Rock Bolt Types and Applications Guide
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ScribdTranslationsRock Bolt Types and Applications Guide
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ScribdTranslationsMetal support
Active Support: When the support tends to use the rock
stabilized to support the destabilized rock. The support acts in
immediately upon being placed or installed.
Cemented bolts.
ROCK BOLTS.
Rock bolt reinforcement systems minimize deformations.
induced by the dead weight of the loosened rock, as well as those
induced by the redistribution of stresses in the surrounding rock
excavation.
The main role of rock bolts is the control of stability of the
blocks and rocky wedges, potentially unstable. This is what is called
also the 'wedge effect'.
There is sporadic or occasional support and systematic support everywhere.
the ceiling and/or walls of the excavation, as required.
Rock bolts can be applied in tunnels, galleries, ramps, and sublevels.
also in mining sites for minerals
. Types of bolts
Currently, there are different types of rock bolts available such as
following:
Mechanically anchored bolts.
Cemented or resin-coated rod bolts
Friction anchored bolts.
Mechanical anchor bolts:
A mechanical anchor bolt consists of a steel rod usually made of
16 mm in diameter, equipped at its end with a mechanical expansion anchor
that goes to the bottom of the drill. Its opposite end can be forged head or
with a thread, where a base plate that is flat or concave and a nut go,
to press the rock.
As long as the rod does not have a forged head, various types can be used.
of plates according to the required installation needs. This type of
bolts are relatively cheap. Their rock reinforcement action is
immediately after its installation. By rotation.
Cemented or resin rod bolts:
For the case of cemented or resin-coated bolts, we consider the rods.
of corrugated iron and helical bars.
HELICOIDAL BOLTS:
Hot-rolled bars with helical thread-shaped protrusions of
wide step. Acts in conjunction with a plate and a nut to reinforce and
preserve the natural resistance of rock strata, soils or
slopes. The injection of concrete, mortar, or resin into the drilling of the
The stratum in which the bar is introduced serves as an anchor, with the thread acting as
highlight to prevent the bar from moving.
Friction-anchored bolts:
SPLIT SETS:
The split set bolt is a type of metal support considered
TEMPORAL that works by friction (slip resistance) along
throughout the entire length of the drill.
The diameter of the slotted tubes ranges from 35 to 46 mm, with lengths of 5
at 12 feet. They can reach anchor values of 1 to 1.5 tons per foot of
length of the pin. When the pin is pressed into a drill
of smaller diameter, a radial pressure is generated along its entire length
against the drill walls, partially closing the slot during this
process. The friction in contact with the drill surface and the surface
the external part of the slotted tube serves as the anchor, which will oppose the
movement or separation of the surrounding rock from the bolt, thus achieving
indirectly a load tension.
SWELEX:
It is also a friction anchor bolt, but in this case the resistance
frictional sliding combines with adjustment, that is, the mechanism
The anchoring is by friction and mechanical adjustment, which works as a
distributed anchorage.
. Principles of bolt sustainability.
Wedge effect
In solid or slightly fractured rock and in fractured rocks, the main role
the rock bolts is the control of the stability of the blocks and wedges
potentially unstable rocks.
BEAM EFFECT
In sub-horizontal stratified rock and unstratified rock with a system of
sub-horizontal dominant fractures, the bolts help minimize the
deflection of the roof (buckling).
COLUMN EFFECT
The concept of the 'beam effect' can be extended to the case of parallel walls.
to strata or sub-vertical discontinuities (fractures sub-parallel to the work),
generating the so-called "COLUMN EFFECT" to minimize buckling of
the table blocks.
ARCH EFFECT
In fractured and intensely fractured and/or weak rock, the bolts provide
new properties to the rock surrounding the excavation. Installed in a way
radial, the bolts together form a rocky arch that works in compression
called "arch effect", which provides stability to the excavation.
Metal mesh.
The metal mesh is mainly used for the following three purposes:
First, to prevent rock falls located between the rock bolts,
acting in this case as support for the surface of the rock.
Secondly, to retain the pieces of rock fallen from the surface located
among the bolts, acting as a safety element in this case.
