INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATION

Name Beatriz García Sepulveda Enrollment23-SPDS-1-017

11-10-2023
Essay on Introduction to Education

Education has arisen from the human need to transmit

knowledge from past generations to future generations,
resulting in the persistence of knowledge; therefore, it is a phenomenon
social that appears in the very nature of the educational process-action of
the other people in a specific subject, the contents, habits, and values
transmitted in the process.

It is the process by which humans develop their physical abilities and

mental skills to adapt to society (Victor Coast).

It is characterized by involving a lasting transformation, that is to say it brings

permanent changes to individuals from within, allowing for a
second nature that rises to the original nature; another of
A characteristic is that education is produced through a stimulus from
socio-cultural environment with which the subject constantly interacts, this
It means that the subject lives and acts in a world that cannot be predicted,
in case the originating force harmonizes with this world, the individual
it will have a positive stimulus, favoring a free development of these
forces, in the opposite case that it resists adjusting to the environment will abstain
its passive adaptation, that will imply not an authentic education but one of a
intrinsic socialization.

Pedagogy is a discipline whose focus lies in the phenomenon

educational, from a philosophical, scientific, and technical perspective. It assumes two
levels: the first level consists of searching for the laws that may
to explain the educational phenomenon to present it in theory; the second level
is inclined towards the study of education problems and alternatives
of solution.

The educational system is the organized set of human elements,

institutional and functional aspects that converge in the education of a country, are
it is about a model of organization that manages the teachings of a country
determined.

The General Education Law establishes that the academic structure is

organize by levels (initial, basic, intermediate, and advanced) cycles,
degrees, modalities and subsystems (Law 66-97).

The school is the reflection of society, of each place and of each time, it is
to say, it is based on the idea that society is a reflection of education and of the school
for a certain period of time. Through the school, society preserves
characteristics, perpetuating the institutions and the way of life.

The school has the mission of transmitting knowledge, renewal

from culture, stimulation of the individual's formation process, of
conformity to the aspirations and needs of the community.

The student, also called a learner, is the recipient of the actions.

educational, it refers to an individual of any age who is at the
the willingness to educate oneself refers to a child, a teenager who
attending school is of great importance to highlight that man is educated
constantly, it is a process that never ends, it continues to develop into
throughout the individual's entire life.

On the other hand, the educator has the role of educating the learners, they
refers to a trained person who voluntarily teaches the student now
be practical and theoretical. A theoretical teacher is a researcher who
dedicates to studying and deepening the problem of education and at the same time
find solutions to each of those problems.
Interestingly, teachers emerged before the school itself.
two thousand years Before Christ, in fact, the first titled profession was the
of the master. In the teaching schools, precursors of the universities of
the Middle Ages, the liberal arts were studied that culminated in receiving the
graduating with the Licentia Docendi. This teaching license was the first degree
well-known academic in history.

The historical development of education describes and explains the past.

pedagogical using a common procedure throughout the elaboration
historical. It is usually classified in the education of man: Ancient, Medieval,
Modern and Contemporary.

It was called patristics the Christian education that came to depend on the
Fathers of the Church. The term New School was adopted by the renovators.
to demonstrate the break with the traditional education system.

Delving into the philosophical aspect, philosophy is the love of wisdom.

a true way of thinking. It consists of human effort to
disassociate from things originating from the supernatural realm to carry it
to a completely rational sphere.

Science is the daughter of philosophy, because what is called science today is

fruit of philosophical discourse, particularly of 19th century thought
XVIII (LópezYustos, 1998).

What divides science from philosophy is the method. Both aim to

discovering the reality of things using different methods. Philosophy
use the deductive method, in other words, it started from the complex to the simpler
simple. On the contrary, science uses the inductive method, in other words,
it started from the simple to the complex. The problems of philosophy are: the
metaphysical, epistemological, logical, ethical, and aesthetic.

In the educational context, educational philosophy studies and investigates the

fundamental problems of education. To achieve this, it makes use of the
philosophical discourse to pose and explain educational problems.
In the pedagogical context, aesthetics gives fundamental importance to the
training of subjects and groups concerning skills and
activities for appreciation and achievements, not only in the habit of
art except in the cultural.

In realistic education, great attention is paid to the study of sciences.

natural, because from them the laws of nature can be discovered. They
they also study the humanities that help to discover that characteristic,
but the human beings who called themselves humanists. In education
The teacher has the initiative in the educational process. It is the teacher,
who decides what things should be learned, but it is the book around which
It revolves around all teaching activities. They have a textbook for each subject and
consultation libraries.

The idea that man behaves like a machine that responds to

commands of the environment, which can be programmed, gives rise to what it calls
behavior engineering. This is how innovations like teaching are born.
scheduled. With the introduction of teaching through television and the
computers or computers, the principle of behavior engineering of
Behaviorism has gained greater importance. Today we talk about modules, about
"input and output", which are school tasks that require the student to find the
solution to a problematic situation for which the correct answer
immediate intellectual reward (reinforcement).

Unit 1
Theme 1 - complete each statement
Etymologically, the term education comes from the Latin verb educo-as. -
to create, to nurture, to educate, to grow
to breastfeed
2-The evolutionary stages of the human being are childhood_____,__adolescence_____
Youth
3-The term pedagogy______ proceedfrom the Latin word piados, which means
child and I, which means to drive, to guide.
4-Education is an _Autonomous_ and _Heteronomous_ process.
 5-When education affects all stages of life, it then becomes
permanent education
6-The constituent elements of education are __Education as action,
intentionality and systematicity
7-The two key elements of education as action are the subject that is educated
(educating)________ and __the subject that educates (educator)
8-According to the degree of systematism and intentionality, education is classified
Formal_________, no Formal______ e _____Informal__________
9 - The purposes of what all education entails.
10 - Educational action is characterized by its purpose of development.
integral part of the personality of the student_____
11-learn to know, learn to be, learn to live together and learn to do .
they are the four pillars of education, according to UNESCO
12-Learning to understand in terms of the environment consists for each person in learning
to understand the world around him, at least sufficiently to live with
dignity, develop their professional skills and communicate with others.
13- learning to know as an end, its justification is the pleasure of understanding,
to know, to discover.
14-Learning to know means learning to learn, exercising it
memory______, ___attention______ and thought_____
Learning to do______ is linked to the issue of vocational training..
16-_Pedagogy____ isthe theory and discipline that encompasses, seeks the explanation
and the permanent improvement of education and educational facts, involved
how is the ethical and axiological transformation of educational institutions and
of the comprehensive realization of all people.

Theme II - Answer each question

1- Why is education an autonomous process and why is it heteronomous?

he is self-employed, because it is a creative and free activity of the subject, the spontaneity
active of the student as an individual being.

2- Briefly explain the characteristics of the phenomenon of the

education, according to Manganiello.

❖ 1st Education only occurs in man. The idea of education is

linked to an activity of a cultural nature, superior to the biological order,
that can only occur in human beings.

❖ 2nd Every education implies a purpose, an individual or social state that

one wants to achieve, different from what the individual has by nature
 ❖ 3rd Education is a dynamic process. Education, by its essence, is
a dynamic process that occurs in a subject. This process means,
what is the transition from one state to another.

❖ 4th The process of education is carried out throughout all ages of the
life. The educational process occurs intermittently in all the
stages of human life, through which it takes shape and
defining personality.
❖ 5º Education implies a lasting transformation. Education
it implies a lasting change, a true inner transformation of the
subject.
❖ 6th Any authentic education involves conscious and creative intervention.
of the subject being educated. Education always implies the creative work and
aware of the subject itself that is being educated. The true educational process
it takes place within the intimacy of the subject of education.
❖ The educational phenomenon occurs under the stimulus of the environment.
sociocultural with which the subject of education is related. In the process
educational intervenes the stimulus of the sociocultural environment with which the
the subject is related

3- Briefly explain the general meanings of education, presented.

by Mialaret.

❖ Talking about education often means referring to a social institution: the

educational system, providing a historical-comparative or socio-political meaning.

❖ The word education is used to designate the result or product of a

action. This is how we talk about good or bad education.
❖ Education refers to the process that connects in a planned or unplanned way.
to two or more human beings and puts them in a situation of exchange and influence
reciprocal. It is in this sense that it is often used when formulating a scientific theory.
about education.

4- What does extracurricular education consist of and what are its objectives?
Extracurricular education is the set of educational-recreational actions of
leisure time that originates from the oriented and organized practice of activities
sports, scientific, civic-social, and, in general, all those that, in
the function of the purposes and objectives of formal education contributes to development
of the person, through a process of permanent creation and recreation.

Objectives of extracurricular education

❖ Complement formal, regular education with educational activities.
of free choice by the student in the sports, artistic-cultural areas,
scientific-technological and civic-social.

❖ Develop a leisure education that guides, trains and

perfect the student in the attainment of positive values of the
use of free time
 ❖ Encourage the cultivation of values and positive habits in children and young people,
through their individual and/or group participation in different activities.

❖ Promote in the community and among parents and guardians a suitable

understanding of the importance of the proper use of free time in the
integral development of the person. Effects of educational action.

5- What does recurrent education consist of?

Recurring education explains the relationship between learning and education,

making education respond to the need for a permanent project of
assimilation of new knowledge and experiences, in order to be able to provide a
continue opening up to new situations and increase the ability of the
people so that they can guide their own destiny and their own life

6- How does UNESCO define lifelong learning and what are its characteristics?
more significant?

UNESCO defines lifelong learning as the order of ideas,

experiences and very specific achievements, that is, education in the
fullness of its concept, in the entirety of its aspects and dimensions, in the
interrupted continuity of its development, from the very first moments of the
existence up to the last, and in the intimate and organic articulation of its various
moments and their successive phases

Most significant features of lifelong education

❖ It is a continuous process in people's lives from their birth.

until his death. It is an experience that fills existence with meaning
of the people.
❖ -It is integral, globalizing, and comprehensive because it addresses all the
dimensions of human development.
❖ It is universal because it is aimed at everyone, prevents exclusion, and promotes the...
solidarity and social cohesion.
❖ -Addressed to each individual separately - It has an anticipatory character and
innovative because it prepares for the continuous changes it is undergoing
society

7- What does secular education consist of?

Secular education is based on absolute respect for all kinds of beliefs.

religious, through the exclusion of everyone from the school environment, on the other hand the
religious education defends the presence of the ecclesiastical institution and norms,
in the school training of the students.
8- What is education the result of?

Education is always a result of the historical moment in which it occurs, of the

place where it takes place, of the prevailing culture and of the socio-political structure
in force.

9- Explain the differences that exist between: education, instruction and

teaching.

Education is acting upon a person, while instruction is limited to the

transmission of knowledge, that is, it is characteristic of the school environment and the
education is specific to the realm of society. In the act of educating, participants take part
everyone, while the instruction is limited to the direct relationship between the teacher
And the student learns when something is shown.

10- What is the main characteristic of recurrent education?

The main characteristic of recurrent education is continuity of

lifelong learning, that is to say, it aims for an interaction between
structured learning acquired in educational periods and non-learning
structured acquired in other types of social activities.

11- Briefly refer to what is stated in the General Education Law 66-97.
in its Articles 222, 23, 24, and 25, regarding religious education
Article 22, parents have the right for their children or wards to receive the
moral and religious education that is in accordance with their own convictions.

Article 23, moral and religious education will be guided in accordance with the precepts
constitutional and international treaties to which the Dominican State
is signer. Article

24, Private schools may offer religious and/or moral education,

agreement with your pedagogical ideology, always respecting the awareness and essence of
the Dominican identity.

