Electrotechnics

Electric current: it is any movement of electric charges that move from one region to
another inside a conductor.
I = dQ / dt (definition of current intensity);
In a conductor, the current intensity depends on the drag speed of the particles.
loaded in motion, of their concentration and their charges.
Current density is the current per unit area.
Electromotive force: It is the "force" that moves the charges through the circuit.

Electrical resistance, R: represents the opposition to the flow or passage of electric current in a
circuit
Ohm's Law: When the relationship between the electromotive force or applied voltage and the current intensity that circulates
it has a constant value, this proportionality is known as Ohm's Law. That is, when in a
In a circuit, the electrical resistance has a constant value for all applied electromotive force (emf).

Electrical resistivity: In a material that behaves according to Ohm's Law, the ratio of the field
Electric current density is a constant called resistivity ρ.
Direct Current (DC) sources are those that supply a current that does not change with
time. Batteries and accumulators are examples.
The electrical distribution systems used in our homes are powered by sources
(alternating current) generators, called Alternators, in which the current oscillates around
of certain value. All the electrical distribution systems in the world are in alternating current due to the
the ease that transformers provide to increase or decrease the voltage of the network.
SOURCE and LOAD - IDEAL SOURCE
Normally, circuits have an active element which is the source and the passive element.
consists of the charge. The source drives the charges through the circuit.
Ideal Source: It is a source without internal resistance.

Electric power: it is the product of the potential difference or voltage applied to the circuit.
current intensity I that flows in the circuit.
Electrical work or electrical energy is the product of electrical power by the time t.
In alternating current, three types of powers are distinguished

Active power P: is the power effectively supplied by the source or consumed in the circuit.
Apparent power or total is the vector sum of active and reactive power.
Reactive power: Q is the power consumed by coils and capacitors.
The expressions for active, reactive, and apparent powers can be represented geometrically.
through the sides of a triangle that is called a triangle of powers.
The power factor (fp) of an alternating current circuit is defined as the ratio between the
active power, P, and apparent power, S. That is, it is the factor by which the
apparent power to obtain the active power demanded by the load. The device to measure the
fp is the cosimeter.
Physiological effects of electric current
 Muscle contractions, this prevents the injured person from opening their hand to separate.
of the conductor or the handle of the tool, this stiffness also causes the
the tongue contracts against the palate preventing air from entering the lungs.
The loss of control of the hands and arms, of the pectoral muscles, even of speech.
when it is due to the passage of electric current through the human body is called
tetanization.
Loss of consciousness.
Superficial and internal burns due to the vibration of muscle branches.
Ocular, nervous and auditory alterations.
Cardiovascular disorders that cause disturbances in the heart rhythm.
Asphyxia occurs when the chest is affected, and as a consequence, the lungs do not.
they do not have the capacity to take in air or to expel it.

Electrical measurement instruments

An ammeter is the instrument that measures the current intensity that passes through it. (it is connected in
series).
An Amperometric Clamp indirectly measures the current intensity of an AC circuit.
A voltmeter measures the potential difference between two points in a circuit. (it is connected to
parallel).
The alternating current presents decisive advantages for the production and transport of electrical energy.
regarding direct current:
1 - Cheaper and more efficient generators and motors, and less complex
2 - Possibility of transforming your voltage simply and cheaply through transformers
3 - Possibility of transporting large amounts of energy over long distances with minimal
section of conductors (at high voltage)
4 - Possibility of very simple motors, (like the asynchronous rotor induction motor in
short circuit
5 - Disappearance or minimization of some undesirable electrical phenomena (magnetization in the
machines, and polarizations and electrolytic corrosions in metal pairs)
Direct current has the advantage of being able to be stored directly, and for small...
isolated low voltage electrical systems (automobiles) are still used (although even these
Batteries are charged by alternators, which are small AC generators.

