UNIVERSITY OF HARGEISA

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE,VETERINARY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

COURSE NAME : PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND

ANATOMY

Mr. YOUSUF MATAN ABDI

(MASTER IN HORTICULTURE)
SENIOR LECTURER AT UNIVERSITY OF HARGEISA
 OBJECTIVES OF PLANT ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY

➢To learn basic concept of plant structure

➢To understand the various cells of plant body
➢To achieve better understanding of plant tissue formation and union for the
development of organs in plant body
➢To know plant cell division process and formation of the new cells
➢To explore the difference cells of plant tissue under microscopic in laboratory
 COURSE OUTLINE
1. Chapter one

• General structure of plant body

• fundamental parts of the plant body
• (Axis,
• Primary growth and secondary growth

2 Chapter 2-Important features of plant cell

• cell wall, protoplast,plastids,vauoles etc.).
 CONTINUE

3. Chapter 3
❑Meristematic and permanent cells and tissues
❑classification of meristem based on
❑-stage or method of development, position in plant body, function.
Chapter 4- Tissue and tissue systems
❑Tissue based on the stage of development
❑issue based on the kind of constituent cells, simple (parachyma,collenchymas,
and Sclerenchyma) complex (xylem and phloem).
CONTINUE

Chapter 5
❑Root function
❑Gross morphology
❑Root cortex
❑Primary vascular tissues
❑formation of lateral roots
 CONTINUE

Chapter 6 stem Chapter 7 :Leaf Anatomy

❑Types of stems (woody and ❑Morphology and arrangement
herbaceous). ❑Epidermal cells
❑-Internal structure- vascular ❑Mesophyll cells
bundle
❑Vascular cells
CONTINUE

Chapter 8 The flower, fruit and seed.

❑Anatomy of the simple and complex flowers.
❑The Fruit Anatomy
❑Seed anatomy (seed coat, endosperm and
embryo
CHAPTER ONE

1-General structure of plant body

An outline of fundamental parts of the plant body
 INTRODUCTION
Definition
➢Plant anatomy
▪ study of the structure of the plants… looking at cells, tissues
▪ the study of plant cell and tissue structure
Plant anatomy differs from morphology and physiology
➢Morphology: deals with the study of forms and features of different plant organs
like roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds, fruit.
➢Plant physiology
▪ Study of metabolic processes in plants.
 CONTINUE…..
• General structure of plant body
• Among vascular plants there is very great diversity in size, form and structure.
• The plant body consist of fundamentally a cylindrical axis which bears appendages
• Fundamental parts of the plant body- Axis, through a continuous structure, consists of
two parts ,different structurally and physiologically and clearly morphological distinction.
❖The portion which is subterranean part is called the root.
❖ The portion which is aerial part is known as the stem
 CONTINUE……
❖The appendages are three ranks
▪ first rank –is leaves –lateral expansion of stem
▪ Second rank-is emergences-outer most layer of stem
( cortex, epidermis).
▪ Third rank- is hairs –projection of most outer cells of the
stem.
 PLANT BODY
Plants have two systems:
➢ aerial shoot system of
stems and leaves.
➢ subterranean root system
 THE AXIS
❖ The axis itself consist of a central ❖2- Support
core with a surrounding,
and surrounding layers function
unsheathing layer.
for protection, support, and
❖This core serves chiefly
storage .
important functions
❖ The outermost layer of
❖1-Conduction epidermis is cortex.
 THE STELE
❖The vascular tissue of a stem or root 1. Xylem
is collectively called the stele
❖ Those that conduct the water and
❖The stele is central part of plant axis dissolved mineral
and it is en sheeted and surrounded
❖Supportive
by cortex and epidermis.
❖primarily, the stele is composed of ❖xylem cells are Dead cells
vascular tissue of two (types)
networks of hollow tubes.
 CONTINUE…..
2. Phloem
❖conduct the food and mineral nutrient
❖supportive
❖Phloem cells are ALIVE!
 ARRANGEMENT OF CELLS ON STEM
❖Epidermis- is the first outer most layer of plant cells and it function for
protection of core cells.
❖Cortex-is the second outer most layer of plant cells and it works as storage
organ for the plant body.
❖ Endoderm-is the third outer most layer of the plant cells and it helps the
cortex and the epidermis.
❖ Pericycle- is the fourth outer most layer of the plant cell and it functions as
root formation point.
CONTINUE…..
❖Cambium-is an important cell that produces a
xylem and phloem.

