Information and Communication Technology

Chapter-5
The effects of using IT
Lecture notes by-
Dr. May Paing Paing Zaw

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Contents
★ microprocessor-controlled devices:
– their positive and negative effects on various aspects of
everyday lifein the home
– positive and negative effects in monitoring and controlling
transport
★ health issues from using a computer:
– such as RSI, back and neck problems, eye problems and
headaches
– causes of health issues and ways of preventing them.

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5.1 Microprocessor-controlled devices
5.1.1 Effects of using microprocessor-controlled devices

• The introduction of microprocessor-controlled devices into our everyday

lives has had a profound effect in a number of ways. Some of these are
positive and some are negative.

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Using microprocessor-controlled devices in the home can have positive
and negative effects on our:
» lifestyle
» leisure time
» physical fitness
» data security
» social interaction.

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Many common household devices are now fitted with microprocessors to
control a large number of their functions. The devices fall into two main
groups:
Labor-saving devices (group 1):
» automatic washing machines
» microwave ovens
» cookers
» automatic dishwashers
» robotic vacuum cleaners
» bread-making machines
» smart fridges and freezers.

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Other devices (group 2):
» alarm clocks
» television sets
» central heating and air-conditioning systems
» home entertainment systems
» mobile phones and tablets.

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• Essentially, a microprocessor-controlled labour-saving device allows
people to get on with other things while the device carries out their
tasks.
• Microprocessors within the second group of devices make them
easier to use and gives them additional features, such as ‘intelligent
tuning’ in television sets.

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• Lifestyle, leisure time and physical fitness
• Table 5.1 summarises the effects of microprocessor-controlled labour-
saving devices on a person’s lifestyle, leisure time and physical fitness.

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• Table 5.2 shows some of the more general ways in which all
microprocessor-controlled devices can affect our lives.
• This table includes devices that are not necessarily labor-saving, and
simply use microprocessors to improve their functionality.

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Data security issues
• having a microprocessor-controlled device connected to the internet can
lead to cybersecurity issues.
• If you are able to communicate remotely with devices in your home, then
so can a hacker. Any household device which can be remotely-controlled
could allow a hacker to gain personal data about you.
• These devices are often set with a default (or no) password, making it easy
for cybercriminals to obtain personal details.
• For example, by hacking into a central-heating controller (or the app used
to communicate with the controller) it is possible to find out holiday dates,
which then makes a home an easy target for break-ins.
• If the fridge/freezer automatically orders food from a supermarket, then it
is possible for a hacker to gain key data, such as credit card numbers. It is
therefore important to manage passwords (and have a different password
on each device) and also install software updates, which often contain new
security features.

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Social interactions
• There are both positive and negative impacts of microprocessor-
controlled devices on social interactions to consider.
• While some devices leave people with more time to do things outside
their home, other devices encourage people to stay at home.
• Devices, such as smartphones, smart televisions or tablets allow
people to communicate from home using VoIP (a type of video
conferencing), emails or chat rooms. The positive aspects include:

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The positive aspects include:
» easier to make new friends using chat rooms
» easier to find people who share similar interests/hobbies
» less expensive to keep in touch using VoIP technology.

But the negative aspects include:

» people do not meet face-to-face as much (social isolation)

» a lack of social interaction may make people more anxious of
meeting people in real life
» people behave differently when interacting online – sometimes
they can be ruder or more aggressive, and cyberbullying is a real
problem, particularly for young people.
It is a balance that each individual needs to make.
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5.1.2 Monitoring and controlling transport
• The use of microprocessors in transport systems is becoming more
and more widespread.
• Examples of where they are currently used include:
» congestion zone monitoring
» automatic number plate recognition (ANPR)
» automatic control of traffic lights
» air traffic control systems
» railway signaling systems.

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 Control of smart road systems and smart signs

• Many modern motorways are now called smart motorways.

• This is because the monitoring and control of the traffic and/or the
information displayed on the motorway signs is controlled by a
central computer system.
• If there has been an accident or there is considerable traffic
congestion, then smart motorway signs can control the traffic to keep
it moving or redirect it to avoid the accident.
• Even the traffic lights in cities are now computer-controlled systems.
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• However, imagine the chaos that would be caused if any of these
systems were hacked.
• Somebody could then have control over a chosen section of the road
network.
• That has huge safety and security Implications.

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Rail and airline network control systems
• Safely coordinating the large number of trains and airplanes entering
and leaving stations and airports is a complex task, but computerized
monitoring systems make this possible.
• It is possible to run a more efficient timetable under total computer
control.
• Train and airplane journeys are also safer, because human error is
removed – many rail accidents are caused by drivers making mistakes.