Article 25, students in public schools will receive religious education as

consignation in the curriculum and in international agreements. To such ends, and of
In agreement with the religious authorities, the programs will be developed that will
will apply to students whose parents, or those who act in their place, do not ask for
writing that is exempt.

Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits.
 Education is the process through which man is given everything that
It is not born with it and needs it for life.

Education is the means to achieve the continuity of society

Education is the preparation of the human being for social life.

For me, education is the process of socializing individuals: by educating themselves,

a person assimilates and learns knowledge.

13- De tres definiciones de pedagogía y construya una propia

Pedagogy is the branch of philosophy that studies theories, foundations, and art.
to educate

Pedagogy is the theory and discipline that encompasses, seeks explanation and improvement.
permanent education and educational facts, as it is involved in
the ethical and axiological transformation of educational institutions and
comprehensive realization of all people

Pedagogy is the discipline that analyzes, explains, and applies education; it analyzes it.
through research

it is a fundamental discipline in the educational field, responsible for studying the

teaching and learning processes, seeks to understand educational processes
from different perspectives, including psychological, sociological, and
cultural. It is concerned with the way knowledge is transmitted,
how meanings are constructed and how skills are developed and
competencies in students.

14- What does the term learning to do refer to in professional training?

It refers to how to teach the student to put their knowledge into practice and,
same time, how to adapt teaching to the future job market, whose
evolution is not entirely predictable.

15- What do you think about the term learning to live together?

Learning to live together means conceiving an education that allows us to avoid the
conflicts or resolve them peacefully, encouraging knowledge of the
Furthermore, about their cultures and spirituality, non-violence must be taught.
in school.
we must learn to live together with others in a culture of peace, respecting
the rights of others and, above all, respecting all forms of life upon the
planet. Sociability constitutes the human being from the beginning to the end
from their life, relating to other people is a constant need of
 well-being both mental and physical. Group living enables growth,
it points out opportunities and comforts in difficult times.

16- What should education contribute to?

Education should contribute to the overall development of each person.

17- What do the purposes of education depend on?

The purposes of education vary according to the conception of the world and of
man have each social group in a determined historical period, therefore,
It is worth considering that education aims to transmit to new generations.
a specific culture and specific knowledge, and you will also prepare,
for the assimilation of new techniques, a result of technological changes.

18- What is the object of pedagogy?

The goal of pedagogy is the development of moral character.

The main objective of pedagogy is to ensure that the educational process is

significant and effective, so that students can acquire the
knowledge and skills necessary for personal and professional development.

19- What is the object of the education sciences?

The object of the Sciences of Education

Rigorous scientist, this is a study of previous educational situations.
or past, present and future.
20- How does Gastón Mialaret classify the sciences of education?

in three main categories:

Those who study the general and local conditions of education: History
of education and pedagogy, Sociology of Education, Demography
school, Economics of education and Comparative pedagogy.

2. Those who study the situation and educational facts: The disciplines that
they study the conditions of the educational act from the angles: Of physiology.
The psychology of education in sociology, Communication Sciences,
The didactics and the theory of programs, the sciences of methods and of
pedagogical techniques and evaluation sciences

3. The reflection and future: The philosophy of education. Planning

educational

Theme III - Select the correct answer

It is that education which is fully intentional and occurs in a structure.
internationalized systemic, which materializes with an official curriculum, calendar
and defined schedule
informal d-) none is correct

2-Recognizes the subject's right to exploit the laws of projections

existential and value-related, to learn fantastic and imaginary alphabet,
thinking in the realm of the possible

a-) autoeducaciónb-) fantaeducaciónc-) heteroeducación d-) todas son correctas.

3-It is the strategy that aims for students to learn to manage their
"tools" for autonomous learning

learning to learn

4-Education that leads the subject in the developmental stage to educate themselves.
contact with the environment, fundamentally relying on its own resources

self-education

5-It is the set of clearly intentional activities that occur outside the
formal education system that does not intend to conclude with recognized learning.
recognized

informal d-) recurrent

It is the education funded with exclusive resources from

national budget, so no type of selectivity can be exercised and
it has three defining elements: education is: public is universal, its
attendance is mandatory and free

semi-private b-) private c-) public d-) inclusive

It is the action of the teacher to transmit knowledge to their students.

a-) learning b-) instruction teaching

It is the change in human capacity with a character of relative permanence, not

attributable simply to the development process

education d-) teaching

 This type of learning tends less to the acquisition of knowledge.
classified and encoded that the mastery of the instruments of knowledge themselves,
what can be considered both a means and an end of human life

learn to do c-) learn to know d-)

learn to live together

Tema 1V-)Al lado de cada autor escribe su hecho principal y la obra que lo identifica
Character Fact Work
John Calvin defined the term pedagogy in 1536. Institution Christian
Emmanuel Kant published the Treatise on Pedagogy ______
Ernesto Cristina was the first to use the term pedagogy in an essay on pedagogy.
Juan Federico Herbart published the General Pedagogy at the end of education

Theme V - Write the number on the left that completes the definition on the right
1- Private education 10___has as its sole goal the integral maturity of the
person through its stages of evolutionary age
childhood, adolescence, and adulthood)
2-Coeducation ____2__is a system that creates the conditions of equality
of rights and opportunities of sexes.
3-Learning _4__is a characteristic of education that this unit to
concept of activity.
4-Intentionality It is the education that is offered only to one or the other.
sex

5-Sexist education

necessary to exercise a profession or activity

determined
6-Systematism __3__it is the change in human capacity with the character of
relative permanence not attributable simply to the
ripening process
7-Teaching An education that is characterized by having a foundation
government financial.
8-Semi-private education action that involves chaining all the acts and
to outline some foreseeable stages to reach it.
9-Learning to learn ___1_ are those institutions financed by
attribute of the private sector, whether in title
individual or through religious associations
the laypeople.
10-Education __7___ means to point to, to show something to someone
__9___is the strategy that aims for the students
learn to manage your 'tools' for autonomous learning

Theme V1-) Write a v if it is true or an f if it is false, justify the answer

a-) Education is a social reality serving society and is not yet autonomous_F
b-) Education can only take place in the human being_V_
c-) The actions of animals obtained through associative processes are accompanied by
of consciousness
d-) When we talk about education, we are referring to training __F___
e-) The lower animals are educated __F_____
There is education without the idea of an end.

The man is educated from the womb of the mother until his death.
Authentic education originates in the subject without their active and free participation ___F___
i-) When education is used to designate the result or product of an action,
then we can talk about good or bad education ___V____
Informal education is informative because it is casual, accidental, and involuntary.
The legal framework of Dominican education is found in the General Law of
Education 136- 03 _F_______
Private education is owned and managed privately, and is characterized by enjoying
from a government financial support
Public education has three defining elements, which are: it is universal,
attendance is mandatory and it is free
n-) Education and training are basically the same ___F____
The process of education takes place throughout all ages of life.
Learning to know means, first and foremost, learning to learn.

Unit II
Education and System
Topic 1-) Answer what is requested
What number represents the Regional of your Province?

Regional 04 San Cristóbal

2-¿How many educational districts does your province's regional office have? What number?
Does it represent the District of your community or municipality?

The regional 04 has 9 educational districts and the number that represents my municipality.
Educational District 04-02 San Cristóbal

3- Who does the Regional Education Board coordinate with?

The Regional Education Board coordinates its activities with the National Council.
of education.

4- How is the Regional Education Board structured?

a-) The regional director of Education, who represents the Secretary of State of
Education;
b-) A representative of the majority teachers' organization in the region;
c-) A student representative from the District Education Councils;
d-) A representative of the Associations of parents, mothers, guardians, and friends of the
school
e-) A representative of the cultural institutions of the region;
f-) A representative from the business sector;
g-) A representative of science and technology entities;
h-) A representative of the Catholic Church;
i-) A representative of non-Catholic Christian churches;
j-) Two representatives of the District Directors;
A representative of private schools;
a representative of the Dominican Municipal League elected from among the municipalities
that make up the region;
a Senator and a Deputy representative of the Province, which will be elected with
rotating character.

5- How is the District Board structured?

Structure of the District Board (Art. 117, law 66-97)

The District Education Board will be composed of: a District Director, two
Directors of Public Educational Centers, a Director of an Educational Center
Private, a representative of the majority group of educators, a
representative of the Parents, Mothers, and Friends Association of the school, a
student representative elected by the student members of the Councils
School, a representative of the Catholic Church and a representative of the Churches
Non-Catholic Christians, a representative from the chosen productive sector of the
federation of peasants within the jurisdiction, a representative of the chapter hall of
each of the municipalities that make up the District Board, a representative from the
cultural institutions and a representative of the teachers from private schools.
 The District Board will have a president, a treasurer, and an executive secretary.
The District Director will take on the position of Executive Secretary.

6- Who makes up the Center Board?

From the Center Boards (Art. 122, 123 and 124, Law 66-97)
In each educational institution, a School Board will be established, designed as the body of
representative participation, responsible for creating the links between the community and the center
educational and its actors, in order for the educational center to successfully develop its
functions and must be made up of: the Director of the Educational Center, who will preside over it,
two representatives elected by the teachers of the center, two representatives from the
Association of parents, mothers, guardians, and friends of the school, an educator chosen by the
Association of parents, mothers, guardians, and friends of the school, two representatives of the
organized civil society and a representative of the students elected by the members
from the Student Council.

7- What are the background of the Emergency school?

This education has its roots in the Popular Schools that operated during hours.
from the night in Clubs, Churches, and Community Centers at the beginning of the 1970s
and whose teaching staff was composed of priests and other professionals from various fields
areas that resided in the same places where the educational centers operated -
learning. At that time, the teaching process in academic terms was
It was organized by grades. It was from the first half of the 80s that the
The Department of Education created Night Schools and began to offer
Basic education for the population of young people and adults in the evening, in centers
Public Education. At that moment, the teaching process was still ongoing.
organized by grades. Within the framework of the Decade Plan of Education 1992 - 2000, it occurred
one of the first processes of reforming Dominican Education. This reform
allowed the development of a curriculum specifically designed for education
young and adult people, which came into effect through Ordinance 1'95.
A curriculum evaluation system for Adult Education was also developed.
through Ordinance 1'96.

8- According to your judgment, the Regional, District, and Center Boards of your community,
they fulfill their functions, explain.
I understand that yes, since it performs its functions efficiently and effectively,
thus contributing to the improvement of the quality of education in the institution and to the
satisfaction of the needs of the school community.
9- State the Principles of the General Theory of Systems
Principles of General Systems Theory (GST)
❖ All systems grow.
❖ The more specialized a system is, the less ability it will have to adapt to
the changes in their environment.
 ❖ The larger a system is, the more resources it will consume.
❖ All systems are part of larger systems and, in turn, are formed by
smaller systems or subsystems

10- Who does Special Education serve?

Special Education is a subsystem aimed at addressing levels of
specialization required for children and young people with disabilities or characteristics
exceptional.

11- What are the levels of education in the adult sub-system?

There are three levels of education: literacy, basic education, and teaching.
secondary or professional

12- Who should oversee and finance higher education?

The state must ensure the quality of higher education and will finance the centers and
public universities, in accordance with what the law establishes. It will guarantee the
university autonomy and academic freedom

13- In which places did adult education begin?

Adult Education in the Dominican Republic began its work with the Schools of
emergencies created by Law 543, of September 3, 1941.

14- What does social adult education consist of?

Social adult education is that which occurs in personality, in mentality,
the values and in personal attitudes

15- What are the nuances of professional adult education?

Professional adult education, lifelong learning involves training
professionalism in adults, with numerous nuances: professional recycling, which can
to be offered by the companies themselves, which seek to train their staff; the
training of its staff in the company, or training of its staff for the good
exercise of their functions or for the performance of other superior ones and the workers who
by law, they can enjoy a certain number of working hours to use for their
training.

