Introduction

In her editorial, Ratnaasri (2006) emphasized the significant influence of science and
technology on various aspects of our lives and the environment we inhabit. Science and
technology have brought about significant advancements that have largely benefited
humanity. However, there have been instances where these innovations have been misused
for personal gain or to exert control over others. It is crucial for everyone to prioritize the
responsible use of science and technology for the betterment of humanity. It is unfortunate
that the majority of people, especially those in developing countries, have not yet
experienced the full benefits of science and technology.
Science and Technology have played a crucial role in fueling the economic growth of
nations. Most developed countries have created innovative technologies that can lead to
strong economic growth. Unfortunately, many developing countries have not prioritized
science and technology, including research in these fields, in their developmental plans.
India, South Korea, and Taiwan in the region have made significant strides in science and
technology, showcasing the crucial role of these fields in driving economic growth. These
countries serve as illustrations of developing countries. There is no denying that the
influence of technology on society will undoubtedly become even more pronounced in the
future.
Generating and developing new knowledge in science and technology for application
nationally is of utmost importance, leveraging our research capability. It is important to focus
on the efficient transfer and exchange of successful technologies from other countries in
order to take advantage of global trends and boost our economic growth.
Science and technology are undeniably crucial for the economic growth of nations, without a
doubt. It is important to also reconsider the role of scientists and technologists in promoting
the economic well-being of the country. It is widely acknowledged that scientists and
technologists play a crucial role in advancing knowledge through their research and
development efforts. Should researchers be limited to solely creating new knowledge, or is
there more to their role that should be considered? In order for scientists and technologists
to have a meaningful impact on the social and economic development of the country, it is
important for their role to extend beyond simply generating new knowledge. They should
also take on the responsibility of providing guidance to decision-makers and actively
participating in the decision-making process regarding the future of science and technology
in the country.
How can scientists and technologists play a crucial role in achieving the multiple objectives
that are essential for the economic development of the country?
As creators of new knowledge, researchers should prioritize their work in areas of research
that are nationally and globally significant and competitive, while also embracing a
multidisciplinary approach. The research needs to have clear goals and focus on achieving
results. The outcomes of the course should be concrete and meaningful. The insights of
esteemed scientists and technologists, whose research holds immense value at both
national and global levels, will undoubtedly be highly sought after by authorities. Given this, it
is crucial that scientists and technologists fully dedicate themselves to expanding and
advancing the knowledge base in areas of science and technology that are economically
significant to the nation.
This chapter will emphasize the significance of imparting a deep comprehension of science
and technology in the process of nation-building. It focuses on examining the effects of
scientific knowledge, efforts, and various influences on the development of the Philippines.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. discuss the concept of nation-building and its importance;
2. explain the relationship between development and nation-building;
3. discuss the role of S & T in the Philippines Nation Building;
4. evaluate the government policies on S & T in terms of their contributions to nation-
building; and
5. identify actual S & T policies of the government and appraise their impact on the
development of the Filipino nation.
THE CONCEPT OF NATION BUILDING
To truly comprehend the concept of nation-building, one must first have a solid
understanding of the fundamental elements that define a "nation." In the traditional sense, a
nation is viewed as a collective of individuals who share a common history, traditions,
culture, religion, and language. This shared national identity often encompasses racial or
ethnic connections, loyalty to political ideals, and interconnected citizenship and nationality.
Recent research has enhanced our comprehension of nation-building, highlighting its
changing dynamics in a globalized world. In their study, Stovpets et al. (2023) highlight the
ongoing significance of the nation as a powerful catalyst for change, especially in developing
nations, as it responds and adjusts to socio-political transformations. This adaptation
highlights the continued importance of the nation concept in modern governance and
community identity.
In his work, Nessimov (2023) explores the crucial role of nation-building in the process of