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Autonomous vehicles in transport
• Driverless (autonomous) vehicles are increasing in number every year.
• These are very complex robots, but the big problem is not really the
technology (because problems will be solved over time) – it is human
perception.
• It will take a large leap of faith for humans to ride in an autonomous
car or an airplane with no pilot.
• We are already used to autonomous trains, as these are used in many
cities throughout the world.
• These systems have been generally accepted, but that is probably
because trains do not overtake other trains and have a very specific
track to follow.

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Autonomous cars, buses and vans
• Autonomous cars use sensors, cameras, actuators and
microprocessors (together with very complex algorithms) to carry out
their actions safely.
• Sensors (radar and ultrasonics) and cameras allow the control systems
in cars to perform critical functions by sensing the dynamic conditions
on a road.
• They act as the ‘eyes’ and ‘ears’ of the car.
• Microprocessors process the data received from cameras and sensors
and send signals to actuators to perform physical actions, such as:
» change gear
» apply the brakes
» turn the steering wheel.
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• Cameras catch visual data from the surroundings, while radar and
ultrasonics allow the vehicle to build up a 3D image of its surroundings
(very important when visibility is poor, such as in heavy rain, fog or at
night).
• Suppose an autonomous car is approaching a set of traffic lights that are
showing red.
• The first thing the control system in the car needs to recognize is the road
sign, and then check its database as to what action to take.
• Because the traffic light shows red, the microprocessor must send signals
to actuators to apply brakes and put the gear into ‘park’.
• Constant monitoring must take place until the light changes to green.
• When this happens, the microprocessor will again instruct actuators to put
the car into first gear, release the brakes and operate the throttle
(accelerator).
• This is a very complex set of operations because the microprocessor must
constantly check all sensors and cameras to ensure moving off is safe (for
example, has the car in front of it broken down or has a pedestrian started
to cross the road, and so on).
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 Security and safety when using autonomous vehicles
• Autonomous vehicles use sensors, cameras, and microprocessors to ‘understand’ their
immediate environment.
• These vehicles run using complex software systems and a large number of external
sensors.
• This makes such vehicles rather vulnerable to cybercriminals.
• A hacker may not even have to break into the vehicle’s control system; they may be able
to cause many problems by blocking sensor information or sending false information
back to the vehicle.
• There are many reasons why this would be of benefit to a hacker, but it is outside of the
scope of this textbook.
• However, the hacker probably is not really interested in gaining control of the vehicle;
they may be more interested in knowing where the car is, where it is going and finding
personal information about the owner of the vehicle.
• Remember, these vehicles could be a car, a train or even an airplane – so the potential
security and safety risks are vast.
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• However, there are many positive sides to autonomous transport.
• If the security issues can be resolved, all forms of transport will
become safer by removing the human element.
• Vehicles will be able to drive in cities or on the open road, for
example, and be totally aware of their environment, thus removing
many of the current safety issues (both to vehicle occupants and to
pedestrians).

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 Autonomous trains

• Autonomous (driverless) trains have been around for a number of

years in a number of large cities.
• As with other autonomous vehicles, driverless trains make
considerable use of sensors, cameras, actuators and on-board
computers/microprocessors.
• Autonomous trains make use of a system called LiDaR (Light
Detection and Ranging); LiDaR uses lasers which build up a 3D image
of the surroundings. [Link] 24
• Other sensors (such as proximity sensors on train doors) and cameras
(including infrared cameras) are all used for various purposes to help
control and maintain the safety.
• The control system in the train also makes use of global positioning satellite
technology, which allows accurate changes in speed and direction to be
calculated.
• Again, actuators pay a huge role here in controlling the train’s speed,
braking and the opening and closing of the train doors.
• The safety improvements made by these autonomous systems are fairly
obvious.

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 Autonomous (pilotless) aeroplanes
• Airplanes have used auto-pilots for many years to control flights.
• Human pilots only take over during take-off and landing.
• Autonomous (pilotless) airplanes would make even more extensive
• use of sensors, actuators and microprocessors to control all stages of the flight.

Some of the main features of a control system on a pilotless airplane would include:
• » sensors to detect turbulence to ensure smooth flights
• » an increase in self-testing of all circuits and systems
• » sensors that would automatically detect depressurization in the cabin,
• therefore allowing for quick stabilization of the airplane
• » use of GPS for navigation and speed calculations
• » use of actuators to control, for example, throttle, flaps (on the wings) and the rudder.