16- What does school adult education consist of?

Adult education is one that aims to provide adults with the
teaching that the school was supposed to provide them and which, for various reasons, it did not, usually
with three levels of education: literacy, basic education, and teaching
secondary or professional.

17- What offerings does cultural adult education present?

It is a wide offer made to people to complete and expand their
knowledge (historical, literary, political), skills (artistic,
photographic, musical, culinary) and acquire new skills (languages, computer,
technology).

18- What is the purpose of higher education?

Higher education aims to provide scientific and professional training,
humanistic, artistic, and technical at the highest level.

What does higher education lead to?

Leading to a higher technical level, undergraduate, or postgraduate degree.

20- What did the Secretary of State for Education create in the first half of the
the 80s and what did it offer?
He created the Night Schools and began to offer Basic Education for the population of
young people and adults in the evening, in Public Educational Centers.

What did the implementation of the PREPARA Program starting in 2001 imply?
It involved the production of teaching materials in accordance with the blended learning methodology.
applied in the Third Cycle of Basic Level and in the Adult Medium Level.

Topic 11 - Complete each statement

a-) The Sun, the digestive system, the ecological system, are natural systems.
b-) The educational system, the information system, are systems created by man.
A systemit is a set of elements that interact with each other.
d-) The systems are classified into _Open______, _Closed_____, _Deterministic, and
probabilistic
e-) The academic structure of the Dominican Republic is organized based on
cycles
Educational Cycle is a set of grades, courses, or years in which it is organized
an educational level.
The Basic Level lasts eight years, with eight grades and divided into
Two cycles, one from first to fourth and another from fifth to eighth.
grades, it starts at ___Five___ years old and is offered by the_State__ in a way
Free and mandatory and aimed at the pre-adolescent population
__________
The first educational level is _Initial Level______, aimed at the child population.
until the age of six, with the last year being mandatory, it is coordinated with
Family and the Community and is aimed at the population
Child
The level that follows Basic education is the _Middle Level__________, it has a
Duration of Four years, divided into Two cycles and Three modalities:
General, Arts and Professional Technical is directed to
the population _Adolescents___________, between _Fourteen__and_eighteen___years.
j-)_1833______date when the term andragogy first appeared, used
by the German Alexander Kapp, to explain the theory proposed
by Plato
Malcolm Knowles is considered the father of education.
adults.
Adult classes in Europe were taught at night, also the
Saturdays and Sundays
School, cultural, professional, and social are the forms of
adult education.
Adult education in the Dominican Republic began with the schools of
Emergency, created by Law 543 of September 3, 1941.
s-)_____1'95________, _______1'96________Ordinances that put into effect the
Subsystem for Youth and Adults.

Theme III - Select the correct answer

1-) It is the system whose results cannot be determined in advance.
open b-) deterministic c-) closed d-) probabilistic
2-) The systems that interact with their environment are
a-) open b-) deterministic c-) closed d-) probabilistic
3-) When the results are predictable, the system is
open b-) deterministic c-) closed d-) probabilistic
A system in which its interaction with the environment is minimal is
open b-) deterministic closed d-) probabilistic
5-) It is the science of control and communication
educational system
It is an organized set of human, institutional, and functional elements that
converge in the education of a country
educational system c-) cybernetics d-) solar system
It is the organized set of time into which an educational cycle is divided.
educational level c-) modality d-) degree
It is the articulated set of time in which an educational cycle is divided
a-) educational level sub-system c-) modality

9-) It is each of the stages of the educational structure that is determined by the
psychophysical development of students and their social needs
a-) educational level b-) subsystem c-) modality d-) degree
Initial, Basic, Middle, and Higher are the Dominican Republic.
a-) Educational levels educational cycles d-)
modalities
11-The National Education Council is chaired by
the Legal Consultant c-) the Minister of
Education
12) It is adult education that encompasses three levels: literacy, education
basic and secondary or vocational education
a-) school b-) social c-) cultural d-) professional
It is the oldest form of adult education
a-) school b-) social c-) cultural d-) professional
14) It is that adult education which takes place in personality, mindset, values.
and in the attitudes of the individual

a-) school b-) social c-) cultural d-) professional

15-) The Acronym of the Literacy and Basic Education Program for Adults is
a-) JNA b-) PREPARE c-) PRALEB d-) PROAFSA
16) The Acronym of the Literacy Program is
a-) JNA PREPARE

The Acronyms of the Basic Adult Education Program and High School to
Distance is
a-) JNA b-) PREPARA c-) PRALEB d-) PROAFSA

18-) It is the acronym for the Literacy Program of the Border Area and Samaná
JNA b-) PREPARE PRALEB

19-) Adult Basic Education operates in the shift

 morning b-)Vespertina c-) diurna d-) nocturnal
20-) Adult Education is offered in a semi-presence modality in
accelerated regular courses on weekdays or weekends, through the program
LITERACY
Program developed in coordination with governmental institutions and of the
civil society
a-) literacy b-) work education basic education
media
22) Adult program that provides vocational technical education that responds to the
characteristics, needs, and interests of young and adult people in the environment in which
they live 4

literacy b-) work education c-) educación básica d-) educación

media

Write a v if it is true or an f if it is false

The environment is made up of all the objects that are outside the boundaries.
of the system _V__
b-) La educación es: probabilística__V__, abierta_V___, cerradaV_Determinística_V__
c-) Adult education is an educational system_F_____
d-) Special education is a sub-system__V____
e-) Higher Education is aimed at the adult population, under 18 years old_F__
Higher education comprises three levels: undergraduate, master's, and doctorate.
g-) The highest decision-making body in educational matters is the Regional Board_F_
h-) The society constitutes a closed system_F_
i-) Education is a probabilistic system because it is dynamic__F___
j-) Law 136-03 is the one that regulates the Dominican educational system__V___

k-) The State must finance public and private education, according to our ConstitutionF_
Adult Basic Education is designed to last a maximum of 8
years_F_
The Higher Level is governed by a special Law, which is 139-01_V

unit III
Theme 1- ) Answer what is asked of you:
1- What is the etymology of the term school?
 The etymology of the word school comes from the Greek, scholé, which means leisure.
and that, by extension, comes to designate the occupation of leisure time intended for
spiritual activities, excluding physical work
2- Define society

Society is a group of individuals concentrated in a geographical point.

chosen to coexist using resources, both natural and
artificial and intellectual resources available

3- How are the school and society related?

The school is a reflection of the society of each place and each time. The society
it is a reflection of the education and the school of its time.

4- Who is responsible for the education of its members, according to our

Constitution?

The family is responsible for the education of its members and has the right to
choose the type of education for their younger children.

5- Why does the school carry out a more efficient educational work than society?
the school performs an educational role more efficiently than society, for various
reasons:
1st, because it is carried out in a period of life with greater plasticity: childhood
adolescence;
2nd, because it is carried out in a systematic way;
3rd, because it is directed or carried out by specially trained individuals for this mission,
the educators,
4th, because it has adequate technical and material means.

6- What does the use of video allow the teacher?

The video introduction allows the teacher great flexibility in its use.
television in the classroom, by allowing the recording of commercial network programs with
educational content that you wish to use at the right time.

7- What is culture composed of?

It consists of a heritage, such as its customs, its artistic expression, its
traditions and folklore, their beliefs, their language, and their values.
8- Briefly explain the three types of cultural changes.

There are three types of cultural changes: the renewal characteristic of every people, the
cultural invasion that consists of changes that are neither sought nor desired and the
innovations resulting from technological advancements.

9- Why is family participation in actions important?

educational?
The participation of the family in educational actions is important and require.
Since parents must actively participate in the development of the project
institutional educational. A democratic school fully committed to
its mission should aim for the presence and participation of parents in the
management organizations of educational centers.
10- What are the conditions that the family has to make it a reality
education of their children?

The family has the right conditions to make education a reality.

the children (sons and daughters):

Parents are responsible for the care of their children;

Parents enjoy the authority and influence that are necessary for education;
Parent-child relationships are marked by love and respect, requirements.
both of the educational relationship and a consequence of the previous characteristics.
Family life provides a multitude of situations to make it effective
education, since it is about a life of permanent communication.
The combined action of the father and mother provides a comprehensive education.
of the sexual roles in adult life.

11- What is the State, according to Karl Marx?

Carlos Marx defines the State as the power of political and economic domination.
of the owning classes over the owned and the function of the State is to ensure
the perpetuation of capitalist exploitation relations, the perpetuation of
social system

12- Who is the guarantor of the right to education in a country?

The State

13- In which aspects should educational political work be oriented?

The work of educational policy is guided by aspects such as:

The reduction and elimination of illiteracy, lack of schooling, the
abandonment and the deterioration of the quality of education.
 The generation of educational conditions that promote techniques, knowledge,
values and skills necessary to enhance the population's possibilities to
achieve adequate educational levels, without neglecting the principle of equity.

Economic changes are fundamental for the adoption of policies.

educational initiatives complemented by employment policies that can constitute the
incorporation of more and more elements into the competitive job market

The adoption of innovative models regarding vocational training and

Job training is something desirable to focus on development. The
transformations in the field of science and technology demand adjustment in
educational, which is considered a responsibility of societies. The media
of mass communication and education.

14- What does email allow?

Allows sending long messages or files to individuals located in different

points of the world.

15- What has caused the emergence of the Internet in education?

The emergence of the Internet impacts education. It has caused profound

changes in teaching-learning methods and in educational objectives

16- What can the Internet be useful for in teaching?

The Internet can be useful in three ways:

As support for traditional teaching;
As a complement to traditional teaching;
As a substitute for in-person school education.

17- What was the consequence of the emergence of printed texts?

This brought diverse consequences, from the promotion of nationalism to the

democratization of culture, through the establishment of modes of weighing
closely linked to literacy and schooling

18- What are the advantages of television in education?

Television learning shows a greater predominance of the image.

about the word, to the point that continuous contact with the environment
television can be the cause of the impoverishment of oral communication and
writing that is observed in the new generations.

19- What triggered the initiation of the Decennial Plan?

 The economic crisis at the beginning of the nineties particularly affected the sector
education, which had been experiencing a sustained deterioration as a result of the
reduction of public investment for the sector.

The PDE was the result of a national consultation that involved the private sector, the
State Secretary of Education (SEE), the Dominican Association of Teachers
(ADP) and civil society. Its purpose was to achieve a profound transformation of
educational system, so that it would be the fundamental basis of national development
and of the citizen

20- What were the objectives of the PDE, 1992/2002?

Its purpose was to achieve a profound transformation of the education system, to

that this be the fundamental basis of national development and of the citizen.

21- 21- ) List the ten principles that define the school proposed by the
Ministry of Education.

Universality: Guaranteeing access to education for all, without discrimination.

Quality: Seeking excellence in teaching and learning.
3. Integrality: Promote an education that addresses all dimensions of the individual.
4. Participation: Involve the educational community in management and decision-making.
5. Professional development: Encourage the continuous training of teachers.
6. Evaluation: Continuously evaluate the performance of students, teachers, and centers.
educational.
7. Innovation: Promote creativity and the constant updating of methods
educational.
Inclusion: Ensure attention to students with disabilities and needs
special.
9. Interculturality: Recognize the cultural diversity of the country and promote respect for
all cultures.
10. Sustainability: Promote educational practices that are sustainable and respectful of
the environment.

22- What type of education does the constitutional text refer to when it mentions
the integral formation of the human being throughout life?

Integral education

23- What educational levels does the State guarantee for free and make it so?
mandatory?
The State guarantees free public education and declares it mandatory at the initial level.
basic and intermediate.