state-building, emphasizing the importance of maintaining cultural identity while also
integrating historical and ideological knowledge. Understanding the interplay between a
nation's heritage and its modern political structures is essential for gaining a comprehensive
perspective. Alesina et al. (2021) shed light on the contrasting approaches to education
employed by democracies and dictatorships in their efforts to build their nations. They
highlight mass primary education as a crucial policy tool, showcasing diverse practices
throughout different regimes and historical periods.
Together, these studies emphasize the importance of considering a nation's historical and
cultural context when engaging in effective nation-building. It is clear that political and
institutional efforts alone are not sufficient, and that social development must also be taken
into account. The latest research sheds light on the intricacies of nation-building, examining
how educational systems, federal structures, and historical adaptations influence the shared
national identity and future.
Development with Nation Building
In the 19th century, development was seen as a means to advance humanity, but political
elites often used it to strategically manipulate national societies. This concept parallels
contemporary discussions on the interplay between philosophical thinking and human
growth. Ivanchuk (2021) explores the significant influence of philosophical currents on
education and cognitive development, emphasizing philosophy's role in shaping human
progress.
Reisman (2008) argues that development extends beyond decision processes and
outcomes, profoundly impacting global values and cultures. He asserts that development
involves defining appropriate values, implementing strategic changes, and continuously
evaluating decision structures and value distribution. Reisman cautions that changes
detrimental to human dignity cannot be considered true development.
Karim and Talib (2023) support this view by highlighting the complexity of development,
incorporating social, political, and environmental dimensions. Boundja (2019) adds an
anthropological perspective, suggesting that development should be examined concerning
human well-being and consciousness, rather than purely economic or political theories.
Marangos, Astroulakis, and Triarchi (2019) delve into the philosophical foundations of
development ethics, emphasizing the influence of Aristotelian ideas on contemporary ethical
development. They highlight how these philosophical principles shape our understanding of
ethical development, reinforcing the dynamic nature of philosophy in guiding human growth.
Overall, these perspectives collectively underscore the multifaceted nature of development,
advocating for a holistic approach that integrates ethical, social, and philosophical
considerations to foster genuine human progress.
Key Drivers to Development
Science and technology play a crucial role in advancing economic development and
enhancing important areas such as health, education, and infrastructure. As nations
prioritize these areas, they are equipping their societies for more advanced economic
landscapes and improved living standards.
Studies conducted by Zhu (2021) and Wang and Xu (2021) highlight the significant impact of
technological advancements on enhancing productivity and economic efficiency, which are
crucial for maintaining competitiveness in today's global market. Meanwhile, Jazdauskaitė et
al. (2021) emphasize the changing nature of the labor market, which requires a workforce
that can easily adapt to technological advancements. In addition, Quang et al. (2021)
explore the positive impacts of technological advancements on local communities.
While it is important to embrace technological progress, it is equally important to consider
social interventions that can help address potential negative consequences such as
dehumanization and environmental degradation. This approach emphasizes the importance
of sustainable development and ethical integration of technology in society, as highlighted by
Cowan and Shenton in McMichael (2004).
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NATION BUILDING: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
Science and technology have a profound influence on rapid development. The widespread
integration of science and technology in all aspects of life across nations is a clear indication
of progress and modernization. The introduction of modern gadgets has revolutionized
everyday living, offering unparalleled convenience, simplicity, and easiness. Without modern
equipment, the progress and advantages we enjoy today in various sectors and fields would
not have been possible (Pujari, 2016). Embracing the ever-changing landscape of modernity
is crucial for a nation's ability to support its citizens' livelihoods. Science and technology play
a crucial role in the progress of a nation. Now, the question arises: How should a nation be
evaluated based on its capabilities? Today, countries are being classified based on their
economic performance and their utilization of science and technology. It is evident from
multiple reports that countries with a solid foundation in science and technology have
experienced accelerated development.