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Table 5.6 Advantages and disadvantages of
pilotless aeroplanes
Advantages disadvantages
• Improvement in passenger comfort (reasons • Security aspects if no pilots on-board (for
given earlier) example, handling terrorist attacks)
• Reduced running costs (fewer staff are required) • Emergency situations during the flight may be
difficult to deal with
• Improved safety (most crashes of airplanes have
been attributed to pilot-induced errors) • Hacking into the system (it could be possible to
access flight control via the airplane's
• Improved aerodynamics at the front of the
entertainment system)
airplane because there would no longer be the
need to include a cockpit for the pilots • Passenger reluctance to accept the new
Technology
• Software glitches (recent software issues with
modern airplanes have highlighted that
software glitches sometimes only surface a few
years later, causing devastating results)

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5.2 Potential health problems related to the
prolonged use of IT equipment
• Using IT equipment for long periods of time can impact on a user’s
health teiegram chan myae tun.
• Table 5.7 considers the most common health risks and shows ways to
eliminate or reduce the risk.

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 Table 5.7 Health risks of using IT equipment
Health risk Causes of health risk Elimination or reduction of health risk
Back and neck strain Caused by sitting in front of a  Use fully adjustable chairs to give the correct posture
 Use foot rests to reduce posture problems
computer screen for long periods  Use tiltable screens, raised to the correct height, to ensure the
of time neck is at the right angle

Repetitive strain Damage to fingers and wrists  Ensure correct posture is maintained (for example correct angle
of arms to the keyboard and mouse)
injury (RSI) caused by continuous use of a  Make proper use of a wrist rest when using a mouse or keyboard
keyboard or repetitive clicking of  Take regular breaks (+ exercise)
mouse buttons, for example  Make use of ergonomic keyboards
 Use voice-activated software if the user is prone to problems
using a mouse or keyboard

Eyestrain Caused by staring at a computer If necessary, change screens to LCD if older CRT screens are still used
 Take regular breaks (+ exercise)
screen for too long or by having  Make use of anti-glare screens if the room lighting is incorrect (or
incorrect lighting in the room use window blinds to cut out direct sunlight)
(causing screen reflections)  Users should have their eyes tested on a regular basis (middle
vision glasses should be prescribed if the user has a persistent
problem with eye strain, dry eyes, headaches, etc.)

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Table 5.7 Health risks of using IT equipment
Health risk Causes of health risk Elimination or reduction of health risk
Headaches Caused by incorrect lighting,  Make use of anti-glare screens if the room lighting
screen reflections, flickering is incorrect (or use window blinds to cut out
screens, and so on reflections which cause squinting, leading to
headaches)
 Take regular breaks (+ exercise)
 Users should have their eyes tested on a regular
basis (middle vision glasses should be prescribed if
the user has a persistent problem with headaches)
Ozone irritation Caused by laser printers  Proper ventilation should exist to lower the ozone
Caused in an office (symptoms are gas levels to acceptable values
dry skin and respiratory  Laser printers should be housed in a designated
problems) printer room
 Change to using inkjet printers where Possible

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Q. Back problems
Many computer users suffer serious back problems. This is probably due to
poor posture or an awkward position while sitting at a computer.
Solutions
• A fully adjustable chair should avoid poor posture.
• Foot rests can reduce these problems.
• Screens should tilt and turn to a position that avoids awkward movements.
Q. Eyestrain
Eyes can become strained after staring at a computer screen for a long time,
particularly if working in a bad light, in glare, or with a flickering screen.
Solutions
•Screen filters can remove a high percentage of the harmful rays emitted from a
computer screen.
•Use screens that do not flicker.
•Take regular breaks - do not work for more than one hour without a break.
•Lighting must be suitable and blinds fitted to windows to reduce glare.
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Q. Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)
Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) is damage to the fingers, wrists, and other parts of
the body due to repeated movements over a long period of time.
Solution
• To prevent RSI, make sure your posture is correct, use wrist rests, and have a
five-minute break from typing every hour.

Q. Ozone irritation
Health experts have suggested that ozone emitted from laser printers can lead
to breathing problems.
Solution
• It is recommended that laser printers should be situated at least one meter
away from where people are sitting and there should be good ventilation in
the area.
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Q. Describe how microprocessor controlled devices have
affected social interaction. (5 pts.)
• Name three devices other than labour-saving devices which
use embedded microprocessors. (3 pts)
Q. Give one disadvantage of having homes automated.
• Cost (Installation and maintenance)
• alternatives
• Internet Reliance
• Technology Learning Curve
• It can get hacked
Q. Describe one health or safety strategy.
Q. Give one advantage of MICROPROCESSORS in general.
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Exam Style Questions
• 1 The use of microprocessor-controlled devices in the home affects
an individual’s leisure time, social interaction and the need to leave
the home.
• a Give three advantages to the individual when microprocessor
controlled devices are used in the home. [3]
• b Give three disadvantages to the individual when microprocessor
controlled devices are used in the home. [3]
• Cambridge IGCSE Information and Communication Technology (0417)
Paper 13 Q15, October/November 2014