24- What subjects are mandatory in public and private institutions?

according to our Constitution, in its article 63, section 13?
Instruction in social and civic education will be mandatory, the teaching of the
Constitution, of fundamental rights and guarantees, of patriotic values and of the
principles of peaceful coexistence.

25- In which educational level does the private sector show greater strength?
Regarding the number of students? Please indicate the possible reasons.

The private sector tends to show greater strength in higher education levels.
such as university education or postgraduate studies, due to the investment and the choice of the
students. However, this may vary by region and the educational policy of each
place. The strength of the private sector in terms of the number of students may depend
of specific economic, cultural, and social factors of each country or geographical area

26- Investigate in your community if the established school schedule is being followed.
our curriculum.
If it is fulfilled, since it is essential to ensure an effective learning environment and
organized

27- What does teleeducation consist of?

Teleeducation refers to distance education within the framework of the use of
the new technologies (the internet, video conferences, among others) towards development of
alternative methodologies for the learning of students from special populations, that
they are limited by their geographical location, the quality of teaching, and time
available.

28- What is a computer virus?

It is a program or software with instructions created specifically to cause damage or
alterations in computer systems.

29- Establish the similarities and differences of the Educational Plans 1992-2002 and
2008-2018.

similarities
1. Focus on basic education: Both in 1992-2002 and in 2008-2018, there would have been
maintained a strong emphasis on basic education to ensure that all children
have access to primary and secondary education.
[Link] to improve quality: In both periods, it is likely that it was recognized
the need to improve the quality of education, including teacher training,
the curriculum and the school infrastructure.
3. Evaluation and quality control: Both plans would have included measures to evaluate the
student performance and control the quality of education.
Differences
Duration of compulsory education: Over the years, the Dominican Republic could
There is news about extending compulsory education to cover more years, which would affect the approach.
and the resources allocated to education.
[Link] on higher education: From 2008 to 2018, a greater emphasis could have been placed.
in the expansion of higher education and technical and vocational training in
comparison with the previous period.
3. Educational technology: In 2008-2018, it is more likely that the integration of technology
in education has been more prominent, with initiatives to equip schools with
technological resources.
4. Inclusion and diversity: In the most recent period, more attention could have been paid.
to the inclusion of students with disabilities and cultural diversity in the system
educational.
5. Educational reforms: Significant reforms may have been introduced in the system.
Dominican educational between these two periods

30- Why should the school promote itself and provide information?

Educational centers need to promote themselves to convince parents.

students and society, also have the obligation to inform about their line
pedagogical, its objectives and organization.

Topic 11 - ) Write a v, if it is true or an f, if it is false

a-) The Romans used the word ludus (game) in the sense of schools of
first letters___V__
The first schools were of a cultural and pedagogical nature.
c-) In Greece, schools were organized with the teacher, the grammarian, and the rhetor.
d-) The school is one of the means of adaptation or adjustment that society relies on.
for its subsistence
The school is a reflection of society and an aspiration to improve it.
f-) The school is not subject to the general laws of the evolution of society__F___
g-) Society is a reflection of the education and the school of its time___V___
The society educates consciously and effectively____F___
i-) The school educates in a shorter time than society__V__
One is born with culture___F___
k-) The education of children remains a responsibility of the family__V__
The school must be a neutral means, devoid of ideology.
The State can make transfers of funds allocated in the budget.
National, aimed at financing investment in education, science, and technology
____F___
n-) Social media, both public and private, contribute to the
citizen education (art. 63, paragraph 11, Dominican Constitution)__V__
Operating systems and application systems are the two basic types of software.

Theme 111- ) Complete each question

The school is an institution created to provide intentional education.
regular and systematic.
b-) Clasistat school type of education that functioned in the Middle Ages.

c-)_1-95_____number of the Ordinance that enforces the New curriculum for

Initial, Basic, Middle, Special, and Adult education.
d-)_1-96_______, number of the Ordinance that puts into effect the System of
Evaluation of Initial, Basic, Special Secondary Education and Adult Education.

The language is the best communicator of a people's culture.

The school is the most important institution for transmitting culture.
The family is the basic unit of society.
h-)Association of parents, mothers, friends, and guardians, Center Boards____and
School Committees are the bodies through which the family participates in the
school.
Mass Media are those means by which the
the participation of the receiver is usually limited, while messages reach a wide audience
sectors of the population.
The network is a set of two or more devices connected to each other.
The Internet is useful as _As support for traditional teaching, As
supplement to traditional teaching_and as a substitute for teaching
in-person schooling.
The family is made up of father, mother, children.
m-)___4-99_numeral of the Ordinance governing the Regulation of Institutions
Public educational.
The family is responsible for the education of its members and has the right to
choose the type of education for their minor children (Art. 63, paragraph 2, Constitution
Dominican Republic
n-) Educational Technology __ its purpose is to help teachers incorporate the
information technology in the educational curriculum.

Software and Hardware are the two components of a computer.

Hardware is the physical part of a computer.
Software is the part of the programs of a computer.
The Digital Divide is the separation that exists between people (communities,
states, countries...) that use the New Information Technologies (NIT)
communities a routine part of their daily life and those who do not have access to the
the same ones and that even if they have them, they do not know how to use them.

The PIM Aprende consists of the integration of all technological means.

available (radio, television, educational computing, internet, Web and other media
digital tools) to support their teaching work.

A computer is a device that allows us to communicate, integrating

different symbol systems and interacting with us.
The state will ensure the free and quality of general education, the
compliance with its purposes and the moral, intellectual, and physical formation of the student.

The websites on the internet have a double objective: Promotional and Informative

Theme 1V-)
Select the correct answer
1-) In the Middle Ages, nobles received their education in
monasteries castles d-) universities
In the Middle Ages, they received their education in monasteries and cathedrals.
nobles b-) the clerics c-) the people d-) none is correct
The way of life of a society or people is called
education society d-) culture
4-) The law known as the Minor's Code is the
a-) 136-03 b-) 66-97 c-) 42-01 d-) 50-88
He is the first educational agent
the State b-) la Iglesia c-) la Familia d-) the School
He is the guarantor of the right to education.
a-) the State b-) the Church c-) the Family d-) the School
It refers to a network of computers connected by different types
of links
the Radio b-) Television c-) the Newspapers d-) the Internet
The first major means of communication was the
a-) Printed text b-) Television c-.) Internet d-) Chat
It is the audiovisual medium par excellence, with image and sound.
the Radio b-) the Television the Newspaper d-) the Internet
They are informative media that, using technological means, disseminate
information simultaneously and indiscriminately to many recipients,
generally unknown to information editors
a-) Printed texts b-) Radi c-) Mass Media d-) Newspaper
11- )Foster the gratuity and quality of general education, the compliance of its
ends and the moral, intellectual, and physical training of the student and has the obligation to
offer the number of teaching hours that ensure the achievement of educational objectives
a-) the Family b-) the Church c-) the State d-) the School
They are a series of programs that allow turning the computer into a
typewriter much more efficient than traditional ones, as it incorporates the
possibility of correcting, reviewing orthographically, changing the order of paragraphs or
replace one word with another
a-) word processors c-) database
b-) drawing programs d-) presentation with computers
They are programs that allow you to draw and paint easily, versatilely and
fun, in an open and pleasant environment, that stimulates imagination and expression
and creativity
a-) word processors c-) database
b-) drawing programs d-) presentation with computers
It is a file that contains structured information about a collection
determined.
word processors c-) database
b-) drawing programs d-) presentation with computers
You earn a lot when they are done by computer, because they allow you to include
graphics, still images and even video sequence
a-) word processors c-) database
drawing programs d-) presentation with computers
It is a highly specialized server that allows remote connection with
any computer on the network
a-) Telnet b-) Ftp c-) Correo electrónico d-) Base de datos
It is a protocol that aims to receive, but also send, files to
through the network

a-) Telnet b-) Ftp c-) Email d-) Database

18- ) It is the most used service on the network, it works thanks to the identification of each
user in a particular way
a-) Telnet b-) Ftp c-) Email d-) Database

Unit 4: The Student

Theme 1- ) Answer what is requested:
1- What does Sarramona propose regarding the progress in the biological scale of the
man?
The man as a unit of psychosomatic adaptation, according to Sarramona (1991). In
the further one progresses on the biological scale, the less dependent it becomes
organism of its genetic structure to adapt to changes in the
medium; adaptation is achieved then through experiences. Man
depends more than any other being on cultural heritage, transmitted through
education

2- What does intelligence consist of?

It is the ability to understand, assimilate, process information and use it.
To solve problems.

3- Explain the differences between the innatist theory and the constructivist theory of
human behavior.

The innatist theory is based on the principle that there are categories in humans.
preconditions (space, time, form, causality, etc.) that shape his knowledge of
reality.
The constructivist theory conceives intelligence as a progressive adaptation to the
reality that allows one to master it and thus survive.

4- What is metacognition?
It is the way to learn to reason about one's own reasoning, application of the
thinking is the act of thinking, learning to learn, it is improving activities and tasks.
intellectuals that one carries out using reflection to guide them and ensure a
good execution.

5- What are the goals of ethologists?

The objectives of the ethologist are the study of behavior, instinct, and discovery.
of the guidelines that govern the innate or learned activity of different animal species
Thanks to ethological studies, today we can speak accurately about behaviors.
hereditary, which represent behavior patterns that are very little modifiable by the
learnings.

6- What does any adaptation imply, according to Piaget?

Every adaptation implies an assimilation of things to the spirit and to one's own activity.
an accommodation of the assimilative schemes to the objects
7- What does puberty consist of?
Puberty: manifestation of the first menstruations and emissions. Growth
what had stopped in the immediate preceding years now intensifies, first in
the trunk and the limbs, then with the weight gain, until forming the body
of the adult

8- What is maturation?
It is the process by which we change, grow, and develop over time.
life.

9- How does the constructivist model define the learner?

According to the constructivist approach, the learner is an active processor who relates the
new information to learn, with its cognitive structure, non-arbitrarily nor
from the lyrics, achieving significant learning with it.

10- What is the fundamental function of intelligence?

The fundamental function of intelligence is to understand and invent, that is, to construct.
structures structuring the real through the action of these structures upon it

11- Why do some people not understand certain subjects?

Children often do not understand not because of the subject, but the lessons through.
of which I have taught that subject.

Topic 11 - ) Complete each statement

a-)The learner is the recipient of educational actions
b-) The study of instinctive behaviors in animals has its inception
scientific co-evolutionism (Darwin) and its development with Ethology
c-) Human ethology is concerned with understanding what human behaviors are.
d-) To study intelligence, the aim is to explainthehuman behavior
The innatist theory and the constructivist theory are the two main trends in the
explanation of human behavior.
The construction of knowledge is an individual and internal process through
as the student acquires and assimilates the school contents at the same time
that gives meaning to them.
g-) Bühler distinguishes three types of intelligences, which are instinctive or ...
species, ____ Learning intelligence Understanding intelligence__
h-) With language, it is about mastering reality through symbols and signs.
i-)Sensorimotor stadium__,Stadiumof preoperational thought__,_ Stage of
concrete thought ____ and stage of thought form __ are the four stages
general aspects in the development of intelligence proposed by Piaget.
The acquisition of language involves a complex process of _iimitation and action
creative
The acquisition of language begins with a purely physiological phase.
Human ethology is when ethology is responsible for studying behavior.
human
Ethologists are the scientists who specialize in ethology.
According to Piaget, human behavior is the result of the combination of four areas:
_ maturation _, experience __, social transmission _ and _ balance
Intelligence seems to be linked to other mental functions such as: perception or
capacity to receive information, and the memory, or capacity to store it
p-)Responsible, motivated, collaborative, and strategic are the three roles that define
to the student committed to their learning.

