Introduction.

There is no need to characterize what we call 'conscious'. It is the same as the awareness of
philosophers and everyday opinion. (Freud, 1940, p. 16)

Sigmund Freud was born in Freiberg, in the former Moravia (now Príbor, Czechoslovakia), on May 6.
from 1856. In 1886, Freud established himself as a private physician in Vienna, specializing in the
nervous disorders. He faced strong opposition from the Viennese medical community for his defense of the point of
Charcot's view on hysteria and the use of hypnosis, then considered as little approaches
Orthodox. In 1896, Freud first used the term 'psychoanalysis' to describe his methods.
currently being considered as the founder of psychoanalysis, whose objective is research
of the unconscious meanings of behavior. In 1897 he began his own self-analysis and in
In 1900 he had published 'The Interpretation of Dreams', considered his most important work.

Freud's work originates from the specialized disciplines of neurology and psychiatry. His work
they contradicted cultural, religious, social, and scientific taboos. Their writing style, their personality, and their
the desire to expand the boundaries of his work made him a target of criticism as his concepts about
the human condition clashed directly with the opinions of the time.

Freud did not intend to create a complete psychological theory, but he developed a system that
explained the psychology of man in its entirety. He began studying mental disorders and then
asked about their causes. He ended up formulating a general theory of psychic dynamism, of its evolution
through different periods of development and the impact of society, culture, and religion on the
personality, in addition to creating a way to treat mental disorders. He managed to formulate a
psychological theory that encompassed normal and abnormal personality, and that affected all fields
of knowledge: sociology, history, education, anthropology, and the arts.

Freud studied the mind through clinical exploration. In his clinical observations, Freud found
evidence of the mental mechanisms of repression and resistance, thus revolutionizing the
thought, life, and the imagination of an era.

Freud's main contribution was the creation of a radically new approach to the
understanding of human personality, by demonstrating the existence and power of the unconscious.

Next, in this report, we will address Freud's proposals and his concepts.

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 Objectives.

Understand the theories, concepts, and therapies proposed by Freud.

Analyze and understand how the psychological processes occurring in the unconscious influence behavior.
human.

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Psychoanalysis.

Freud's intention from his earliest writings was to try to better understand those aspects of
the mental life that was dark and seemingly unreachable. Psychoanalysis refers to the theory and
therapy. "The term psychoanalysis is the name of a procedure for the investigation of the
mental processes, which would otherwise be almost inaccessible, of a method (based on that
Research for the treatment of nervous disorders and a compilation of information
psychological, obtained through those lines, that gradually accumulates in a new
scientific discipline" (Freud, 1923, p 243.)
The goal of psychoanalysis is to free unconscious material so that it can be processed.
consciously.
Psychoanalysis indicates that it is possible, but difficult to reach an agreement on the repeated demands of the id.
If the subject is released from the inhibitions of the unconscious, the ego establishes new levels of
satisfaction of all areas of operation

Psychoanalytic theory.
Theory devised by Sigmund Freud, it is also a therapeutic method. It explains normality and
abnormality and how to cure the latter.
It focuses on the desires, feelings, and fears of the subject, in their emotional development (whose goal is the
emotional maturity). According to Freud, the subject is passive and is confronted with biological forces.
(instinctive energy) and the social forces (social experiences) over which one has little control.

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Key concepts.

Psychic determinism.
Freud claimed that there is no discontinuity in mental life. "Nothing happens by chance, not even in the...
there is a cause for every thought, lived memory, feeling or
action. Each mental event is caused by a conscious or unconscious intention and determined by the
events that have preceded it.

Conscious, preconscious, unconscious.

Although Freud was interested in the mechanisms of consciousness, he was more interested in those areas
less explored that I call preconscious and unconscious.

Conscious: It is a small part of the psyche. Boundary between the internal and external. It includes everything that
which we realize at any given moment.

Preconscious: Part of the unconscious that has the ability to become conscious, it partially contains
elements coming from the unconscious in the transition to the conscious and also from the conscious towards the
unconscious. It contains necessary memories to carry out conscious processes, impressions of the
external world, rooted as phonetic or verbal representations.

Unconscious: A psychic instance where elements such as: memories, desires, dreams, etc. reside. That do not
they are in consciousness or that it does not have access to these elements that in some way
they influence the life of the subject. These contents are manifested in the behavior of the subject as they are the
main determinants of personality, source of psychic energy and of impulses or instincts.
The contents in this structure are repressed material that prevents its passage to consciousness.
It is timeless, predominates and is governed by the pleasure principle, presenting a symbolic language.