3. Third, as reinforcement of the shotcrete
. Types of metal mesh
Chainmail or woven chain:
The chain link or also known as woven mesh, consists of a fabric
of wires, generally # 12/10, with cocadas of 2”x2” or 4”x4”, constructed
in black steel material that can be galvanized to protect it from the
corrosion. Due to the structure of the fabric, it is quite flexible and resistant. This mesh does not
is used to serve as reinforcement for shotcrete, due to the difficulty that exists in
Passing the concrete through the screens is not recommended for this use.
Welded wire mesh:
The mining mesh or electro-welded mesh for support consists of
smooth bars, cold rolled, longitudinal and transverse, that cross at
rectangular shape, with them welded at all their intersections.
Thanks to its greater resistance, it allows for the use of a smaller amount of steel.
unlike traditional systems, the welded mesh comes ready to
to be installed on site.
It is a product made up of two systems of elements (bars or wires), one
longitudinal and another transversal, that intersect each other perpendicularly and whose
contact points are joined by fusion electric welding, it is
to say without the addition of material, which allows for achieving strong joints and finishes
high quality.
Correct installation of the meshes:
Adjust or shape the mesh to the form of the rock surface
using 3/8" corrugated iron hooks, placed in drilled holes of
0.5 m in length.
Avoid surfaces with loose mesh as much as possible, especially when
the application of shotcrete on it is considered.
The overlaps between meshes will be at least 20 cm and must be
secured with anchor bolts, with an initial tie of wire #8.
The mesh is very prone to being easily damaged by blasting, being
recommended to replace it, trimming the damaged pieces and
putting in a new one.
METAL STRIPS
The formwork is built with steel profiles, according to the requirements of
the shape of the excavation section. That is, in the shape of a trunk, horseshoe or
including circulars, it is advisable that they have a solid core. There are two
types of formwork, the so-called 'rigid' and 'sliding or flowing'.
This typical passive support or backing is generally used for the
permanent maintenance of advancement work. Under mass conditions
intensely fractured and/or very weak rock, which give it poor quality to
very poor, subjected to high stress conditions. To achieve control
effectiveness of stability under such ground conditions.
MECHANICAL CLAMP GATA CAMLOK
Allows for temporary support or pre-support in mining tasks,
supplanting the wooden supports placed vertically as a
"cachacos", the advantage of the mechanical cat is that it creates opposing resistance to the
crown that supports, recovering once the work is completed
temporary support. Likewise, these mechanical jacks can be used
in work where support will be placed with bolts and mesh, pre-
supporting the rock while it is held with the metal elements.
Support of galleries with metallic shoring
The shoring with metal frames, both rigid and sliding, is one of
the most versatile, having been applied in rock masses of very different
geomechanical properties. Steel shoring offers the advantage of being
resistant to both compressive and tensile stresses, of this
they can withstand high bending moments having characteristics
favorable beyond the elastic limit.
Consequently, this shoring technique is suitable.
for land conditions in which there is a significant trend towards
collapse and closure, due to the progressive efforts induced by the
convergence of the excavations.
Characteristics of metal shoring
The use of steel, in its various forms, as a supporting element is
it has been applying to a wide range of terrain conditions, both in the
the field of mining as in civil works, due to the following reasons:
Excellent mechanical properties under tensile stresses and
compression.
High modulus of elasticity and ductility.
Relative ease of manufacturing and molding.
Adaptability to any type of excavation section.
If during its usage time its elastic limit is not exceeded, they can
to be recovered and reused.
Control of metallic support
Just like in the support with wood, the good functioning of the
the interaction between ground/support involves both that its elements
constituents are united and in good condition, as there is
contact between the placed support and the ground.
When one wants to inspect the support of a gallery made with
metal frames or trusses must be checked, unless:
Prior to the placement of the frame, the surroundings are recognized and cleaned.
from the gallery, freeing it from loose stones. If the bracing is taken away
delayed, this recognition and cleanup must be done every time that
it is considered necessary throughout the day.
The frames or trusses are perfectly plumb (they are not
displaced forward or backward, neither the bar nor the feet).
There is interaction between the ground/support, directly or through wedges.
and lined.
There are no breaks or bends in the beam or in the feet.
The lining is not broken.
The tightening torque of the staples is the one recommended by the manufacturer.
The frames are joined by trestles, so that the support
work solidarity.
The checked feet are not bare.
The posting distance is the one recommended in the project of
sustenance.