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Advantages and disadvantages of
microprocessor controlled devices in Home
• 15 (a) Three from:
1. Microprocessor controlled devices do much of housework
2. Do not need to do many things manually
3. Do not need to be in the house when food is cooking
4. Do not need to be in the house when clothes are being washed
5. Can leave their home to go shopping/work at any time of the day
6. Greater social interaction/more family time
7. More time to go out/more leisure time/more time to do other things/work
8. Are able to do other leisure activities when convenient to them
9. Microprocessor controlled burglar alarm provides a sense of security
10. Do not have to leave home to get fit
11. Can encourage a healthy lifestyle because of smart fridges analyzing food constituents [3]
• (b) Three from:
1. Can lead to unhealthy eating due to dependency on ready meals
2. Can lead to laziness/lack of fitness
3. Manual household skills are lost
4. These may malfunction and, because the individual has left the device unattended, this can lead to fires/damage to the
house
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2 You use a computer to do your homework. You are
concerned about the health issues of using a computer.
• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different methods you could
use to help minimise the health problems of using the computer. [6]
• Cambridge IGCSE Information and Communication Technology (0417) Paper
11 Q15, May/June 2017

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Advantages and disadvantages of different methods you could
use to help minimise the health problems of using the computer
• Advantages - Max four marks:
• − If the screen is 90 degrees to the window it reduces the glare/eye strain
• − If you use a screen filter/blue glasses eye strain is reduced
• − If LCD/TFT screens are used then eye strain is reduced
• − If my eye is level with the top of the screen it will reduce eye strain/neck ache
• − If I take breaks from excessive clicking on the mouse/keyboard this reduces RSI
• − Using voice activated systems reduces RSI
• − If I use a wrist rest/an ergonomic mouse it will reduce RSI
• − If I use an ergonomic chair it will reduce back ache
• − If I do not use the computer for long periods of time this will reduce
• − RSI/back ache/eye strain/Carpel syndrome/Cubital syndrome/Neck pain/DVT
• Disadvantages - Max four marks:
• − Turning the screen can reduce your ability to see clearly on the screen
• − Laptops can be difficult to ensure the screen is 90 degrees as the whole unit needs to be moved
• − The cost of safety equipment can be expensive
• − Using voice activated systems can be prone to many errors which may increase RSI correcting them
• − Users can become over-reliant on equipment
• − With laptops/screens it can be difficult to position it so the eye level is at the top of the screen
• − Taking breaks every hour can increase the work time

• A mark can be awarded for a reasoned conclusion

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3 a There are potential security issues when using microprocessor controlled devices
in the home. Describe these issues and explain how they can be mitigated. [4]
b Indicate which of the following statements are True or False by ticking (✓) the
appropriate box. [5]




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4. Five statements are
shown on the left and
eleven ICT terms on the
right.
Draw arrows to connect
each statement to its
correct term. [5]

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5 a Describe the advantages of having major roads controlled and monitored by smart
road signs. [3]
b Describe the risks of having smart road signs under computer control. [3]

• Many modern motorways are now called smart motorways.

• This is because the monitoring and control of the traffic and/or the
information displayed on the motorway signs is controlled by a central
computer system.
• If there has been an accident or there is considerable traffic congestion, then
smart motorway signs can control the traffic to keep it moving or redirect it to
avoid the accident.
• Even the traffic lights in cities are now computer-controlled systems.
• However, imagine the chaos that would be caused if any of these systems
were hacked.
• Somebody could then have control over a chosen section of the road
network.
• That has huge safety and security implications.

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Table 5.3 Advantages and disadvantages of
transport monitoring and control systems
Advantages Disadvantages
• Smart motorways constantly adapt to traffic • A hacker could gain access to the computerised
conditions, reducing traffic jams and minimizing system and cause disruption.
everyone’s journey time.
• If the computer system fails then the whole
• Transport systems are more efficient – more cars, transport system could be brought to a standstill
trains and aeroplanes can use the transport (stop).
network, allowing for more regular services.
• Poorly designed systems could compromise
• Traffic offences (for example, driving in the wrong safety.
lane) can be automatically penalised using ANPR.
• ANPR systems mean that innocent people’s
• Stolen cars and criminals can be spotted using movements can easily be tracked. Who has access
ANPR. to that data?
• Computerised control systems minimise human
error, which reduces the rate of accidents.

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