Electromotive Force: Faraday Experiment

Faraday built a coil and connected the terminals to a galvanometer. Inside the coil,
introduced a bar magnet that made it enter or exit.
Alternating current network frequency
The frequency of the voltage wave (cycles/second), generated in the coils, is given by the number
of pairs of poles, north-south, installed on the rotor, and by the angular velocity ω with which it rotates
rotor.
GENERATION OF ALTERNATING CURRENTS
In ac, voltages and currents vary sinusoidally with time, and they vary in a way
sinusoidal, they can be represented by rotating vectors called phasors. The instantaneous value of
a.c. is the value at any given moment in time, and it is denoted by: v(t), i(t).
MAXIMUM AND EFFICIENT VALUES OF C. A.
Maximum value: it is the peak value that the mag reaches at a given moment.
Effective value: of a sinusoidal magnitude is the square root of the mean value of its square - value
rms, and it is equal to the maximum value divided by the square root of 2 (IefIrms; Vef; Vrms)
In alternating current, the effective voltage has a physical concept of equivalence with a voltage of
direct current that produces the same thermal dissipation in the resistor, as the one that dissipates the
approx.
Resonance in AC circuit
When inductors (coils) and capacitors are combined in a series circuit, the effects of their
reactances, XLy XC they can be canceled at certain frequencies producing a maximum value at
the current. This effect is known as resonance.
Electric Transformers: As their name suggests, they are used to transform energy that is
It transmits through high, medium, and low voltage lines. There are various types of transformers; they vary.
according to its power, capacity, use or application.

Power Transformer: They are used for subtransmission and transmission of electric power.
high and medium voltage. They are applicable in transformer substations, power generation plants and
large users. They are built in standardized powers from 1.25 to 300 MVA or more,
three-phase or single-phase, at voltages from 66 to 750 kV or more, and frequencies of 50 and 60 Hz.

Distribution Transformer: Distribution transformers are generally referred to as

power transformers equal to or less than 1000 kVA and with voltages equal to or less than
66kV, both single-phase and three-phase
The connections to the BT electrical network can be provisional, temporary, and permanent.
Provisional: these refer to a temporary installation and that, within
after a certain period of time, they will be replaced by permanent installations.

Temporary: When they are intended to operate for a specific period of time, after which they are
disconnected and removed the equipment.
Definitive: When they are allocated to permanent installations.

As for the power supply voltage, the connections can be low, medium, high, and very high.
Tension.
a) Three-phase tensions (between phases)

Very High Voltage 500 and 220 kilovolts

High Voltage 66,000 volts

 Media Tension: 23,000 volts
Low tension: 380 volts
b) Single-phase tensions (between phases and neutral)

Media Tension: 23.000/ √3 volts

Low Tension: 380 / √3 volts
The ANDE regulation defines low voltage installations as those whose voltage of
service is equal to or less than 1,000 V.

ANDE's Low Voltage networks are three-phase four-wire with neutral connected.
solidly grounded. With nominal voltage of 380 V between phases and 220 V between phase and neutral. In
Some areas extend single-phase networks of 220 V.
PARTS OF THE LOW VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
The low voltage electrical installation generally consists of the following parts:
a) Connection (service, entry, and measurement);

b) Main and sectional boards

c) Main lines, load limiters, and sectional lines.
d) Circuits and distributing circuit lines (branches)
Service connection of an installation
It is the derivation from the distribution lines to the meter including it and its elements of
protection and supports
LOAD OF A INSTALLATION AND NUMBER OF CIRCUITS
If the single-phase load does not exceed 10 kW, the installation will be supplied with a single-phase connection and
the internal distribution will have as many single-phase circuits as necessary to meet the
BT Regulation of ANDE.
If the installed load exceeds 10 kW, the installation will be powered with a three-phase service, and from
the main board will be distributed into as many single-phase circuits as do not exceed the load limit of
10 A indicated in the BT Regulation.
PARTS THAT MAKE UP THE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
Main and sectional boards; main lines, load limiters, and sectional lines.
Circuits and circuit distribution lines
Load Estimate: before developing an installation project, it is necessary to make an estimate.
preliminary of the load of the same, that is, of the power to be installed, as a basis for the calculation of
the maximum demand and for the prior consultation with the concessionaire (ANDE) if necessary.