Economic Situation
The World Bank Group categorizes the economies of the world into four income groups: low,
lower-middle, upper-middle, and high. The classifications are revised annually on July 1,
taking into account the GNI per capita of the previous calendar year. The GNI measures are
calculated in United States dollars using conversion factors based on the Atlas method,
which was introduced in 1989. The World Bank's income classification is designed to
accurately represent a country's level of development. It relies on Atlas GNI per capita,
which is a widely used indicator of economic capacity.
The categorization of countries into income groups has undergone substantial changes
since the late 1980s. In 1987, a significant portion of reporting countries were categorized as
low-income, while a considerable number were classified as high-income countries. In 2023,
the ratios have changed, with a decrease to 12% in the low-income category and an
increase to 40% in the high-income category.
The scale and direction of these shifts, though, differ significantly across different world
regions. Here are a few noteworthy regional highlights as shown in Figure 1:
In 1987, all South Asian countries were classified as low-income countries. However, this
share has significantly decreased to only 13% in 2023.
In the Middle East and North Africa, there has been an increase in the proportion of low-
income countries from 1987 to 2023. In 1987, no countries in the region were classified as
low-income, but by 2023, this category now accounts for 10% of the countries in the region.
The proportion of high-income countries in Latin America and the Caribbean has significantly
increased over the years, rising from 9% in 1987 to 44% in 2023.
In 2023, Europe and Central Asia have a slightly lower percentage of high-income countries
(69%) compared to 1987 (71%).
World Bank Group country classification by income level
Figure 1. World Bank Group country classification by income level