Instincts.
They are the pressures that direct an organism towards specific purposes. They are the ultimate cause of everything.
activity.
All instincts have four components: a source, a goal, an impetus, and an object.
Source: a place where the need arises can be a part of the body or the whole body (place where
the excitement appears)
Meta: reduce the need until no further action is required; it grants the organism the satisfaction that
desire (condition to satisfy and cancel the excitement)
Impetus: amount of energy, force or pressure, used to satisfy the impulse, depending on the
force of necessity.
Object: is anything, action, or expression that provides satisfaction of the original goal.
Basic instincts: Freud described basic instincts as two opposing forces: the life drive
(the sexual) and the death drive (or aggressive).

Sexuality.
Vital energy that produces pleasure.

Libido.
It is the energy of sexual drives, the affection that is linked to a certain drive.
Productive and vital energy of every human being.

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Catexia.
Downloads of psychic energy where the subject can direct their pulsional energy towards an object or a
representation and impregnate it, load it or cover it on its part. Based on the experience of
Categorization, the loaded object is no longer indifferent to the subject.

Structure of personality.
Composed of three different mental systems or structures that are:
Id or Ego: the original basic and most dominant structure of personality. It is chaotic, irrational, contains
unconscious desires, instincts, libido. It is governed by the pleasure principle. It is the reservoir of energy for
the entire personality.
Ego: part of the psychic mechanism that has contact with external reality. It channels the desires of the
in socially accepted ways. It is governed by the principle of reality.
Superego: it is a structure imposed from the outside. It is the normative system, coming from a
figure of authority (parental references).

Psychosexual stages of development.

The first experiences are of paramount importance in the development of personality. Children
they go through different psychosexual stages according to the areas of the body where the concentration is.
libido. In each stage of development, a zone predominates and pleasure is sought through activities and
objects. In each of these stages, there are conflicts that need to be resolved, these arise both from
excess satisfaction as a result of frustration and the children become stuck at that stage.

Oral Stage: From birth to two years, needs and their satisfaction are concentrated and
lips, tongue and then on teeth. The mouth is the erogenous zone and provides the baby not only with satisfaction
of feeding, but above all the pleasure of sucking. That is to say, to set the lips in motion, the
language and the palate in a rhythmic alternation. Sexual satisfaction occurs simultaneously with the
self-conserving activity, which connects the child with the outside world. Soon the instinct
sexual separates from the nutritional and seeks its satisfaction independently.

Anal stage: Between the ages of two and four, children learn to control the anal sphincter and the bladder.
pleasure principle and potential conflict are the activities in which the anus intervenes. Often
represents the child's first attempt to turn an involuntary activity into a voluntary one. This
would derive pleasure both from excreting feces and from retaining them. The conflict of this stage occurs with
the social restrictions during toilet training, a time when
it would produce a struggle with the parents through the manipulation of the excretory function. If the
training is very rigorous or too indulgent, fixation occurs at this stage.

Phallic stage: At the age of three, the child enters the phallic stage which focuses on the areas
Genitals of the body, it is the period when the child realizes that he has a penis or lacks one. The child
become aware of the sexual differences. Fantasies during masturbation are the topic of
Oedipus complex, a conflict faced during that time. According to Freud, the Oedipal conflict
consists of attraction to the opposite-sex parent and rivalry toward the same-sex parent
In the case of the child, he will feel attraction towards the mother, evident in erotic fantasies and rivalry.
relationship to the father. The child fears, given his feelings, what might happen if the father much more
big, will counterattack. Since the IT functions in very primitive terms, the punishment it fears the
The child is the castration. 'To control the organ they would like to have, they transfer their love to the father.'
Freud believed that women always had feelings of inferiority, derived from the lack of
penis.
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Latency period: In this stage, sexual needs would become dormant and would be formed already.
Basically the personality. There would be no conflicts or changes in personality during it.

Genital Stage: Final stage of biological and psychological development begins at the age of 11 with the
The onset of puberty extends to old age. The libidinal energy returns to the sexual organs, both
Men as women realize their different sexual identities and start to seek means.
to satisfy their erotic and interpersonal needs. There is a rise in sexual desires and
aggressive. The sexual drive, which was previously auto-erotic, is sought to be satisfied from a
genuine interaction with others. Freud believed that mature individuals seek to satisfy their
sexual impulses especially due to reproductive genital activity with members of the opposite sex.

Dreams.
Freud believed that dreams help the psyche to protect and satisfy itself. Daily life is
full of incessant obstacles and unfulfilled desires. Dreams are a partial balance, somatic and
psychologically. Optional way to satisfy the desires of the id. The repetition of dreams occurs
when an event occurs during the day that causes the same type of anxiety that it caused for the first time
time.
The work of dreams is a process of selection, distortion, transformation, inversion, displacement and
other modifications of an original desire. Almost every dream can be understood as the fulfillment of
a specific desire or need, even if these are not clearly described by the obvious content
of the dream.
To interpret a dream, the following elements must be considered:
Manifest content: the images of the dream as they are remembered upon waking.
Latent content: images, desires or thoughts that constitute its true motive and that
they try to reach the conscious.
Censorship: repressive expression of the ego at the service of the superego.
Dream work: the psychic elaboration that the latent content undergoes before it becomes
manifesto content.