Installed Power: The Installed Load of a system is the sum of the nominal powers of
all the equipment, devices, and electrical appliances for which the power supply was designed
installation.
The regulation establishes that for the calculation of loads, they will be added together.
arithmetic for:
a) the total calculation of the installed load,

b) the distribution of loads in single-phase and three-phase circuits, and,

 c) the sizing and corresponding protection of the circuits and lines
circuit distributors, whether single-phase or three-phase.
Declared Load: it is the installed load multiplied by the Demand Factor indicated in the
regulations.
The Demand Factor (DF) of a facility measures the simultaneity of all the
loads of the same are in operation, because in reality not all devices of the
installation are in service at the same time, and it would not be economical to size the lines
main power supplies considering the total installed load
Power Factor:
The regulation establishes minimum values for the Power Factor in its numeral 20.
corresponding to the maximum demand (FP = 0.95).
The average power factor for the month must not be less than 0.92.
Electric conductor: it is a body made of good conducting material, intended for transmission.
of electricity. The conductor is made up of the conductor itself, which can be made of copper,
aluminum or aluminum alloys. Wire is a solid, solid conductor, generally with a cross-section
circular, with or without insulation.
Cable: it is a set of twisted wires, not insulated from each other. They can be insulated or not.
set), according to the use they are intended for. They are more flexible than a thread of the same capacity.
Load. The insulated cables can be unipolar or multipolar.
Power Cables and Control Cables: power cables are intended to transmit
energy, which can be insulated or bare. The insulated cables are used in lines
subterranean normally, and bare wires in aerial lines.
Control Cables: are used to transmit alarm signals (signaling) and command signals.
current and voltage signals for measuring instruments and protection relays. They are all
insulated cables.
Cables for protected compact lines Preformed: protected cables or with insulation for
overhead networks, generally medium voltage, in order to avoid interruptions due to contacts
accidents with tree branches or other obstacles.

CRITERIA FOR THE USE OF PROTECTED CABLES IN AERIAL NETWORKS

MT
Circuit congestion areas (substation outputs)
With a compacting of the networks, it is possible to install up to four (4) circuits.
in the same structure;
Areas where a high level of reliability is required due to the characteristics of the
consumers, such as hospitals, television stations, processing centers of
data, highly automated companies and others;
 Gated communities, considering aspects of reliability, security, and impact
visual
In hard-to-access tracks;
In locations with dense foliage;
In areas where conventional networks have difficult coexistence with buildings;
In areas with frequent acts of vandalism, in this case the implementation of the compact network.
it should be only in the areas detected for vandalism;
In rural areas with vegetation preserved by law.
COMPOSITION OF INSULATED AT CABLE
1.- Round compact soft copper conductor, class 'B' wired.
2.- Extruated semiconductor screen over the conductor.
3.- Isolation of XLP (Cross-Linked Polyethylene).
4.- Extruded semiconductor screen over insulation.*
5.- Metal screen made of soft copper wires applied helically.
6.- Non-hygroscopic separating tape.
7.- Exterior cover of PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) in red color
DIMENSIONING OF CONDUCTORS
Parameters that need to be known for the correct sizing of conductors:
Nominal voltage (Volts)
Rated power (Watts)
- Current intensity to be transported (Amperes)
- Power factor (cos phi)
- Permissible voltage drop (%)
- Circuit length (meters)
- Type of Installation
- Ambient temperature (°C)
- Short-circuit characteristics (Icc)