Science and Technology for the Advancement of Asian Countries

Science and technology (S&T) are vital for economic growth and social progress in Asia, a
region marked by rapid development changes. The strategic integration of S&T into
development plans is crucial for achieving sustainable growth and addressing socio-
economic challenges across Asian nations (ScienceOpen, 2023).
The Philippines has seen varied S&T development rates. Historically, insufficient investment
has been a major obstacle, but recent shifts towards utilizing S&T for national progress are
promising. A McKinsey Global Institute report (2023) highlights how technological
advancements and digital platforms
International collaborations also play a pivotal role in enhancing S&T capabilities. For
instance, the UKRI-Southeast Asia collaboration focuses on leveraging scientific research to
improve health outcomes and economic conditions, showcasing how global partnerships can
boost local S&T landscapes (UK Research and Innovation, 2024).
Moreover, evolving policy frameworks support S&T growth. Rodrik (2024) discusses
economic strategies emphasizing technology's role in sustainable development. This is fur-
ther supported by international agreements, such as the deepened U.S.-Philippines alliance,
which incorporates substantial S&T collaboration elements (The White House, 2024).
Continued advancement in S&T is essential for Asian countries to keep pace with
global developments and ensure sustainable and inclusive economic expansion. This pro-
gression is underpinned by national initiatives and international collaborations, ensuring that
S&T remains central to Asia's development agenda (MDPI, 2023; UNCTAD, 2023; ES-
CAP, 2024).
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINE NATION BUILDING
The Philippines is one of the developing countries that is continuously addressing the persis-
tent problems of inequality and poverty. How the Philippines responds to these challenges
will determine whether the country will experience rapid, inclusive, and sustained growth and
development.
The Philippine government, as early as the 1980's, prioritize the initiatives on promoting the
role of science and technology in the national development. The declarations in the 1987
Constitution, Article XIV acknowledges the significant role of science and technology.
Section 10. Science and technology are essential for national development and progress.
The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, innovation, and their
utilization; and to science and technology education, training, and services. It shall support
indigenous, appropriate, and self-reliant scientific and technological capabilities, and their
application to the country's productive systems and national life.
Section 11. The Congress may provide incentives, including tax deductions, to encourage
private participation in programs of basic and applied scientific research. Scholarships,
grants-in-aid, or other forms of incentives shall be provided to deserving science students,
researchers, scientists, inventors, technologists, and specially gifted citizens.
Section 12. The State shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of technology
from all sources for the national benefit. It shall encourage the widest participation of private
groups, local governments, and community-based organizations in the generation and uti-
lization of science and technology.
Section 13. The State shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors,
artists, and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when
beneficial to the people, for such period as may be provided by law.
This mandate necessitates the assurance of implementing the efforts in utilizing science and
technology as a tool for advancing the capability and capacity of the nation for the welfare
and condition of its people. Hence, the Philippine government agencies play significant role
in sustaining and promoting science and technology for the progress of the country.

The Department of Science and Technology

The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is the primary science and technology
body in the country responsible for providing central direction, leadership and coordination of
all scientific and technological activities, and of formulating policies, programs and projects
to support national development.
The development of DOST can be traced to the national Science Development Board, cre-
ated on June 13, 1958, later reorganized on March 17, 1982 into the National Science and
Technology Authority. NSTA was eventually elevated to cabinet level based on Executive
Order No. 128 signed by President Corazon Aquino on January 30, 1987. This marked the
mainstreaming of science and technology in the governments' policy making and service de-
livery processes.
DOST is composed of councils and agencies with specific scope and responsibilities as well.
The said councils and agencies are:
• sectoral planning councils
• research and development institutes
• S&T service institutes
• collegial bodies
• regional offices
• provincial S&T centers
Congressional Commission on Science, Technology, and Engineering
Jointly created by the Senate and the House of Representatives, this commission serves as
an advisory and the policy making body that aims to strengthen the linkage with all sectors
related to science and technology in pursuit of its objectives. ([Link], 2017)
Department of Trade and Industry
It is responsible for implementing industry-focused policies and with DOST co-funds pro-
grams (with DOST as the coordinating agent).
Commission on Higher Education
This agency is responsible for the formulation of policies, plans, and programs for the devel-
opment of higher education system in the country. It has been mandated to promote quality
education and ensures the implementation of educational policies relevant to continuous ad-
vancement of learning.