I. Generally found between the xylem and the phloem

II. The site of all new cell production in the stem.
Creates both Xylem & Phloem
ARRANGEMENT OF STEM
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROWTH

• In primary growth new cells are formed which results a formation a

new structures.
• The first formed body of plant is called primary plant body.
• The primary growth lays down a new tissues and organs.
• e.g. primary xylem and primary phloem.
• In many vascular plants the primary a body is reinforced by different
sort of growth, which because it begins later and adds to original body.
 SECONDARY GROWTH

• Secondary growth does not usually form • Primary growth increases the length of
a new type of cells but increases the the axis.
bulk of the plant body. • Secondary body of vascular tissues
• this secondary growth brigs for primary enlarge the diameter of primary plant
growth of vascular tissue additional body.
support and protection. • The primary growth of given region
• It does not fundamentally change the completes a brief period, while
structure of primary body. secondary growth continue for a long
time.
 CONT…
•Primary growth increases a plant’s length.
•Secondary growth increases a plant’s width
1. growth in diameter
2. thickens & strengthens older part of tree
CONT.….
 THE END
Thank for your listening
CONT….
 METHODS OF STUDYING THE ANATOMY
OF THE PLANT

• The principles of studying the minute structure of the plant body are
means of thin section of plant material and maceration in which the
individual cells freed form one another.
• Macrotomy - is a system of cutting thin section of plants and putting
it under microscope.
CONT.….

• Cutting the complete part is two

1-Cross section (Transverse)
2-Longitudinal section
1-CROSSECTION AND 2-LONGITUDINAL SECTION
OF PLANT CUT
 INSTITUTION OF THE PLANT BODY
• The root, stem and leaves for the plant constitute it’s organs .
• The organs perform general functions for which they adopted by the
kinds and arrangement of the tissue which they are composed.
• The tissue have more restricted function, which are determined by the
kind of cells that constitute them.
• The plant body thus consists of cells that, aggregated, form tissues, these
grouped together form organs.
 GROUP DISCUSSION
1. Discuss 10 constrains facing indigenous
plants in Somaliland ? Outline possible
suggestions ?
2. With help well diagram compare and contrast
primary and secondary growth ?
CHAPTER TWO - THE CELL

Introduction:

• Cell biology or cytology is the study of cellular

structure and function.
Cell biology is a branch of biology that studies the
structure, components and functions of the cell.
DEFINITIONS OF THE CELL:

❑Cell is the smallest structural and

functional unit of life
❑ Cell is the basic building of living things
❑ Cell is the fundamental unit of life
DISCOVERY OF THE CELL:

• The term cell was first named and coined by the English scientist Robert Hooke in 1665.
• - Robert Hooke examined a thin piece of cork of ‘Oak tree’ under his old microscope
and observed tiny pores like boxes or small room-like structures; which he named cell.
• - Cells are microscopic and we can only see them with the help of microscope
CELL
THE CELL THEORY

• Cell theory is composed of 3 statements developed by several different scientists

1. Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit

of living things
2. All cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell division
3. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
 TYPES OF CELLS
• The two main types of cells on earth are:
1. Prokaryotic cells and
2. Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Cells:

- Prokaryotic cells are cells without true nucleus

(Pro= before, and karyon = nucleus)
- Prokaryotic cells are found in single-celled organisms that lack both a
true nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles.
- Organisms with prokaryotic cells are called prokaryotes, such as bacteria
 EUKARYOTIC CELLS:
• - Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus. (Eu= true, and karyon= nucleus) - Eukaryotic
cells are usually larger than prokaryotic cells
• Eukaryotic cells are found in multicellular organisms.
• Eukaryotic cells contain both nucleus and other membrane-bounded organelles. - Organisms with
eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes, such as animals and plants. The below diagrams illustrate two
types of eukaryotic cells, animal and
• plant cells
 IMPORTANT FEATURE OF PLANT CELL
• Cell- Is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organism.
• plant cells consist of living parts known as protoplasm and its secretion of the cell wall.
• Cell wall-is a firm, hard and thick layer that surrounds the delicate, living part of the cell
protoplasm.
function of cell wall
1-It gives shape for the plant cell
2-it separate the adjacent cells of protoplasm.
3-It protects the core delicate cells of the protoplasm from
mechanical damage.
CONTINUE ….

4 - It gives shape for the plant cell.