Obstacles to development

Anxiety.
"If we force the ego to admit its weakness, it will explode in anxiety; a realistic anxiety for the..."
contemplate the face of the outside world; a moral anxiety facing the superego and a neurotic anxiety
in the face of the force of the passions of the id" (Freud, 1933)
Anxiety is one of the greatest problems of the psyche, it is triggered by an increase in tension or
due to a foreseen displeasure, it can develop in any situation.
Prototypes of situations that cause anxiety include:
The loss of a desired object. For example, a child who loses their pet.
The loss of love. For example, rejection.
The loss of identity. For example: Castration or ridicule in public.
The loss of love for oneself. For example, the disapproval of the superego towards
our acts that produce hatred towards ourselves.

The threat of these and other events causes anxiety.

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Defense mechanisms.
They block the direct expression of instinctive needs. The presence of these mechanisms
generally indicates the possibility of neurotic symptoms.

-Repression: A psychological process that consists of renouncing the satisfaction of a desire, in a manner
conscious and voluntary. The 'unconscious repression' is a defense mechanism of the ego that the
individual uses it when he does not want to acknowledge the existence of a situation of frustration. He maintains to
the things (particularly the unacceptable impulses of the id) outside of consciousness.
Rationalization: the process of finding acceptable reasons for thoughts or actions
unacceptable, the subject develops ethically acceptable explanations for an idea, attitude, action, or
feeling that arises from other sources of motivation.
Regression: It consists of reverting to earlier periods of development or to old behaviors.
that were more satisfying. It is the mechanism that in the face of difficulties to confront a threat the
the subject experiences a regression to more infantile or primitive stages of psychosexual development
confrontation in which I had experienced a fixation.
The stronger the fixation at a stage, the higher the probability of regression to the mode of
characteristic functioning of that stage in a stressful situation.
Isolation: A fact, an idea, an impression, intolerable to the subject, is taken out of its context.
It is a mechanism by which memories are divorced from feelings, as a way to cope.
the facts.
Cancellation: It involves carrying out a specific act in order to annul or repair the
meaning of a previous one.
Reactive Training: Leads the SELF to perform that which is totally opposite to the trends of
HELLO, what one wants to reject
Identification: Unconscious psychic mechanism that induces a subject to behave, think and
to feel like another who acts as your model.
Projection: it consists of attributing motivations to others, and in general to the outside world, that
they reject or do not recognize themselves
Change of an instinct for its opposite: Mutation of love for hate.
Return of the instinct against the ego: Aggressive drive, primitively directed towards an object in the world
exterior, which turns against the self and sometimes ends up destroying it.
Sublimation: "The forces that can be used for cultural activities are obtained, to a large extent
measure, of the suppression of what is known as the perverse elements of sexual excitement.
Process by which energy initially directed towards sexual or aggressive purposes is
redirected towards new goals generally artistic, intellectual or cultural. It is a construction of
diversion channels.
Once the energy is sublimated, it reduces the original impulses.
-Denial: Defense mechanism by which aspects of reality that are rejected are rejected.
considered unpleasant
Denial in Fantasy: The subject modifies an unpleasant real situation in fantasy.
transforming it into another that is more pleasurable for him.
limitation of the self: Abandonment by the self of an activity that causes it discomfort due to a
any reason The subject uses their energy by participating in the fate of their peers, instead of
to experience life in itself, live the lives of others. Through this mechanism, it is achieved
dominate narcissistic mortification.
-Identification with the feared aggressor: Representing the role of the aggressor, adopting their attitudes and
attributes, or imitating their aggressions, the subject simultaneously transforms, from a threatened person and
passive, in which it threatens and activates.

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Altruistic Renunciation: The subject uses their energy by participating in the fate of their peers, instead of
to experience life itself, live the lives of others. Through this mechanism, one achieves
mastering narcissistic mortification.

Defense mechanisms are a means by which the psyche protects itself from internal tensions and
external.

The body.
"Psychoanalysis is the first psychology that takes the entire human body seriously as a place
To live... Psychoanalysis is profoundly biological...
Freud focused on personality from the perspective of the physical body. Basic impulses have a
somatic origin; libidinal energy is a derivative of physical energy; responses to tension
they determine physical and mental behaviors. Instinctive arousal and relaxation exist in a
undefined limit between the organic and the mental.