The National Economic and Development Authority

The National Economic and Development Authority is a government agency responsible to
formulate development plans and ensure that the plan implementation achieves the goals of
national development. It is regarded as the country's premier socioeconomic planning body,
an authority in macroeconomic forecasting and policy analysis and research. It provides
high-level advice to policymakers in Congress and the Executive Branch.
Science and Technology Competitiveness of the Philippines
To determine the capability and competitiveness of a country, the World Economic Forum's
Global Competitiveness Report Indicators includes 12 pillars to be considered which can be
seen in Figure 2 below.
Figure 2. 12 Pillars of Competitiveness
Figure 3. shows the status report prepared by the S&T Resource Assessment and
Evaluation Division (STRAED) Planning and Evaluation Service of DOST regarding the Sci-
ence and Technology Competitive Rankings of the Philippines from 2012-2016.
Figure 3. Trend in Philippine Rankings in Global Competitiveness Factors, 2012-2018

Factor 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018

Global Competi- 65 59 52 47 57 56
tiveness Index
Rank

1. Basic require- 80 79 66 65 62 62
ments
(a) Institutions 94 79 77 77 91 94

(b) Infrastructure 98 96 91 90 95 97

(c) Macroeco- 36 40 26 24 20 22
nomic Environ-
ment

(d) Health & 95 94 93 88 or 82

primary educa-
tion

2. Efficiency en- 41 39 38 31 38 35
hancers

(a) Higher edu- 64 57 54 48 56 55

cation &
training

(b) Goods mar- 88 83 70 80 99 109

ket efficiency

(c) Labor market 100 100 91 82 95 94

efficiency

(d) Financial 36 48 45 48 46 52
Market Develop-
ment

(e) Technological 79 77 59 58 81 83
Readiness

(f) Market size 25 29 25 30 31 27

3. Innovation fac- 44 38 48 47 51 52
tors

(a) Business so- 64 59 53 48 51 56

phistication

(b) Innovation 54 59 53 48 50 55

THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENDA

The National Development Agenda
The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) is a comprehensive guide that outlines the govern-
ment's strategies and initiatives for national progress. In 2016, NEDA introduced the PDP
2017-2022 as one of four medium-term plans aligned with the AmBisyon Natin 2040. The
goal is to bring to life the shared aspirations of Filipinos for the next 25 years, effectively ex-
pressing that vision. In 2040, the Philippines has transformed into a thriving middle-class so-
ciety, where poverty is no longer a concern. Individuals enjoy extended lifespans, robust
health, and demonstrate remarkable intelligence and creativity. The country is known for its
high level of trust, with families flourishing in dynamic, culturally rich, and strong communities
(NEDA, 2016). Figure 4 showcases the Overall Strategic Framework of the PDP 2017-2022,
providing a visual representation of the plan.
This long-term goal may seem too ambitious for some, as it won't immediately turn our coun-
try into a "developed country." Actually, achieving global transformation will take a consider-
able amount of time and involve a complex process. As a result, its impact on national devel-
opment may be limited. This is because transformation is a gradual process achieved
through comprehensive strategies for national development. (Borbon, V.; Dela Cruz, Ma.E.;
Flores, R.; Gerona-Medina, Z. and Lee, A., 2000). In addition, these strategies will be imple-
mented at the local level to have a significant impact on the socioeconomic progress of the
country. Therefore, it is important to assess the relevance of the following pillars to the main
objective of the government's plan.
Figure 4. PDP 2017-2022 Overall Strategic Framework
Pillars of Development
1. Malasakit: Regain people's trust in public institutions and cultivate trust among fellow Fil-
ipinos.
2. Pagbabago: Inequality-reducing transformation through increasing opportunities for
growth of output and income.
3. Patuloy na Pag-unlad: Increasing potential growth through sustaining and accelerating
economic growth.
The Philippine Science and Technology Agenda
What is the best way to align the S&T agenda with national development goals and ob-
jectives? Borbon et al. (2000) emphasized the importance of dedicated efforts in science and
technology to achieve the desired transformation in the country. In order to effectively gener-
ate and develop local science and technology capabilities that are tailored to specific na-
tional conditions, certain key factors need to be taken into consideration. These factors, as
highlighted by Sagasti, include the need for a well-defined national science and technology
plan that aligns with global socio-economic development strategies. Additionally, it is impor-
tant to understand the interaction between science and technology and the nation's sociopo-
litical, economic, educational, and cultural aspects. Developing a strong institutional science
and technology infrastructure is also crucial, as is the local generation of science and tech-
nology capacity. Lastly, ensuring the availability of resources for science and technology is
essential for success.
As part of its commitment, the DOST ensures that its policies, efforts, and plans are closely
aligned with the national development plan, emphasizing the importance of science and
technology. The DOST has developed the Harmonized National R&D Agenda (HN-
RDA) 2017-2022 with the aim of directing the outcomes of scientific and technological efforts
towards achieving the greatest economic and social advantages for the people. Here are the
priority areas outlined in the S&T agenda 2017-2022, as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Harmonized National R&D Agenda (HNRDA) Framework