5-It prevents the plant cell from the entry and penetration
of insect and pathogen.
 CONTINUE
• On bases of development and structure of plant tissue its
possible to distinguish the following principle Three layers in

cell wall
• Middle lamella
• Secondary cell wall
• Primary cell wall
TYPES OF THE CELL WALL

❖primary cell wall -

❖ secondary cell wall
❖ middle lamella
MIDDLE LAMELLA

• Middle lamella is cement that holds the individual cells together to

form tissue and accordingly
• In plants, the neighboring cells are cemented together by a middle
lamella (intercellular layer).
 PRIMARY CELL WALL

• Primary cell wall first true cell which develops new cell or growing cells
• Consist of one layer (not wall proper)
• Thinner then secondary cell wall
 SECONDARY CELL WALL

• Secondary cell wall farmed inner service of primary cell wall, it begins to develop part
in cells

• Secondary cell walls are thicker and stronger, and they are deposited when most cell
enlargement has ended
• Frequently made of three layers
• thickest
CONTINUE ……
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CELL ARRANGEMENT

• Regularity of arrangement of cells is brought about by successive divisions in the

plane.
• Formation of intercellular space is the result of cell division plane arrangement.

• The cell shape

• plant cells have many various shapes like

Spherical,cylinder, tubular and prismatic .

PLASTIDS

• Plastids-differentiated bits of protoplasm with particular function.

• they consist of semi-permeable membrane and internal complex membrane .
• plastids are very small in size and many occur in the cell.
• Plastids vary in shape but round shape is common.
• In early stage of the cells they are present.
 FUNCTION OF PLASTIDS
• Photosynthesis –mainly in the leaves and same stems.
• Storage-mainly in the stem and the root.
• Color manifestation-In flowers and fruits.

• types of plastids
• Chromoplast –colored plastids
• Chloroplast-Chlorophyll with disc shape
• Leucoplast –Colorless plastids like Amyloplast and eiloplast.
CHROMOPLAST

• they vary in shape and function.

• they produce different colors of yellow,organe and red.
• they produce color agents like carotine, carotiniods and xanthophylls.
• Leucoplast –Occurs all storage organs
• Amyloplast –storage of starch
• Elioplast –storage of oil and fats.
 THE END
Thank for your listening
 CHAPTER THREE
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE

The Content of the chapter

• Meristems
• Characteristics of Meristems
• Types of meristems.
• Classification of meristems
• Theories of differentiation
MERISTEMS

❑The term meristem has been derived from Greek

word moristos which means divisible or having cell
division activity
❑Meristem is group of cells which have power of
cell division
❑Growth in an organism consists of fundamentally an
increase in the volume of the protoplasmic body.
CONTINUE

• In cellular plants, the amounts of growth is usually

manifested by new-cell formation and subsequent
enlargement and modification of the derivative cells.

• In the plants with specialized tissues, the formation of

new cells in chiefly localized in certain more or less
definitely organized regions known as Meristems.
 CONTINUE………
❑The terms meristem and meristem tic are applied to
developing cells and tissues.
❑The meristem is applied to “ the regions of more or
less continuous cell and tissue initiation.
❑The meristem tic is used to indicate resemblance in an
important way to a meristem.
❑it is applied to those cells, tissues and the regions that
have characterics of developing structures.
 CHARACTERISTIC OF MERISTEMATIC CELLS
❑all ways found vegetative region of plant
❑abundant cytoplasm
❑Cells have capacity to divide
❑Vacuoles are small or lacking
❑Large nucleus
❑Thin walls
❑No intercellular spaces
❑They have no reserve food material and further
no ER and Plastids
TYPES OF PLANT TISSUE

1. Meristematic
2. permanent Tissue
CONTINUES ………………

❑The concept of meristem refers to the

collection of actively dividing cells, termed
initials, plus their most recent derivatives.

❑Functionally, vegetative meristems are

indeterminate, that is, not limited in their
capacity to continue for the growth.
CLASSIFICATION OF MERISTEMS

Meristems can be classified on different bases

1- Based on the stage and method of
Development
❑Promeristem
❑Meristem
2-Based on plane of division
CONTINUE ….

❑Mass: Three plane division-Enlargement

❑Plate: Division in two planes-
❑Rib : One plane division – Elongation
lateral meristem , (locate around the stem and root )
as a result root and stem get thicker.
 CONTINUE……

intercalary meristem , (base of node and leaf etc

like shallot or leek
CONTINUE ……
• 4- Based on the position in plant body
❑Apical meristem –ex, stem apex (growing point)
Root apex (Growing region)
❑Intercalary meristem-Ex Graminaceae family, sugar cane
❑Lateral meristem –[Link]
CONTINUE …..

THE END
Thank for your
listening