretreated. In this percolator filter system, microorganisms adhere to the medium of the bed and
they form a biological layer over it. As the wastewater percolates through the medium,
microorganisms digest and eliminate water pollutants.

48. What are the main pollutants to be removed from wastewater?

Contaminants in wastewater:
Suspended matter
Inorganic compounds
Nutrients
Organic matter
Toxic organic compounds
Pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, and parasites)
Thermal pollution from cooling water discharge
49. Factors for the choice of one method or another for wastewater treatment?
Waste generation: Effluents, sludge, others.
Quality of wastewater: suspended and dissolved solids, organic and inorganic matter, nutrients,
oils and fats, pathogenic microorganisms.
Other considerations: appropriate technology, availability of equipment and spare parts, requirements of
personal, energy, others.

50. What are the environmental benefits of treating wastewater?

Reduction of pollutant discharge into receiving bodies: environmental respect.
Maintenance of the ecological flow of rivers.
Energy production through cogeneration
Agricultural utilization
New alternatives
Prevent the spread of the disease,
 Minimizing the probability of waterborne disease transmission
 Protect drinking water supplies, beaches, recreational areas