Telecommunications Fundamentals 2018

Practical Work Guide

Guide to Practical Work: Exercises

Subject: Fundamentals of Telecommunications

Shannon-Hartley Theorem
1) Calculate the capacity of a channel with a bandwidth of 2 MHz and ratio
signal/noise of 30 dB.

2) Calculate the capacity of a telephone channel with a signal-to-noise ratio of 50.

dB.

3) A certain channel wants to obtain a capacity C = 300 kbps with a bandwidth

With a bandwidth B = 100 kHz, the noise spectral density No = 0.2 W/kHz.
Calculate the necessary signal power.

A certain 4 kHz channel has a signal-to-noise ratio of 7.

a) Obtain the signal-to-noise ratio of another 3 kHz channel that has the same
capacity.
b) If both channels have the same spectral density of noise, obtain the
relationship between the respective signal powers.

5) In a certain channel, a capacity of 360 kbps is desired with a power

of 900 W signal, with the spectral noise density equal to 5 W/kHz.
Calculate the necessary bandwidth, or justify that this capacity is
unattainable.

6) Calculate the signal-to-noise ratio in dB for a certain channel whose capacity is

400 kbps with a bandwidth of 40 kHz.

7) For a channel with BW=500kHz y S/N = 25dB, it is requested:

a. Calculate the signal-to-noise ratio, in times
b. Calculate the capacity of the channel
c. If the signal-to-noise ratio decreases to half, in what proportion
Will the capacity of the channel increase?

Signs

1) In the following table, each row corresponds to a different signal. Complete.

the empty cells, not forgetting units with their multiples and submultiples more
suitable
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Practical Work Guide

2) In the following table, each row corresponds to a different relationship between

powers. Complete the empty cells using practical values (without
use calculator).

In the following table, each row corresponds to a different depotenziated signal.

Fill in the empty cells, without forgetting the multiples or submultiples.
appropriate where applicable; refer to practical values (without using
calculator).

4) A certain signal whose fundamental frequency is 4 MHz has harmonics up to

60 MHz is applied to the input of an ideal low-pass filter with frequency of
25 MHz cut-off. Obtain the frequencies of the sinusoids that will appear at
the output, and explain which characteristic of the signal is modified when passing through it
filter.

5) Given a signal of T=10 nsec

a) What will be the distance covered in 5 periods?
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Practical Work Guide

b) What will be the time taken to recover a CRM screen that

needs 10 inquiries and responses, whose data center is located in
San Francisco (15000km)?
c) How could the calculated time be reduced?

Modulation

A certain digital signal of 900 kbps has a bandwidth of 2 MHz.

transmit using some demodulation technique.
In an amplitude and phase diagram, graph all the states of the signal
modulated if -instead of the previous technique- a 300 PSK modem is used
kbaud.

2) The first graph shows a contributor (assuming sinusoidal); the second

The graph shows a triangular waveform. Draw it carefully in the
other graphs the result of the modulation in FMy in AM.

It transmits at 7,200 bps with a PSK modem at 2,400 baud. From the
calculations that need to be done, plot all the states of the modulated signal
a diagram of amplitudes and phases, also assigning the bits
correspond to each state.

Transmits at 12 Mbps with a 3 Mbaud QAM modem with 2 amplitudes.

different. Based on the calculations that need to be made, graph all the
states of the modulated signal in an amplitude and phase diagram, with the
the greatest possible symmetry
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Practical Work Guide

5) Estimate the bandwidth of the modulated signal in each of the two

previous exercises.

It is transmitted at 57600 bps with a 9600 baud modem. Graph it.

constellations yes:
a. The modulation is QAM with 2 levels of amplitude
b. The modulation is PSK

Information and Coding Theory

1) A message that a certain source of meteorological information emits about
Argentina -discreet and without memory- contains the date, time, place, and aspects
relevant to the current weather conditions (for example: "cloudy, warm and
wet)
a) What does the amount of information contained in any one depend on?
of those messages?
b) Exemplify a concrete message from this source, such that it contains great
amount of information.

