Class Notes 1: Computer Networks (OSI Model)
7 Layers of OSI:
1. Physical - cables, signals, bits
2. Data Link - frames, MAC address, error detection
3. Network - routing, IP address
4. Transport - TCP/UDP, reliability
5. Session - manages sessions, authentication
6. Presentation - encryption, compression
7. Application - end-user services (HTTP, SMTP, DNS)
TCP/IP Model = 4 layers (Network Interface, Internet, Transport, Application).
Class Notes 2: Database Management Systems (DBMS)
DBMS = software to manage data efficiently.
Keys:
- Primary Key -> uniquely identifies records.
- Foreign Key -> maintains relation.
Normalization:
- 1NF -> atomic values.
- 2NF -> remove partial dependency.
- 3NF -> remove transitive dependency.
SQL Commands:
- DDL -> CREATE, ALTER, DROP
- DML -> INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
- DQL -> SELECT
Class Notes 3: Operating Systems
OS Functions:
- Process management
- Memory management
- File system management
- I/O device management
Types of OS:
- Batch, Time-sharing, Distributed, Real-time
Deadlock: Occurs when processes wait for resources indefinitely.
Prevention: Mutual exclusion removal, ordering resources.
Class Notes 4: Software Engineering
SDLC Phases:
1. Requirement Analysis
2. Design
3. Implementation
4. Testing
5. Deployment
6. Maintenance
Models:
- Waterfall
- Agile
- Spiral
Testing Types:
- Unit, Integration, System, Acceptance
Class Notes 5: Python Programming Basics
Variables: dynamically typed (no need to declare type).
Data Types: int, float, str, list, tuple, dict, set.
Control Flow: if-else, loops (for, while).
Functions:
def add(a, b):
return a + b
OOP Concepts: Class, Object, Inheritance, Polymorphism.
Modules: import math, import os