Theme III - ) Select the correct answer

Theory based on the principle that there are prior categories in man.
(space, time, form, causality, etc.) that shape their knowledge of the
reality
constructivist b-) ethological c-) evolutionist d-) innatist

Theory that conceives intelligence as a progressive adaptation to reality that

allows it to be allocated and thus survive

a-) constructivist ethological d-) innatist

3- It is that intelligence which are inherited functional predispositions that allow

automatically react to unexpected situations
instinctive b-) of understanding c-) learned d-) innatist

It is that intelligence which is the result of a trial-and-error process by which we

it warns of the profitability of certain behaviors compared to others, to the point of repeating them.
in similar situations
a-) instintiva b-) de comprensión c-) aprendida d-) innatista

It is the intelligence that arises suddenly and allows for the resolution of the problem.
satisfactory manner without the need for trials
instinctive b-) of understanding learned

6- The perlatic phase, preverbal or prelinguistic, begins at

the two or three months the year c-) two years d-) four years

7- Words in the child begin to have meaning at

two or three months the year two years d-) four years

Words serve to give names to things.

two or three months b-) the year two years d-) four years

9- The stage in which the child masters the language necessary for their usual communication is
a
two or three months b-) the year two years d-) four years

10- It is human behavior explained as the differentiation of the nervous system.

a-) ripening b-) social transmission balance

11- It is human behavior explained as the interaction with the physical world
maturation c-) equilibrium d-) experience

12- It is human behavior explained as the supreme principle of mental balance.

ripening b-) social transmission balance

13- It is human behavior explained as a reflux of upbringing and education.

maturation b-) social transmission balance
14- Role of the student in understanding that learning is social
a-) responsible b-) motivado c-) colaborativo d-) strategic

15- Role of the student in which students take charge of their own learning and
they are self-regulated

a-) responsible motivated d-) strategic

16- Role of the student in which students find pleasure and excitement in the
learning
a-) responsible motivated d-) strategic

17- Role of the student in which students commonly develop and refine the
learning and strategies for solving problems
a-) responsible motivated d-) strategic

Write a v if it's true, an f if it's false

a-) Education occurs until the mature age of man_F__
In education, the process of a man's life is interrupted.
c-) The term educating has been generalized since the 18th century.
d-) Language is the most noticeable manifestation of human intelligence___V____
e-) The stage of the development of intelligence, from the sensory-motor stage, proposed by
Piaget, is from two to seven years old.
f-) The stage of intelligence development in the preoperational period, proposed by
Piaget is until two years old.
g-) The stage of the development of intelligence of concrete thinking, proposed by
Piaget, from seven to eleven years old___V___
The stage of development of formal thought intelligence, proposed by Piaget,
from twelve to fifteen years old
i-) Around the age of three, the child's first gregarious attempt with peers is born.
With puberty, the childhood cycle breaks.
For Piaget, intelligence is the quintessential adaptation.

Reading report No. 5 - The Educator

Theme 1 - ) Answer each question
What is a theoretical teacher?
Theoretical master is the researcher, the educational theorist, the man who dedicates himself to
study and in-depth analysis of the problem of education and tries to find solutions
What is a practical or active teacher?
Practical or active educator is the true educator, it is the one who performs in a way
direct the educational action.
What is the mission of the educator?
The mission of the educator is to incorporate into the spirit of the student the contents that the
science leads to systematic teaching and developing their intellectual capacities, thus
like other educational functions, contributing to the formation of personality.
4-) Explain each of the characteristics of the teacher according to Kerschensteiner.
According to Kerschensteiner (1934), the educator must present the following characteristics:

1st. The simple tendency towards the formation of man as an individuality, which is
stands out from all other inclinations, in such a way that the realization of said
the educator finds his maximum joy in trend.
2nd. The ability to continue this inclination in a beneficial manner, that is, to
to achieve the formation of the particular soul of the student to the extent that their
capacity allows it.
3rd. The specific trend directed precisely towards the future man, this is the
personality that emerges, or rather the childlike soul as a bearer of values.
4th. The permanent decision to influence during development, or in other words, the desire
to stimulate that formation of values that is already determined in the soul.
individual. The teaching vocation
5-) Explain the elements of the teaching vocation.
The teaching vocation needs to be perfected and developed and can be broken down
in the following elements:
1st. The "pedagogical eros." The generous love for others, the need to help.
humans, who trust in the goodness of adults, is a quality prior to all
the others so that one can be a good educator. The inclination and love for children.
it implies the satisfaction of being among them, of being part of their spontaneity, of
share their joys, and the desire to achieve the development of all their possibilities
formative.
2nd. Psychological penetration ability. To possess this condition of penetration in the
the soul of the student, to understand their way of being and behaving, needs to possess
permanently the educator a clear knowledge of himself and a particular sense
of self-criticism. Only those who have a wide capacity for introspection can
understand the spiritual reactions of their students. It is not required for this that the
a master is a psychologist. It is enough for them to have that special ability to descend from our
adult circle to that immature world of the child to bring oneself to their level, to understand their
language and capture their peculiar way of feeling and representing things in the world
objective.
3rd. Tendency towards the values they try to achieve. The student must have a vision
clear of the culture and the historical moment in which she lives. The purpose of education
it consists of introducing young generations into the objective world of culture, in
surround the young person with a set of values that constitute the ideal of life of society
of which he is a member, of the Nation and of humanity in general. The educator must
believe in the value of truth, in morality, in justice, in goodness.
4th. Sense of mission. A good educator must have a clear sense of their mission; they must
to be aware of the extraordinary responsibility that falls upon him both with respect to
child who is entrusted to him, like with the family and the society that confide in him, and with the
nation, whose progress depends on the new generations.
6-) Establish the difference between educator, teacher, and professor.
The Educators are all human beings who, individually or collectively, directly or indirectly,
prolonged or temporary, systematically or unsystematically, stimulates in another a
lasting transformation in their spirit. The educator is the professional, especially
prepared that voluntarily exerts a direct and systematized action on the
educating. It can be theoretical, practical, or active.

The teacher is an artist, free to express themselves in their art. Their work consists of children.
transformed into young people educated by their dedication and effort, in this sense it should:
ser abierto, tener empatía, ser creativo, ser solidario, asumir compromiso, ser intelectual,
critical, situated, being tolerant, being integrative.
A teacher is a guide, a mediator, a person who accompanies the students.
for the construction of knowledge both individually and collectively
collaborative.
7-) What should the teacher be capable of?
• He/She must transmit knowledge to the students
• It should fundamentally focus on the student and their personal development.
social, and this makes their work more complicated and diversified.
• You must be prepared to design, develop, analyze, and evaluate rationally.
your own practice.
• It must possess the basic tools that allow it to understand and act in a
particular field of knowledge, that is, the domain of knowledge of its
specialty area.
9- ) What should teachers be prepared for?
The teacher must be prepared to design, develop, analyze, and evaluate
rationally its own practice. In a broad sense, and depending on its function
essential educator, must be able to relate to students, with others
teachers, with parents and with the immediate social environment.
10-) What are the requirements to enter the teaching profession?
according to the General Education Law 66-97?

a. Being a professional educator graduated from normal-superior schools,

universities, institutes and higher education entities or related areas, prior to the
observation of the validation requirement;
b. To be a graduate from higher education institutions in the cases specified by the
law;
c. To gather the necessary moral, ethical, intellectual, and emotional qualities, as well as the
knowledge and competencies required for the exercise of a specific function to
to perform. Documents to be submitted for the competition, according to Ordinance 05-2007.

11- What are the requirements for entry into the program?
teacher, according to Decree 639-03, of the Teacher Statute?

The Teacher Statute when referring to the entry requirements for practice
of the teaching function, stating as a condition: "to gather moral qualities,
ethical, intellectual, and emotional qualities necessary for the exercise of the specific function to
"perform." These formulations suggest that in the construction of the teaching profile
the constructivist and socio-cultural approach that underpins the curriculum must be integrated,
Well, those philosophical and conceptual references must be specified in the development.
curriculum that characterizes its practice so that it can meet the needs of
learning of individuals.
12. Investigate the base salary of teachers by shift and by grade.
Do you believe that one can live with dignity on the same? Explain.
According to the research, a teacher cannot live decently because of the cost of living.
it is very high, and their base salary is very low. A dignified life requires having a
quality housing, good nutrition, and managing daily expenses without
the need to take on financial commitments that cannot be fulfilled. In other words
to have housing, food, and education secured for the family.
13. Who are members of the Dominican Association of Teachers?
(ADP)?
They can be members of the ADP:
a-) The teachers, directors, deputy directors of the Levels and Modalities
of the Dominican Educational System (Early Childhood, Basic, Adults, and Secondary).

b-) The pensioners and retirees who at the time of their retirement were
playing the role of teachers or Directors or Deputy Directors
Teaching secretaries of the indicated levels and modalities.
c-) The Teaching Secretaries who work in the Middle Level under the dependency of
Ministry of Education, including the Technical Vocational Mode.
d-) The counselors and psychologists of the educational centers of the Ministry
of Education.
e-) The education professionals who regularly pay the statutory fee for
directly and personally to the National Secretariat of Finance, which will forward
the information to the Secretariat of Organization, Documentation and Statistics for
to incorporate them into the Members registry. The interested party will keep the receipts.
corresponding as evidence
What is the purpose of the National Cooperative of Multiple Services of the
Masters?
COOPNAMA is an entity whose main purpose is to promote, encourage and
encourage the cooperative system in all its forms among its members.
15- ) Who can be a member of COOPNAMA?
active teachers, retirees or
retirees belonging to the education sector, the permanent employees of the
cooperative, as long as they do not belong to the same union and the employees of the
State Department of Education, with its exceptions.
16- ) Refer to the competencies of the teacher, as proposed by De la Torre.
Scientific competence: This means that he is an expert in the subject he is to teach,
get to know and question spontaneous teaching thinking and acquire knowledge
related to the learning of sciences.
Teaching competence: It refers to the ability or proficiency to convey.
knowledge, mastering the techniques and methods of usual teaching, knowing how to prepare
activities, direct the students' work, evaluate adequately and, use the
research and innovation in the field.
Psychological competence: The teacher has the ability to grasp the feelings of the
others and know how to deal with them, links that ability through: reading works
recognized validity, exchanges with other teachers, the constant exercise of
observation of students and reflection in the personal pedagogical exam.
17-) What are the attributes that a teacher (male or female) should possess for a
positive teaching?
➢ be open
➢ to have empathy
➢ be creative
➢ be supportive
➢ assume commitment
➢ to be critical-situated intellectual
➢ be tolerant
➢ -to be integrative

18-) What are the aspects that are taken into account for the evaluation of
contestant to teacher and what is the assessment of each one?
a) File
Academic……………………………………………………………….….30 points
b) Profile
professional...............................15
points
c) Test
Writing………………………………………30
points
d) Oral test or
interview……………………………………………….……………..…..15 points
e) Psychological test
.......................................................... 10 points

19-) What is the percentage of incentives applied to the teacher in each line?
Performance evaluation is governed by the following scale:
Bad-0%
Acceptable-7%
Regular-15%
Good-27%
Very good -29%
Excellent-32%
Years of service, the years in service are governed by the following scale
From 1 to 5 years -5%

From 5 to 15 years -10%

From 20 years onwards - 15%

The degree is governed according to the following scale
10% normal master
15% Certificate of Higher Studies
20% Bachelor's Degree

25% Postgraduate
30% Master's
40% Doctorate

Theme 11 - ) Select the correct answer

 The first certified profession was that of
engineer b-) architect c-) lawyer d-)
master