2) Calculate the information rate of a signal that consists of 3 bits of

synchronism and 8 bits of information, considering that the total of the block is
transmits in 10 microseconds.

3) It is desired to transmit a signal that consists of:

1 bit of start
15 bits of data
2 bits of redundancy
2 stop bits
If each bit has a duration of 100 nsec, what will be the rate of
information?

4) Calculate the amount of information bits and redundancy if it is known that:

The information rate is 400 kbps
The duration of each bit is 2 µs
The total number of bits is 20

5) A source without memory has an alphabet of 4 symbols, with P(a) = 0.7;

P(b) = 0,2 y P(c) = P(d)
a) Build a Huffman code for this source, using a binary alphabet.
b) Verify that the relationship between entropy and mean length is fulfilled.
what the theory predicts.

6) Given a memoryless source that transmits 5 symbols with the following

probabilities:
P (D) = 0.5
P (C) = 0,25
P (A) = 0.15
P (B) = P (E).
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Practical Work Guide

a) Find the corresponding Huffman code

b) Calculate the entropy of the source, the average length of the code, its efficiency and
redundancy.

7) An information source without memory has an alphabet of 6 symbols, where P(a) =

0.6; P(b) = P(c) = P(d) = 0.1; P(e) = P(f)
a) Calculate your entropy.
b) Build a Huffman code for this source, using a binary alphabet.
c) Calculate the average length of this code.
d) Calculate the efficiency and redundancy of this code.

8) A memoryless source is encoded with a block code of L = 3 bits and its

The efficiency is 75%. Determine the entropy of the source and the redundancy.
How could better efficiency have been achieved?

9) Find the Huffman code for the following source and determine H, length
media, E and R
P(A) = 0.13
P(B) = 0.19
P(C) = 0.08
P(D) = 0.05
P(E) = 0.22
P(G)

10) A certain font is composed of 6 symbols that are transmitted with the
following probabilities:
P(A) = 0.22
P(B) = 0.09
P(C) = 0.15
P(D) = 0.33
P(E) = P(F)
a. Determine the Entropy
b. Justify whether the source can be encoded with a binary code of 2 bits.
Otherwise, indicate what the minimum number of bits is.
c. For the resulting binary code from point b, calculate E and R.

11) Given a memoryless source with 32 equiprobable symbols:

a) Calculate the entropy of the source
b) What is the meaning of the value found in the previous point?
c) If the symbols were not equally probable, would the entropy be greater or lesser?

12) The provider of an innovative file compression system claims that

it can compress 16% of the original size of a lengthy text written in English
without losing information, that is to say that it is recovered -when decompressing the file-
exactly the original text; each character of the text uses 8 bits in the file
Admitting that the entropy of the source that emits characters of
Fundamentals of Telecommunications 2018
Guide to Practical Work

English is 1.6 bits per character, to justify - by referring to the relevant theorem -
if this claim is theoretically possible.

13) Calculate the capacity of a symmetric binary channel (BSC) whose

bit error probability = 0.1.

Digitalization of signals
1) A signal whose spectrum extends up to 800 kHz should be digitized at 8.
Mbps. Calculate the size (in bits) of the samples if it will be sampled at the
theoretical minimum frequency.

2) Calculate the minimum theoretical speed in Mbps for PCM of ten channels with
quantification of 128 levels, if each analog signal contains frequencies
between 0 and 2 MHz.

Codes for error control

1)In the following table, each row corresponds to a feature code

different. Fill in the empty cells.

In a certain communication system, it is desired to obtain the data at the receiver.

corrections necessary to request retransmission, if the noise does not alter more than
3 bits of each word.
a) Obtain the minimum Hamming distance of the codes that comply with
this specification.
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Practical Work Guide

b) Justify whether or not it could comply with this specification through some...
Hamming code.