Social relationships.
The interactions and relationships of adults are pre-defined, this is due to the influence of the
first childhood experiences. The first relationships are those that occur in the dream of the
family, they are the definitive ones; all subsequent relationships refer to the different ways in which
these relationships were formed and maintained. The choices we make throughout our
Life (our partner, friends, etc.) is derived from the bonds between the father or mother and the child.

Emotions.
Freud stated that we are driven by emotional forces whose origin is unknown. The
Emotions are the way to release tension and there is an appreciation of pleasure.

The intellect.
It is one of the tools available to the ego. For Freud, a person with more freedom is the one
who uses reason when it's appropriate and whose emotional life is open to conscious inspection.
Freud claimed that reason was the only human ability that helps to solve the problem of the
existence.

The self.
It is the total being; body, instincts, conscious and unconscious processes.

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Concept of human being.

In Freud's work, there are two types of knowledge that are in conflict, oppose each other, and originate
contradictions within the same theory.
For Freud, the human being is qualitatively different from animals, giving rise to a new order and
different from the natural, it refers to culture, like everything in which human life has surpassed its
zoological conditions and is distinguished from the life of animals. Another feature of culture is how they are
regulated the social relationships of human beings with each other, we find that the human being is
it constitutes as such at the moment it modifies itself and its environment. These changes are of
different types, on one hand are those operated in relation to natural order and on the other the being
humans will also change the way they conceive themselves and their peers due to existence
of work. Changes will also be made in the emotional life of the human being caused by these
new living conditions and for the new order of relations in which it is immersed.

To live in society, it is necessary to adhere to the laws that allow coexistence and regulate it.
social relationships, restricting their pulsional dispositions, being this the price that has had to
to pay the human in exchange for the benefits that life in community represents.
It is the dangers that nature threatens us with that have led us to unite and create the
civilization that, among other things, makes common life possible. The capital function of culture is
defend ourselves against nature.
The two pillars upon which culture rests are the domination of natural forces and the coercion of
our instincts.

Freud also explores the first social organization: the totemic one, whose origin lies in the
the constitution of two fundamental symbolic elements: the totem and the taboo. Freud speaks of the cosmic
totemic as the commemorative reproduction of this criminal and memorable act that constituted the
starting point of social organizations, of the representations of the moral and religion. The
taboo consciousness probably constitutes the oldest form of moral consciousness. The conscience
it enables and makes necessary the law, which prohibits human beings from acting on certain impulses
of their instincts.
There are two ways to explain the origin of society:
the first mentions the material conditions of existence that allow and require that
the human being must guarantee its survival and improve its living conditions
modify your relationship with nature and with other human beings.
The second refers to desire and to the law that prohibits its realization.
The law prohibiting incest gives rise to the process in which the law and the
desire, this process is conceptualized by Freud as the 'Oedipus Complex', through this process the being
a human occupies a place in society, is a member of a community to the extent that he is subject to
the prohibition and, therefore, to desire.
As a social being, the human is imposed a series of demands, modifying it in a way
radical, this is characterized by a distancing from the natural biological order and its tendencies
psychic, resulting in the differentiation between drives and instincts. Freud defines instincts in
animals have preformed, inherited behavior.

There is need and desire; need is biological and feasibly satisfied. Desire, the driving force of
Psychism is the dissatisfaction that remains after the fulfillment of a need. Desire lives on
his dissatisfaction. Freud said, no object matches the object that the subject is searching for.
In social life is where the human being aims to fulfill desire, to find the object. Without
embargo due to their social condition this is not granted to them, since the law of culture imposes both the

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renunciation of the object of desire as soon as its pursuit takes erratic paths. There lies the origin of illness.
but also from creation. The human being renounces the satisfaction of the impulses imposed from
The social aspect generates discomfort.
We find the creation of institutions as mechanisms for the defense of society through
When antisocial tendencies are regulated or neutralized, one can aspire to a lesser degree of
dissatisfied members in a society: 'if it is possible to reduce the current hostile majority to a minority'
Much will have been achieved in culture, perhaps everything possible.
From this, acts such as sublimation are produced. Freud says, 'many of our dearly prized...
cultural goods have been acquired at the expense of sexuality, through the coercion of instinctive energies
sexual.

The therapist and the therapy.

According to Freud, the therapist's task is to help the patient remember, recover, and reintegrate the
unconscious material. In order for the subject's current life to become more satisfying. The
The psychoanalyst must receive these revelations without criticizing or approving their content, not taking a position.
moral, but rather be a blank screen for the patient's opinions. It should also not show its
personality to the patient as this gives them more freedom and communicates many more attitudes
ideas and characteristics.

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 Conclusion.

There is no doubt that Freud made a significant contribution by focusing on the importance of sexual motives and
unconscious aggressive in our emotional conflicts, however, it should have also considered the
the need to feel adequate in social relationships and give more importance to cognition
conscious.

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 Bibliography.

Concepts of human being

Personality theories.

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