Teaching acquires the status of a profession in the 19th century, with its establishment in
Europe and America, the school
a-) Initial Basic c-) Media d-)
Normal

3-) Type of teacher who despises actively participating in the educational task and, for
simple comfort, leaving the student in complete freedom
a-) nato b-) authoritarian c-) indolent d-)
I request

4-) Has the necessary touch to adapt at every moment to the needs and
characteristics of learners make education a task of constant
enthusiasm
a-) NATO authoritarian c-) indolent d-)
I request

5-) imposes a rigorous discipline, requiring absolute obedience and teaching

dogmatically
a-) nato b-) authoritarian c-) indolent d-)
I request

They do not dare to leave the students alone to solve the problems;
routine in their tasks, timid in character and paternalistic in their exercise of
authority
a-) nato b-) authoritarian c-) indolent d-)
I request

The Acronym of the Union Organization of Teachers in the Dominican Republic is

a-) AMD b-) ADP c-) COOPNAME d-
CGT
Committee of the ADP, which operates in the school with ten or more teachers, who
they are elected democratically and is made up of five members
National Executive b-) Disciplinary
c-) Union of Union and Pedagogical Base d-) Municipal or Zonal Section

9-) The initials of the National Teachers' Cooperative are

a-) ADP b-) AMD c-) COOPNAME
CGT

10-) ADP Committee, which is made up of 21 members, is the Committee

a-) National Executive b-) Consejo de Comisarios c-) Disciplinario d-) Municipal
the Zonal

11-) Competence that allows to question reality in its various contexts and
inquire, reflect, and learn about their educational practices, incorporating their
findings on the teaching-learning process
a-) Aesthetics b-) Pedagogical c-) Academic d-)
Investigative

12-) Competence that refers to the ability to interact communicatively

in the classroom context and promote with their intervention personal construction and
collective knowledge consists of learning
a-) Academic b-) Ethics and Citizenship c-) Pedagogical d-)
Community

13-) This competence is associated with the ability to construct in the classroom a
academic culture linked to reading and interpretation, to discussion and to
reflection. It refers to the conditions that must be met to ensure the
construction of knowledge
a-) Aesthetics b-) Pedagogical c-) Academic d-)
Investigative

In this competition, the teacher must possess the basic tools, which will
allows to understand and act in a particular field of knowledge. It refers to
to the mastery of knowledge in their area of expertise.
a-) Aesthetics b-) Pedagogical c-) Academic d-)
Investigative

This competence refers to the teacher's ability to exhibit and promote

the moral development that leads to the expansion of the possibilities of knowing and
expand the spaces for possible social agreements
a-) Academic b-) Ethics and Citizenship c-) Pedagogical d-)
Community

16-) ADP agency, composed of eleven members.

a-) National Executive b-) Disciplinary
c-) Union of Union Base and Pedagogical d-) Municipal Section or
Zonal

Theme 111- ) Complete each statement

An educator is any person or institution that performs the function of educating.
An educator is every human being who, individually or collectively, directly or
indirect, prolonged or transitory, systematic or unsystematic, stimulates a
lasting transformation in their spirit.
c-) ___the master's______is the first academic title that is known, it was offered by the
cathedral schools.
d-) The applicants a teachers are educated in schools and
universities
e) __pedagogical eros__, ___attitude of psychological penetration__, __tendency in
value and sense of the mission are the elements of the teaching vocation.
f-) The teaching career begins with teaching in the classroom or activities purposes
of teaching
g-) In Education: Initial, Basic and Adult, work will be carried out____
In Secondary Education, work is done for the sixth____

the commissioner council, the disciplinary tribunal are two bodies

from the ADP, composed of five members
k-)___general assemblies of delegates, board of directors, council of
Surveillance and district bodies constitute the Central Bodies of the Cooperative.
The State recognizes the practice of the teaching profession and it is its obligation to promote it.
professionalization, stability, and dignification
m-)_maestro___is an artist, free to express himself in his art.
8- What is education the result of?

Education is always a result of the historical moment in which it occurs, of the

place where it takes place, of the prevailing culture and of the socio-political structure
in force.

9- Explain the differences that exist between: education, instruction and

teaching.

Education is acting upon a person, while instruction is limited to the

transmission of knowledge, that is, it is characteristic of the school environment and the
education is specific to the realm of society. In the act of educating, participants take part
everyone, while the instruction is limited to the direct relationship between the teacher
And the student learns when something is shown.

10- What is the main characteristic of recurrent education?

The main characteristic of recurrent education is continuity of

lifelong learning, that is to say, it aims for an interaction between
structured learning acquired in educational periods and non-learning
structured acquired in other types of social activities.

11- Briefly refer to what is stated in the General Education Law 66-97.
in its Articles 222, 23, 24, and 25, regarding religious education
Article 22, parents have the right for their children or wards to receive the
moral and religious education that is in accordance with their own convictions.

Article 23, moral and religious education will be guided in accordance with the precepts
constitutional and international treaties to which the Dominican State
is signer. Article

24, Private schools may offer religious and/or moral education,

agreement with your pedagogical ideology, always respecting the awareness and essence of
the Dominican identity.

Article 25, students in public schools will receive religious education as

consignation in the curriculum and in international agreements. To such ends, and of
In agreement with the religious authorities, the programs will be developed that will
will apply to students whose parents, or those who act in their place, do not ask for
writing that is exempt.

Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits.
Magna Didactics: John Amos Comenius
Thoughts on Education: Jean Piaget
Socratic Method: Socrates

The Republic: Plato

The City of God: St. Augustine
Leonardo and Gertrude: teaching method
My Pedagogical Creed: John Dewey
Child Psychology: Claparede
Achromatic: Arthur Heming
Summa Theologica: Saint Thomas Aquinas
Function of globalization and teaching: Decroly

Tema 2- ) Nombra el fundador de cada una de las siguientes escuelas

Summerhill: Alexander neli
The Ermitage School: Ovide Decroly
Children's House: Maria Montessori
Kindergartens or Kindergarten: Frederick Froebel
Liceo School: Aristotle
The Academy: Plato
Palatine School: Charlemagne
Yverdon Boarding School: Juan Enrique Pantalozzi

International Committee of New Schools: Leon Tolstoy, Adolphe Ferriere, etc.

Laboratory School: John Dewey
Joyful School or Cheerful School: Vittorino da Feltre.

Theme 3 - Complete each statement

1- ) The education of man in ancient social communities where there was no existence of the
private property nor social classes.

Slavery, a social group characterized by the exploitation of man.

for the Man.
 Internal and external were the two types of monastic schools.

4-) Elementary, middle, and higher education are the three levels of teaching.
during the empire in Rome.

The educational ideals in Greece were reserved for free men.

Homer was the text with which the Greeks were educated.

The pedagogues were the slaves who accompanied the children in ancient Greece.
children to school.

The maieutics was the method used by Socrates to assist in giving birth to the ideas.
ideas.

Greece was the first country to make education compulsory.

10- ) The three moments in which Rousseau divides education are: Childhood, the
adolescence and maturity.

Wolfgang Ratke and John Amos Comenius are considered the founders.
of the traditional school whose motto was method and order.

Paidocentrism characterizes the New School and places the child at the center.
of attention to all educational activity.

13- ) The New School is an opposition to the traditional school

The best way to prepare the student for life is to shape their intelligence.
its possibilities of attention and effort. It is the foundation of the Medieval school.

14- ) The trivium consisted of dialectic, rhetoric, and grammar.

The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.

 Theme 1V-) Select the correct answer

School that was characterized by the teaching of the Church Fathers, it

It began in the 1st century AD.

The Universities

Oxford, Paris, Bologna, and Cambridge are the oldest.

Municipal Schools

3- ) The monastic, parish, and cathedral schools were the three types
of schools

ecclesiastical

4-) The schools that granted diplomas of studies called Licentia

Docendi, which authorized to teach in the area of the diocese, were the

parochial

It was the first attempt at a classist education, the applicants had to

belonging to noble blood, they were educated in the castles

parochial

Medieval School where the student began their education as an apprentice

with a teacher and upon completing their studies, obtained the title of Officer

parochial

6-) Period in which the system of cooperation and the great inventions begin
 slaveholding

It is considered one of the precursors to the development of

movement of the Pedagogical scientist, his teaching method is based on the method
natural

John Locke

A book written by John Amos Comenius, considered as a method for

teach quickly, time efficiency and without fatigue

Magnific Didactics

8-) He is considered the precursor of the New School, he wrote the works:
The New Heloise, The Social Contract, and Emile
a-) John Locke b-) Wolfgang Ratke c-) John Amo Comenio d-)Juan J. Rousseau

Founded in 1805, the Yverdon Boarding School, being the first school of
popular character.
Johann F. Herbart
Founded in 1805, the Yverdon Boarding School, being the first school of
popular character.

Johann F. Herbart
E. Pestalozzi

11- ) He founded a school on his estate in Iásnia Polaina in 1859, for the children of
your peasants, which became the first truly school
new

Jean Piaget

12- ) Together with Bovet and Ferriere, he founded the Juan Jacobo Institute.
Rousseau

Edouard Claparede
Decroly
Schools that were meant to educate monks were founded in the
4th century

monastic

14-) Schools that were run by bishops and were in charge of the
education of the young people who wanted to enter the priesthood was characterized
for high moral values.

chivalric

Topic V-) Answer what is asked of you

1-) What was the education of primitive man like?

That education was essentially practical, it was not trusted in anyone.

Particular, it was spontaneous, natural, unintentional, environmental, homogeneous, it
it was based on imitation and orality, limited to the immediate present.

Briefly comment on the education proposed by Plato?

It is to transition from the sensible reality to the intelligible one, understood as a process of
inner transformation that is oriented towards self-knowledge

3- ) What do you interpret from John Locke's expression, in the sense that
the child is born as a blank slate, a blank paper on which the
The professor can write everything.

What is born with an empty mind and without any knowledge

4-) How was the educational system proposed by John organized?

Do I love Comenius?

The educational system should comprise 24 years of six years each.

corresponding to four types of schools: the nursery school from 0 to 6 years old, the
elementary or vernacular school for ages 6 to 12; the Latin school or gymnasium of the
12 to 18 years old and the academy or university from 18 to 24 years old. In each
There should be a maternal school in every municipality or village.
primary; in each city a secondary school and preparatory school and in each capital
a university.
5- ) What events mark the beginning of the contemporary era?

It is set in motion by the great disturbances caused in the world by the

American and French revolutions, in the Napoleonic conquests and in
the revolution
 What did Herbart create?

I create the system that I call "educational instruction"

What did Froebel consider about child development?

Consider that the child's development depended on spontaneous activity.
(the game), a constructive activity (manual work) and a study of
nature.
What postulates did Rousseau propose?
Education should focus more on the child and less on the adult;
Instill in the child the desire to learn;
What should be taught to the child and when should it be taught.

9-) What were the schools founded during the Renaissance called?

They founded 'small boarding schools (contumeria)

What did the Protestant Reformation consist of and who was its main figure?
ideologist?

It consisted in the pedagogical aspect, which had a singular importance, as it raises

for the first time, in concrete terms, the problem of universal instruction is
The principal ideologist was Martin Luther.

11-) What was the New School opposed to?

He opposed traditional schooling.

12-) Present your opinion on the school proposed by Alexander Neill.

He said that education was about shaping happy children

13- ) What were Martin Luther's postulants regarding education?

He stated that the parents were responsible for the education of the
child
Unit 7 - Education and Philosophy

Theme I) Answer each question

1) What distinguishes the methodologies used by science and philosophy?