The
The (HNRDA) is divided into five sectors. The agenda is founded on the three pillars of de-
velopment which is aligned with the AmBisyon Natin 2040 and each sector has six issue-
based National Integrated Basic Research Agenda (NIBRA) programs respectively.
Issue-Based NIBRA Programs
4. Water Security-TUBIG Program (Tubig ay Buhayin at Ingalan)
5. Food and Nutrition Security-SAPAT Program (Saganang Pagkain Para sa Lahat)
6. Health Sufficiency-LIKAS Program (Likas Yaman at Kalusugan)
7. Clean Energy-ALERT Program (Alternative Energy Research Trends)
8. Sustainable Community-SAKLAW Program (Saklolc sa Lawa)
9. Inclusive Nation-building-ATIN program (Ang Tinig Natin)

MAJOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND PERSONALITIES IN SCIENCE AND TECH-

NOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2040 includes S&T related enabling
mechanisms toward achieving strong pillars for development. Considering several funda-
mental weaknesses in terms of S&T competitiveness, the PDP 2017-2040 emphasizes
strategies that shall be pursued to help raise the S&T related pillars of the country.
The DOST launched in its "8-point action agenda". Initially in 2000, to better promote the
support science, technology, and innovation. The strategy is relevant in the Philippine's pol-
icy system, and were hope to be sustained with commitment and better integration into na-
tional policies. As generalized in the SEA-EU-NET (n.d.), this includes:
1. Science-based know-how and tools that enable the agriculture sector to raise productivity
to world-class standards.
2. Innovative, cost-effective and appropriate technologies that enable MSMEs to develop
and produce competitive products that meet world-class standards.
3. State-of-the-art facilities and capabilities that enable local industries to move up the value
chain and attain global competitiveness.
4. Idea of the Philippines as a global leader in Information Technology-Business Process
Management Services generating direct employment of 1.3 million (620,000 of which in
the countryside).
5. ICT-based transformation of governance broadening access to government services (i.e.
health and education) for those in the countryside (to bring the Philippines in the top 50
global ranking of e-government by 2018).
6. Improved quality healthcare and quality of life thru science, technology, and innovation.
7. Highly skilled and globally competitive S&T human resources in support of the na-
tional S&T programs.
8. Science-based weather information and climate change scenarios with associated impact
assessments that enable concerned agencies to develop appropriate mitigation strategies
for a disaster and climate change resilient Philippines.
A number of DOST programs are being enhanced and continued as mandated by enabling
laws and executive orders up to this time. Implementation of these programs are being made
possible programs in partnership with other related government agencies. In summarized
scope this includes programs in R&D, S&T, human resource and development,
agriculture development, health and nutrition, environment sustainability, and disaster pre-
paredness and hazard mitigation.
The Philippine's Science and Technology Human Resources
Enhancing the competitiveness of the country's science and technology human resources is
a highly promising strategy in overcoming the barriers that hinder the progress of the Philip-
pines in terms of Science, technology, and Innovation (STI). This approach acknowledges
the contribution of each inventor whose works have given birth to new and innovative scien-
tific knowledge, which is crucial for the progress and development of the nation.
The National Scientists
The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) has initiated initiatives to incentivize Fil-
ipino scientists, technicians, experts, and professionals to consistently contribute their knowl-
edge and skills in order to expedite the development of science, technology, and innovation
(STI) and promote economic growth in the nation. Therefore, it is only fitting to acknowledge
the contributions of S&T figures who have made important advancements in the coun-
try's growth, along with their notable achievements. The order of the National Scientists is
the most prestigious accolade bestowed by the President to a someone who has made sub-
stantial contributions to the disciplines of science and technology in the country. A National
Scientist is entitled to an annual gratuity and other benefits that are comparable to those en-
joyed by National Artists, as stated in Presidential Decree 1003-A. At present, there are a to-
tal of 41 National Scientists, with four of them being the most recently honored (in 2014) indi-
viduals in the field of science and technology. These four individuals were highlighted by
Sabillo (2014) in the Philippine Daily Inquirer.
• Angel C. Alcala, Ph.D.
"He was recognized for his research on the ecology and diversity of Philippine amphibians
and reptiles, as well as marine biodiversity and conservation of marine-protected areas. His
work has led to a national policy on marine no-take zones or protective areas, which has be-
come a model of coastal resource management that has been adopted by other countries".
(para. 8)
• Ramon C. Barba, Ph.D.
"He was recognized for his achievements in the field of plant physiology, especially the in-
duction of flowering of mango and micro propagation or the rapid multiplying of stock plant of
important crop species". (para. 14)
• Edgardo D. Gomez, Ph.D.
"He is known for his research and conservation efforts in Invertebrate biology and ecology.
He was pivotal in the world's first national-scale assessment of damage to coral reefs, result-
ing in international conservation initiatives such as the Global reefs and Risk Analysis,
Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and the International Coral Reef Action". (para. 20)
• Gavino C. Trano Jr., Ph.D.
"He was cited for his outstanding contributions in the field of tropical marine phycology, fo-
cusing on seaweed biodiversity. He published extensive studies on the culture of seaweed
species that benefited the livelihood of coastal populations and was the first to report the oc-
currence of "ice-ice" disease that affected many seaweed farms. (para. 25)
SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
Keeping abreast of the fast-paced progress in science and technology goes beyond simply
obtaining state-of-the-art equipment and technologies. It demands the continuous improve-
ment of knowledge and skills. In the Philippines, it is crucial to enhance science education to
foster a science and technology-driven economy. A recent study has shed light on different
aspects of science education in the Philippines, including curriculum reforms and the obsta-
cles that both educators and students encounter.
Science education is crucial for the country's economic development as it drives technologi-
cal progress, boosts national wealth, and enhances health and industry. Students are driven