CRITERIA FOR DIMENSIONING LOW VOLTAGE CONDUCTORS

a) Maximum current carrying capacity.
b) Maximum allowable voltage drop.
It is of great importance in relatively long low voltage circuits, where the drop of
tension can be significant.
DIMENSIONING BY CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY
The conductor cannot be subjected to excessive heating caused by the passage of the
current, as the insulation and the covering could be damaged. Among the factors to consider in the
selection of the section of a cable or conductor, the following stand out:
type of insulation and coverage;
number of loaded drivers;
- type of cable installation (the way of installing);
- proximity to other drivers and cables;
- ambient or soil temperature (if the cable is buried)
CORRECTION FACTORS APPLIED TO CAPACITY VALUES
CURRENT CONDUCTIVITY
Ambient Temperature Correction Factor
Correction Factor for Circuit Grouping
Correction Factor by Type of Installation
Correction factor for the number of energized conductors
Correction factors for underground lines in soil with thermal resistivity different from
the normals.
Calculation of conductors by the Voltage Drop criterion: For the devices, equipment and
motors can operate satisfactorily, it is necessary that the voltage, under which the current is supplied
is supplied, is within predetermined limits
Electrical circuits in general are equipped with devices that allow:
a) The interruption of the current by sectioning. These devices are used to
the disconnection of network circuits or for the separation of a specific device or
network equipment.
Switch (disconnector, circuit breaker): They are devices or apparatus designed to, at a
determine operating voltage, establish, conduct and interrupt currents in
normal or failure conditions of the circuits. It must be capable of allowing the passage
permanently from the nominal current of the circuit, and to interrupt (cut), in case of a
short circuit, the fault current that occurs at a certain point in the circuit.
Contactors: They are magnetic switches that allow remote control of a circuit.
(from a remote place
Sectionalizers: They are devices designed to separate (isolate) equipment or a portion of a
network circuit, usually for the purpose of performing maintenance work on the
equipment. They are operated (maneuvered) without load (without current). They are not designed for
interrupt currents
b) Protection against short circuits (faults) and against overloads. Their purpose is to
safeguard the integrity of the conductors and the equipment that are part of a circuit
electric, preventing currents from reaching values that produce heating
excessive. OPERATION OF THE THERMOMAGNETIC SWITCH
The operation of a thermal magnetic switch is based on two of the effects produced by the
circulation of electric current in a circuit: the magnetic and the thermal (Joule effect)
Magnetic
As the current circulates, the electromagnet creates a force that, through a mechanical device
suitable, tends to open a contact, but it will only be able to open it if the intensity that flows through the load
exceeds the established intervention limit
Thermal
The other part of the thermal magnetic switch consists of a bimetallic strip that,
when heated beyond a certain limit due to the current flowing through
she suffers a deformation and goes to a position that activates the corresponding device
mechanical, causing the contact to open.
PROTECTION DEVICES IN POWER DRIVE INSTALLATIONS
They are intended to protect conductors and equipment against short circuits and overloads.
Fuse: It can be considered as a properly protected resistor that must melt.
with the overload or short-circuit current passage.
Relays: They are electromechanical devices that monitor (record) one or more parameters of the circuits.
and send commands to the control devices for the opening or closing of the circuits
Thermal Relays are the most widely used devices to protect motors against overloads.
weak and prolonged
The timer minute hand is a device, with programmable frequency, that allows measuring the
time. The first generation was the hourglasses
A motor protector is a magnetic-thermal circuit breaker, specially designed for protection of
electric motors. This special design provides the device with a trigger curve that makes it
more robust against the typical transient overcurrents during motor starts
Under voltage and over current relays: Many switches, besides thermal elements and
magnetic, they can have minimal voltage coils as accessories (also called relay of
subtension), which in a fault or voltage drop interrupts the flow of current to avoid damaging the
teams.
Overcurrent relay: This relay can also be available, which will operate whenever the current in the
circuit high values
Thermal relays: they are the most commonly used devices to protect motors against overloads
weak and prolonged. They can be used in alternating or direct current. Thermal relays can
to have a manual or automatic reamer after an operation. This protective device guarantees:
optimize the durability of the engines, preventing them from operating in heating conditions
anomalous.
the continued operation of the machines or installations avoiding unexpected downtimes.
restart after a shot with the utmost speed and the best safety conditions
possible for teams and people.
DIFFERENTIAL SWITCH OR RELAY
Also known as a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter, its purpose is to protect human lives.
against accidents caused by collisions, in accidental contact with electrical networks or equipment.
Also offers protection against fires that can be caused by insulation failures.
conductors and equipment.