 What divides science from philosophy is method. Although both aim to
discover the reality of things, they use different methods. Philosophy employs the
deductive method, that is to say that it goes from the complex to the simple and science
it employs the Inductive method, that is, from the simple to the complex. In the studies of
philosophy does not use the scientific methodology mainly due to the
different nature of the problems it poses. Science experiments and
the results of their experiments are accepted as true. The philosophy
speculates, prescribes, analyzes and synthesizes using only reason without
experimentation.

3- What does axiology study? It studies the definition and classification of values and in
The general problem regarding this.

Explain the content of Article 5 of the General Law of Education 66-97, regarding its purposes.
educators, in the Dominican Republic. According to article 5 of the General Law of
Education

a) To form individuals, men and women, free, critical and creative, capable of
participate and build a free, democratic, and participatory society, just and
solidarity; suitable for questioning it permanently; that combine work
productive, community service and humanistic, scientific training
technological with the enjoyment of the cultural heritage of humanity, to contribute to
national development and its own development;
b) To form citizens who love their family and their homeland, aware of their
duties, of their rights and of their freedoms, with a deep sense of
responsibility and respect for human dignity;
c) Educate for the understanding of dignity and equality of rights among
men and women;
d) Create and strengthen a consciousness of identity of valuation and national integration,
in a framework of international coexistence, uplifting human rights and the
fundamental freedoms, seeking universal peace based on knowledge
and the respect for the rights of nations,
e) To educate for the understanding, assimilation, and development of human values
transcendent: intellectual, moral, ethical, aesthetic, and religious
f) To train qualified human resources to simulate capacity development
national production based on efficiency and social justice.

4- What does aesthetics study? It gives fundamental importance to the formation of the
subjects and groups regarding skills and activities for
appreciation and achievements, not only in the habit of art but also in the cultural.

5- What does teleology study? It studies the fundamental problems of education.

To do this, he makes use of philosophical reasoning to raise and explain the
educational problems

6- What was the method used by Socrates in his teachings? The Maieutic is the
method used by Socrates to induce his disciples to discover knowledge.
 The word maieutics in Greek means to give birth, which Socrates, by extension,
use to give birth to ideas. This method consists of asking questions and the
answers turn into more questions, until discovering the best one.
response to the question that originated the discussion.

7- What is Reminiscence? It is the ability of the soul to remember. The soul,

for Socrates and the ancients, it is the capacity to reason.

8- What is the fundamental principle that separates Idealism from Realism? The principle
The fundamental distinction that separates Realism from Idealism is the reality of matter.
For Aristotle, matter is in motion, so there is potential to be.
that is, being. There is no matter without form. Form is the
updating property of matter.

9- What does the Reconstructionist school pay attention to? In the school
Reconstructionists pay a lot of attention to the study of the sciences and the
technologies, because these are their best aids to achieve their objectives. Their
curriculum focused on the study of the humanities and languages.

10- How did Plato divide Greek society? The guardians, the rulers, and the
workers.

Theme II) Write a v if it is true or an f if it is false

a-) Philosophy is the daughter of science F

b-) The Greeks distinguished science from philosophy Fc-) the problem of epistemology has
has been the subject of study by the natural sciences, psychology, and the
The objectives have an ideological character, because they are oriented.
for educational philosophy

V
e-) Aristotle is considered the founder of Idealism F

f) The trial and death of Socrates are described in Plato's Dialogues Vg-) The curriculum
Idealist part of the universality of ideas. For the conductors, man is...
acts like a machine that responds to commands from the environment, which can be
programmedV

In the pragmatic school, the teacher answers questions that the child can
In the existentialist school, the student is free to study what
wants, if he wants, and when he wants V

k-) Reconstructionist education promotes the concept of school without walls, it is

to say, that which delves into the community

Theme III) Select the correct answer

In solving this problem, philosophers ask: is knowledge a
rational act? Does knowledge affect the known object?....
a-) metaphysics b-) epistemology the aesthetics d-) the logic

2-In the solution to this problem, philosophers ask themselves: What does good consist of?
the evil?
What is justice? Does only one truth exist?.....

a-) esteca b-) epistemology c-) logic d-) ethical

3-In solving this problem, philosophers ask themselves: What is the origin of the
life? Does the soul have its own reality? What is it that underpins the regularities that
they are discovered and described in physics?
a-) eiqa b-) aesthetics c-) metaphysics d-) axiology

4-In the solution to this problem, the philosopher asks: Are universal values,
immutable and perennial objects? Do values have their own reality or are they products
of human desires?...
a-.) axiology b-) epistemology c-) logic d-) metaphysics

5-They are the values that constitute a certain national identity, such as the
self-awareness, respect for patriotic values...
a-) instrumentals b-) universals historical-social

6-They are the values that seek to guide the individual's social practice within a
project of society, such as efficiency, creativity...
a-) instrumentals b-) universals c-) historical - social none

7- They are values that seek to identify the individual with the fruit of experience.
humanity or the human race allows one to consider oneself as part of it. e.g. Solidarity,...
a-) instrumentals b-) universals historical-social

It is the intention to carry out an activity

a-) purpose b-) fin c-) object d-) meta

9-They are specific formulations of short-term goals that are expected to result in changes.
in the students participating in the educational process
a-) purposes b-) fines c-) goals d-) objects

10-It is the formulation in specific terms of intentions to be achieved in the program or

school project a-) purpose fin d-) object
 11-It is the most general expression of the purposes that a society sets for itself, they are always aimed at
long term. a-) teleology b-) end c-) meta d-) object

12-In idealistic education, the center around which all educational activity revolves is
the boy the teacher c-) the book d-) none is correct

13-In realistic education, the center of attention around which all activity revolves
educa is a-) the child b-) el maestro c-) el libro d-) none is
correct

14-The center around which all educational activity in Pragmatic education revolves is
the boy the teacher d-) none are correct

15-Theodore Brameld and George Counts are the most renowned.

positivists d-)

reconstructionists Topic IV-) Complete each statement

a-) What divides philosophy from science is the method, science uses induction.
philosophy Deduc- epistemology or Philosophy speculates about knowledge.

c-) Ethics is the philosophical study of moral values and of the

d-) Logic studies orderly thinking.

When the problem of ethics begins to be addressed from the point of view of the
values, then Axiology arises
e-) The Valoresson are guidelines and norms of behavior, the Decennial Plan classifies it.
Universal, Historical-Social Instrumentals - Rene Descartes
Emmanuel Kant, Jorge W. Hegel are three modern idealists.

The lecture is the preferred method for those influenced by Idealism.

the logic of Aristotle himself based on syllogisms which is a form of

to reason

which consists of at least three propositions called

realistic education pays a lot of attention to the
reality of the material-) The curriculum of the pragmatic school is
functional
k-) John Dewey (1859-1952), William James (1842-1910) and Charles Peirse (1839-1914)
they are the ones that originate Pragmatism.
In the existentialist school, emphasis is placed on the teacher helping the student in the search.
of their fullness, to realize themselves as a person, urges their students to criticize, to
put it all in the Academy - school founded by Plato.

Theme V-) write the number on the left that completes the definition on the right
1-Empiricism 10 Ivan Pavlov and B. F. Skinner are its proponents, with it being born.
2-Pragmatism in programmed teaching.
3-Idealism 2 frequently uses Dewey's reflective method and4-)
Realism teaching of William H. Kilpatrick, founded in the USA.5-)
Reconstruccionismo: English philosophy based on reality of the 6- )
Progressivism experience, was founded by John Locke.
7- ) Phenomenology 4 it originates in Athens and they assume that matter is

Existentialism finds itself in constant motion, was founded by

Aristotle.

9-Liberationism
10-conduct 3is the oldest of the philosophical schools, expresses that
the11-Positivism Reality resides in ideas, it was founded by Plato.
12-Constructivism is formulated based on Realism and the
Empiricism originates from the United States.
and John Dewey is the most famous.

7 term that was taken from Hegel and that

refers to the study of the different ways in
that things appear or manifest in
our senses.
It is a position among educators from the States.
United, your based on they find
in the Pragmatism, the

Dewey's Experimentalism and Existentialism.

9 is the nightmare in religious circles of

Latin America, Iván Illich and Paulo Freire, were
its founders.

11 it is a system that opposed the spirit

naturalist and scientist to metaphysical trends and
religion of Romanticism, Auguste Comte, was its
founder.
12 it is a model according to which learning is
it is carried out through an active construction process
in which the ability to reason and use
knowledge depends on the knowledge already
acquired, Lev S. Vygotsky and Jean Piaget are their
founders.

Topic 8.- Educational Research

Topic 1 -) Answer each of the following questions

 1. What role does educational research play? educational research
plays an essential role in the improvement of the educational system, of its
fines, contents, methods, means, form of organization, educational proposals
formal and informal and in the study of the activity of the learners and their process
of development under the educational influence of learners and their development process
under the educational influence of the educators' activity, the requirements
personal and professional, the ways for their training, etc. In this way the
educational research, by contributing to the improvement of the educational system,
makes it possible to raise the scientific, technical, professional, cultural level and training
integral of the new generations.

2.¿Cuáles caracterís cas presenta la inves gación pedagógica? Habla de cada una

What does the scientific method consist of? It is the set of general procedures for
the means through which the subject of study of the science is investigated.

4-Prepare a summary table of the stages of the formation of scientific pedagogy.

presented by Manganiello.

5-List the steps of research proposed by Ernesto

Sampieri.

Step 1 - Conceive the idea to investigate.

Step 2 - Define the research problem: establish research objectives.

develop the research questions and justify the research and its feasibility.
Step 3 - Develop the theoretical framework: literature review, obtaining literature,
literature review, extraction and collection of relevant information and
construction of the theoretical framework.

Step 4-Define whether the research begins as exploratory, descriptive, correlational or

Explain and up to what level it will reach.

Step 5 - Establish the hypotheses: detect the variables, operationally define them
variables and conceptually define the variables.

Step 6 - Select the appropriate research design: experimental design,

pre-experimental or quasi-experimental and non-experimental design.

Step 7 - Sample selection: determine the universe and extract the sample.

Step 8 - Data collection: develop the measurement instrument and apply it,
calculate validity and reliability of the measurement instrument, code the data and
create a file that contains the data.

Step 9 - Analyze the data: select the statistical tests, develop the problem of
analyze and conduct the analyses.
 Step 10 - Present the results: prepare the research report and present it
research report.

6-What does measuring mean in the research process? It is the process of linking concepts.
abstracts with empirical indicators, through classification and/or quantification.

7-What is a population? It is a set where all cases agree with a

series of specifications.

8-) Develop an imaginative research project, following the outline of the

ten steps, presented by Ernesto Sampieri, about the research process.

Step 1 - Conceive the idea to investigate.

Advantages of parental support in the learning of primary school children.

Step 2 - Formulate the research problem:

Research objectives

General:
Analyze the advantages of parental support in children's learning
of primary.

Specific
1-Identify the advantages of parental support in children's learning.
primary
2-To understand how parents support primary school children in their learning
3 - Determine the relationship of the parents with the teachers of primary school children

Research questions
1-What are the advantages of parental support in children's learning?
from primary school?

2-What is the way that parents support elementary school children in their
learning?
3-How is the relationship between parents and teachers of primary school children?

Justification of the research

The need for parents to support their children in the learning process of their
children is evident. Supervising the learning process of children is a set of
effort of the parents and the educational center directly from the teacher. In the
Nowadays, many parents have many social and work-related commitments. Which do not
 allow them to fulfill the responsibility of providing the necessary support for their children
reach their learning.

This research aims to compile information to guide parents to

analyze and understand the advantages that their children would have by receiving their support in their homework,
school and extracurricular activities. As well as participating in center meetings
educational. If this investigation is not carried out, the results of the will continue to be affected
students' academic achievements in primary school and their emotions. And generally the
society.