to specialize in science due to their personal interest, the nature of science, the influence of
their family, and the impact of their teachers. Schools are strongly urged to improve their sci-
ence curriculum and facilities to attract a greater number of students to science education
(Dela Fuente, 2019). In addition, graduates of science education programs from state univer-
sities have demonstrated strong employment prospects. Graduates propose improving con-
tent and pedagogy to better meet the requirements of the modern era, ensuring they are
prepared for the industry and can compete on a global scale (Reusala, Rogayan, & An-
dres, 2020).
Having competent science teachers is essential for ensuring effective science education.
Regular and unbiased assessments indicate that the effectiveness of science teachers is im-
pacted by factors such as their demographic background and professional training. Continu-
ous professional development is highly encouraged to enhance instructional methods and
ensure high-quality teaching (Aban, Bayan, & Valdez, 2020). Incorporating STEM activ-
ities into online classrooms has demonstrated the ability to enhance students' self-confi-
dence and proficiency in conducting scientific research projects, suggesting exciting possibil-
ities for creative methods in science education (Aron, 2020).
Junior high school students encounter various obstacles when it comes to learning science,
including issues with motivation, cognitive abilities, teacher characteristics, and resource
availability. Novel teaching methods are required to tackle these challenges and enhance
science learning results (Sedara, Torres, & Rogayan, 2020). The state of science labo-
ratory facilities is a matter of great importance. Insufficient laboratory facilities pose a signifi-
cant obstacle to effective science education in public junior high schools. Addressing these
challenges is crucial for ensuring a high standard of education (Abas, Hanifa, Maresigan,
& Arlyne, 2020).
The readiness of STEM senior high school graduates for engineering programs can differ. It
is crucial to enhance the alignment of the curriculum and provide preparatory activities to ad-
equately equip students for higher education in STEM fields (Fernando et al., 2019). The-
matic instruction has demonstrated promise in tackling the obstacles of the current K to 12
science curriculum, aiding in the attainment of the program's desired outcomes (Montebon
& Orleans, 2021).
Webinars designed with Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles have proven to be
effective in boosting science teachers' confidence in delivering science instruction, especially
in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This underscores the importance of ongoing profes-
sional growth and the implementation of innovative instructional techniques (Leonardo
& Cha, 2021).
Ultimately, science education in the Philippines must prioritize the improvement of curricula,
teacher competence, and resource availability. Embracing innovative teaching methods and
maintaining continuous professional development are essential to address the needs of the
modern era and equip students with the necessary skills to navigate a rapidly evolving world
of science and technology.
Fensham (2008) (as cited in SEI-DOST & UP NISMED, 2011) explained that tradition-
ally, science content areas such as life science, physical science, and earth and space sci-
ence, are presented as separate subjects to achieve mastery of concepts, principles, and
processes. The new science education curriculum integrates these content areas to empha-
size the connections and interrelationships among various science concepts, with themes
applied in real-life contexts such as maintaining health, utilizing energy, and conserving the
environment, promoting more meaningful learning. This curriculum reform aligns with the
true aim of education, as identified in 1996 by the International Commission on Education for
the 21st Century to UNESCO, headed by Jacques Delors, which emphasized lifelong learn-
ing through the "Four Pillars of Education" - learning to know, learning to live together, learn-
ing to do, and learning to be. The report highlighted the need for individuals to develop
knowledge, skills, and attitudes to manage the rapid changes and challenges of the present
and future, suggesting lifelong learning from early childhood through adulthood (SEAMEO
INNOTECH, 2012).
SELECTED INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Can you still imagine how your life be without electricity? How about riding using carabao or
barely walking along the street instead of riding cars or jeepney? Or being engaged in tradi-
tional ways of living?
Many people would appreciate the advancements in science and technology for providing
them with comforts and conveniences in everyday living. Lives have been saved medical
breakthroughs and people enjoy good productions of food, clothing and the materials that
they need in building shelters. Behind these advancements S&T products and innova-
tions are developed in countries known for their latest application of science.
The following are some of the latest Filipino inventions:
9. Aerogas Catalytic Combustor (ACC) - an anti-pollution, ecofriendly made by Engr. Mar-
into C. Martinez. It is a fuel saver and power booster engine device which can be practi-
cally used on all types of internal combustion engines like engines of jeeps, cars, trucks,
ships and motorcycles and even gas fired power plants. Aside from its economical cost, it
also supports the Implementation of Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999.
10. SALT (Sustainable Alternative Lighting) - an environmental-friendly lamp that runs
with just two table spoons of salt and one glass of tap water created by Aisa Mijano. This
invention made it possible for those who live in coastal areas and remote barrios to have
light source.
11. SALAMANDER Amphibious Tricycle - a six-person seating capacity (four in water),
amphibious tricycle powered by either a 5kW electric engine or a 250cc gasoline motor
invented by Atoy Llave. The invention is desired to address the problems of many com-
muters in a flood-prone country. The invention was featured in Top [Link] in 2015.
All these and many other Filipino inventions are continuously flourishing. It reflects the wis-
dom of Filipinos in dealing with scientific knowledge and their environment. These are not
only products of influence from other Western cultures but said to be products of traditional
science.
Indigenous technologies and practice reflect not just ways of working but also the ways of
knowing and thinking of people in the community. People are amazed by how these indige-
nous systems, which have no equivalent in the modern science, empowered other societies
or even nation to live quite successfully for many generations. Indeed, the role of indigenous
science and technology in nation building shall not be neglected and overshadowed by the
other kind of modernity introduced in the world today.