3) Calculate how many parity bits the appropriate Hamming code will have
for 8 bits of data. Calculate how many bits of data will be necessary
add another parity bit.

4) It is desired to protect the data 111010 with a Hamming code with bits of
parity such that, in each case, the amount of some is odd (including the
own parity bit). Show the decoding procedure.

5) Receive 1111010, which has been transmitted using Hamming code with
parity bits such that, in each case, the number of ones should be odd
(including the parity bit itself). Write the recovered data (without bits of
parity) after the correction of errors, showing the procedure of
decoding.

6) Given a source that emits 4 symbols, it is desired to transmit using the code
of Hamming:
A= 0011
B= 0101
C= 1011
D= 1110
a) Find the corresponding code for each symbol.
b) If the symbols had 7 bits, how many parity bits would be needed?
utilize?
Does it make sense to use Hamming on a low intensity channel?
probability of noise, like Fiber Optics? Justify.

7) Encode using Hamming with ODD parity, the following symbols

011010
001110
100101

8) The following symbols are transmitted, already encoded with Hamming:

0000101
0001100
0011001
Determine if they are well encoded. Otherwise,
correct the erroneous bit.

9) The following set of bits includes a CRC that was generated by the polynomial
x4+ x + 1. Verify if it has been received correctly or with errors:
11010110111110
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Practical Work Guide

10) A receiving team receives the code 1011001101100 which was encoded with CRC
whose generating polynomial is X3+ X2+ 1. Determine if the received code is
correct or contains errors.

Guided media
6) In a coaxial cable, radio frequency is transmitted and it is specified that the
The attenuation is 22 dB/km. What is the attenuation that occurs in 100 m?

A certain optical fiber link attenuates 42 dB in total. The attenuation

The characteristic of this fiber is 0.3 dB/km.
a) Calculate the length of this link (without taking into account design margin).

A 100 W transmitter is connected to a receiver via a 9 km line.

with an attenuation of 0.5 dB / 100 m. Calculate the sensitivity of the receiver in
mW, taking a design margin of 8 dB.

9) Determine the maximum noise - expressed in W - that may affect the following
communication system:

¿? dB/km
Pin = 20 mW Sensitivity = -30 dBm

N = 60 mW

10) In a full duplex network link, the near-end crosstalk (NEXT)

It is 43 dB. If the cable attenuates 8 dB every 100 meters, calculate its length.
maximum -without taking design margin- for the received signal to be like
minimum 11 dB above crosstalk.

Unguided media

1) In the following table, each row corresponds to an electromagnetic wave

different. Fill in the empty cells, not forgetting the units with their multiples.
the most suitable submultiples.
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Practical Work Guide

2) Calculate the typical size (explaining the criteria used) of an antenna for
the highest frequency of the VHF band.

3) Given a parabolic antenna whose dipole has a length of 10mm, indicate

What are the 3 frequencies that will be received with the least loss.

4) Calculate the typical size of the dipole of an antenna to receive a signal

whose carrier is 10 GHz.

In a certain microwave link, the transmitting antenna is located 80 m from

height; calculate the minimum height of the receiving antenna to cover a
total distance of 70 km.

In a certain microwave link, both antennas are located 50 m apart.

Height. Calculate the maximum distance of separation between them.

7) If a MEO satellite located at 25,000 km is used to connect to a

data center in Chubut with a headquarters located in Buenos Aires what will be the
how long will it take for a bit to go back and forth?

Telephony

1) A telephone system has 900 users; each of them allows to pass through
average 3 hours between call and call; the average duration of a call
it is 2 minutes.
a) Calculate the traffic intensity (load) in Erlang.
b) Explain what other characteristic of the system is required to be able to calculate
the number of trunk lines.
c) Qualitatively graph the relationship between the 3 previous characteristics;
name the axes and curves, and indicate in which direction each one grows
these variables.

2) Calculate the basic group transmission speed in the PCM 30 system

(European).

3) Calculate the duration of each bit in a PCM frame T1.