Variables
- Learning process
- School support
- Advantages of school support
- Relationship between parents and teachers

Step 3-Develop the theoretical framework: literature review

Learning process

The learning process is related to teaching, it is the context where

students are the main protagonists, on the other hand, the teacher has a role of
facilitator of the process where the disciples achieve the learning of new content.
This means that it is from the role of disciple or apprentice that the ...
knowledge, this can be through exchanging your ideas and knowledge that already
They connect with their classmates and teachers through reading, the experience with the
cultural and social context and reflection. In the learning process, it is intended that the
Individuals enjoy learning and use it throughout their lives.

School support

the participation of parents in their children's learning process means that just like
that teachers and parents share the responsibility of educating children
students and work together to achieve learning objectives. In addition, it suggests that
teachers consistently invite parents to meetings and school events and that
Parents decide for themselves to prioritize these objectives.

The participation of parents in the educational process has significantly decreased.

Parents prefer online communication methods such as: text messages, email
electronic and social networks more than attending meetings or informational meetings. This low
assistance reflects less support and availability of parents' time to assist with these
events.
 Advantages of school support
The support of parents is fundamental for the development of students, which provides
many benefits. Studies indicate that parents and guardians involved in the process of
your children's learning can improve and help this participation in academic life,
in addition to helping teachers. Some of these advantages are:
● The good communication of parents with teachers reduces absenteeism.
● Improve academic performance
● It also helps to improve the behavior of students in the classroom.

Relationship between parents and teachers

Communication between parents and teachers must be constant. Through
meetings of the association of parents, mothers, and friends of the school and the committees of
courses. This teacher-family relationship allows for direct support in the academic area and
behavioral of the students.

Step 4 - Define the research

In the development of this study, it became necessary to apply two types of research, which are
the following:

For its object is descriptive: Sampieri et al., (2010) described that in this group of
The investigation aims to define properties, characteristics, and relevant traits of
The phenomenon being investigated also allows for defining the existing differences of a
population.

According to the location is a countryside: Sampieri et al., (2010) considered the study in the direct location.
it is the experiment in a more real or natural situation in which the researcher manipulates
one or more variables.” (p. 146) that is to say, the investor is present in the real context of the
research.

Step 5 - Establish the hypotheses

The parents of primary school students do not know the advantages of offering support to
the children who are in elementary school

Variables

Variables

Independent Indicators

Learning process Learning

 School support Help with the homework
Search for the learning outcomes
Dependents Indicators

Advantages of school support Better academic performance

Better emotional health for children

Relationship between parents and teachers Participation in the meetings

Participate in the parent association

Step 6 - Select the appropriate research design.

3.2 Research Methods

To achieve the objectives, the inductive and deductive methods are used:

Theoretical method of analysis-synthesis: consists of the review of events in a

meticulous and a subsequent individual organization. based on the preparation and development
of theories and literature review.

Empirical-complementary method: it is where a non-probability sampling is taken,

interview and the instrument questionnaire.

Mathematical-statistical method: allowing to describe the variables as a whole and

classify them by the necessary relationships.

Research Techniques

As a research technique, the following will be applied:

Interviews: different interviews are conducted. Sampieri et al. (2010) defined this technique
like a meeting or gathering in which the intention is to converse and exchange data.

Direct observation: in each encounter with individuals. Sampieri et al., (2010) explained
that the purpose of observation is to know the context, to be able to describe it and understand it.
What is happening.

Questionnaire: confirmed by questions and its function is to measure variables. Considered as

the most widely used instrument. Sampieri, et al., (2010).
 Step 7 - Sample Selection

The population of this research consists of 50 sixth-grade students from secondary level, 10
teachers. The population according to (Hernández, et al., 2010) is the set of all cases
from the study and these constitute the reference group for selecting the sample.

The sample is a section of 50 students, 10 teachers.

Step 8 - Data Collection.

For this research, the procedure will apply the questionnaire for data collection.
data of students and teachers. Observations of the students will be made, they
they select the groups to apply the questionnaire. All instructions are explained
necessary for their understanding and that they can respond honestly. After this
As part of the procedure, the analysis and interpretation of the collected information is carried out.
Graphs and tables are prepared using Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel.

Step 9 - Analyze the data

Table 1: Ages of the students

Variable Frequency Percentage

6-8 36 72%
9-11 14 28%
Source: Questionnaire Graph 1: Ages of the students

28%
6 to 8
9 to 11
72%

Source Table No. 1

It can be observed that 72% of the students are between 6 to 8 years old and 28% are between 9 to 11.

Table 2: Parental support in homework

 Variable Frequency Percentage
If 30 60%
No 20 40%
Source: Cues onary

Graph 2: Parental support

40%

if no
60%

Source Table No. 2

It is observed that 60% of parents help their children with homework and 20% do not.
help.
Table 3: Attendance at the parents' meeting at the center

Variable Frequency Percentage

Always 15 30%
Almost always 20 40%
Sometimes 5 10%
Never 10 20%

Source: questionnaire

Graphic 3: Attendance at the parent meeting at the center

 always

20% almost always

30%
sometimes
10%
never

40%

Source Table No. 3

30% of children say that their parents always attend the center's meetings, 40%
it says that almost always, 20% never and 10% sometimes.

Step 10 - Present the results

At the conclusion of this research, it can be observed that 72% of primary school students
Between 6 and 8 years old is 28% from 9 to 11. Furthermore, it is known that 60% of the parents
They help their children with homework and 20% do not help them.

It is determined that 30% of the children say that their parents always attend the meetings.
from the center, 40% say almost always, 20% never, and 10% sometimes.

Recommendations:

• It is recommended for the center to engage in activities that encourage parents to participate in.
the learning process of your children.

• Develop awareness campaigns for parents on the topic

• Parents are encouraged to be an important and present part of their child's learning.
children.

9-What does the basic research method consist of?

 This research aims to describe, review, and analyze the system.
educational and its practices, the reconstruction and explanation of the processes of
both; resorting in some cases to quantitative techniques, such as the
statistics and surveys, in others a combination of both.

10) What is the method of Research About Research? The purpose

of this research group is the analysis of the fundamental theories and hypotheses that
they have oriented educational research; their strategies, policies, organization and
procedures, as well as the achievements reached. This investigation can cover from
bibliographies of published research, including comparative works of the
methodologies used and analysis of the results obtained.

11 - ) What does Research for Decision Making consist of? This team of
The investigation is carried out with the purpose of answering the question of what to do.
in the face of pressing problems.

12) What does Evaluative Research consist of? Evaluative research is

focused on monitoring and weighing the results of changes in the
contents, methods, instruments, and technologies of education, as well as the
follow-up on specific projects.

12) What does the qualitative research methodology consist of and how is it classified?
When talking about qualitative research methodology, reference is made to
data processing, which is presented here in categorical form and in form
numeric, and is usually classified into:

Ethnographic, Case study, Action research, Research about the

Research, Basic Research, Research for Decision Making.

Topic II) Select the correct answer

1-They are methods that help to determine the sample of subjects to be studied, tabulating.
the obtained empirical data and establish generalizations from them
speculative spontaneous c-) theoretical d-) statistics

2-Method that is an intellectual operation that allows to mentally break down a

Everything complex in its parts and qualities, in its multiple relationships and components.
a-) deducive b-) of analysis inducive d-) of synthesis
3-Method that mentally establishes the connection between the parts, previously analyzed
and allows to discover relationships and general characteristics among the elements of the
reality
a-) deducible b-) of analysis c-) inducive d-) of synthesis

4-The method moves from the knowledge of particular cases to a more general knowledge.
deductive analysis d-) of synthesis

5-Method through which one moves from a general knowledge, which reflects what is there
in common in individual phenomena
deductive b-) of analysis c-) inducive d-) of synthesis

6-Method that studies the real trajectory of phenomena and events in the
to discourse on
the logic c-) of synthesis d-) deductible

7-Method that investigates the general laws of operation and development of the
phenomenal-) logical b-) historical c-) de síntesis d-) deduc vo

It is a research group, whose essential purpose is to familiarize us

with unknown or little studied or novel topic a-) correlational b-)
exploratory

9-It is a research team that serves to analyze how it is and is manifested.

fenómeno y sus componentes a-) correlacional b-) exploratorio c-) explica vod-)
description

10-It is a research group that aims to see how various elements relate or connect.
phenomena among themselves, or if they are not related
a-) correlational b-) exploratory c-) explanatory d-) description

11-It is the research purpose that seeks to find the reasons or causes that provoke
certain
fenómenos a-) correlacional b-) exploratorioc-) explica vod-) descrip vo

12-This qualitative research aims primarily at the development of the

investigative capacity of the teachers
a-) Action b-) Ethnographic c-) Basic d-) Case studies

13-It is a qualitative research method that represents the predominance of the

deep compression of singular reality above the desire for generalization
a-) Action b-) Ethnographic c-) Basic d-) Case studies

14-Qualitative research method that is a process, a way of studying life.

Action
Theme III) Write the number on the left that completes the definition on the right

1-Science
2-Investigation
3-Design
4-Justification when constructing the elements that allow us to measure it.
5-Indicators 4 these are the general rules for the search for knowledge.6-
Variables 13 is the methodological orientation of the research; it constitutes the
strategy
7-) General method in the process of addressing and raising the problem of
study 8-) Paradigm

9-Objective It is the operational procedure that allows the investor to adapt.

his action

It is a conceptual model that serves to guide scientific work.

5 they are the facts through which they are concretely expressed

10-) Sample to the conditions under which the study is conducted.

11-Population It is the procedure by which knowledge is obtained.
Methodology is an ordered system of knowledge, which
they must be verified 13- ) Approach in social work.
14-Research question
15-) 9 establish that it aims for an investigation. Hypothesis _14
they indicate to us which answers should be found through the Investigation.
Indicate why the research should be done.
You are a subgroup of the population.

3 is the plan or strategy conceived to respond to the

action research questions.

15 are properties whose variation can be measured.

12 tentative propositions about the
relationships between two or more variables and are supported by
organized and systematic knowledge.

it is a set where all cases agree with

a series of Specifications.

Theme IV-) Complete each statement

1- )
, y sun the
 characteristics of scientific research that differentiate it from other forms of
address reality.

2-) theoretical methods that include analysis and synthesis, induction and
deduction, to historical analysis and logical.
3) When the research problem is posed, objectives must be established:
research, research questions and justification of the research.

4. exploratory, descriptive, correlational or explanatory allow us to know the scope

What will the investigation have.

hypotheses are classified into research hypotheses, null hypotheses, and hypotheses
alternatives.6- ) In ethnographic research, techniques such as: the
participant observation, interviews, surveys, and biographies.
Joseph M. Rice is considered the father of Experimental pedagogy, for his
work on orthography.

Theme V-) Write a v, if it is true or an f, if it is false.

a-) Educational research contributes to the improvement of the educational system.

it enables to raise the scientific, technical, professional, and cultural level

b-) The analytical method and the synthesis method exist independently.
F c-) The hypothetical-deductive method is frequently used in the
Education sciences

d-) Action research is linked to the situation of the classroom and the center
We can point out that pedagogy was born in Rome. F
Scientific Pedagogy originated in the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.
The birth of experimental pedagogy is attributed to the celebration in the United States.
United in 1822, from the first pedagogical seminar - The experimental pedagogy
achieves the degree of scientific pedagogy in the year 1954, through

from the work of Gastón Mialaret, called Scientific Pedagogy

i-) The term experimental pedagogy was coined by Alfred Binet and Julián C. Stanley.
Until the second half of the 19th century, pedagogy was based on the
post-positivist conceptionss v