AIR STANDARD CYCLES

Consists of two reversible isothermal processes and

[Link] CYCLE
two reversible adiabatic processes.

Consists of two reversible adiabatic processes and

[Link] CYCLE two constant volume(Isochoric) processes[Heat
addition/Heat rejection]

Consists of two reversible adiabatic processes, one

[Link] CYCLE constant pressure heat addition process and one
constant volume heat rejection process.

[Link] CYCLE Consists of two reversible adiabatic processes, one

constant volume heat addition process followed by
one constant pressure heat addition process and
Prepared By
one constant volume heat rejection process.
[Link]
[Link] CYCLE Lecturer(Mechanical)
Consists of two reversible adiabatic processes and
[Link].[Heat
two constant pressure Thiruvananthapuram
addition
/Heat rejection]
 [Link] CYCLE-Pressure-Volume
relationship
External Heat
supply,Q1-2 Isothermal
Expansion
p1 1

2
Pressur(P)
p2

p4 4

p3 3 Prepared By
[Link]
V1 V4 V2 V3 Lecturer(Mechanical)
Volume(V) CPTC.
Heat Thiruvananthapuram
rejection from
working medium,Q3-4
 [Link] CYCLE-Temperature-Entropy
Diagram
P1,V1,
External Heat P2,V2,
T1, S1
supply,Q1-2 T2, S2

1
T1=T2 2

Temperature
P3,V3,
P4,V4,T4, S4
T3, S3

Prepared By
T3=T4
4
[Link]
3

Heat rejection from Lecturer(Mechanical)

working medium,Q3-4
CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
S1=S4 Entropy S2=S3
 Stage 1-2
1 2 Isothermal expansion

Work done during process,W1-2, 𝛿𝑊 = 𝑝. 𝑑𝑉

2 2
න 𝛿𝑊 = න 𝑝. 𝛿𝑉
1 1

2 2 2𝐶 21 2 𝑉2
‫׬‬1 𝛿𝑊 = ‫׬‬1 𝑝. 𝛿𝑉 = 𝑝 ‫׬‬1 𝑉
𝛿𝑉 = 𝐶 ‫׬‬1
𝑉
𝛿𝑉 = 𝐶. ln 𝑉 1 = 𝐶. (log 𝑒 𝑉2 − log 𝑒 𝑉1 ) = 𝐶. log 𝑒
𝑉1
.
𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑃1
=𝑃𝑉 log 𝑒 =𝑚. 𝑅. 𝑇. log 𝑒 = 𝑃𝑉 log 𝑒
𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑃2

2
Change in internal energy‫׬‬1 𝑑𝑈=m. Cv .dT = 0 ( since T1=T2, and dT=0)
So heat supplied to the air = Work done by the air during isothermal expansion.

Prepared By
[Link]
Lecturer(Mechanical)
CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
 Stage 2-3
2 3 Adaibatic expansion

In adiabatic expansion no heat transfer occurs. Hence temperature falls from T2 to T3

Q2-3 = 0

Stage 3-4
3 4 Isothermal compression
4
Change in internal energy‫׬‬3 𝑑𝑈=m. Cv .dT = 0 ( since T3=T4, and dT=0)
So heat rejected from air = Work done on the air during isothermal expansion.
Q3-4=W3-4
𝑉3 𝑉3
Since 𝛿𝑈=0, Q3-4 =W3-4 = 𝑃3 𝑉3 log 𝑒 =𝑚. 𝑅. 𝑇3. log 𝑒
𝑉4 𝑉4
𝑉2 𝑉3
The expansion ratio and compr𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 must be equal. During this process the
𝑉1 𝑉4 Prepared By
volume decreases from V3 to V4 and the pressure increases from P3 to P4. In this process heat
[Link]
rejected by the air is absorbed by the cold body at constant absolute temperature TL and is
equal to the work done on the air. Lecturer(Mechanical)
CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
 Stage 4-1

4 1 Adaibatic compression

In adiabatic expansion no heat transfer occurs. Hence temperature falls from T4 to T1

Q4-1= 0

𝑉2
Total heat supplied QH = 𝑚. 𝑅. 𝑇1 . log 𝑒
𝑉1
𝑉
Total heat rejected, QL= 𝑚. 𝑅. 𝑇4 . log 𝑒 𝑉3 [T1=T2 and T3=T4]. Also highest temperature
4
during the cycle is T1 and lowest temperature is T4

Net workdone per cycle =Total heat supplied QH - Total heat rejected, QL
𝑉2 𝑉3 𝑉2 𝑉 𝑉
2 3
= 𝑚. 𝑅. 𝑇1 . log 𝑒 - 𝑚. 𝑅. 𝑇4 . log 𝑒 = 𝑚. 𝑅. log 𝑒 [T1 –T4] { since Prepared
By = }
𝑉1 𝑉4 𝑉1 1 𝑉4 𝑉

𝒎.𝑹.𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝑽𝟐
[T –T
[Link]
]
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝒆 𝑽 1 4 𝑻𝟏 −𝑻𝟒
Efficiency of the cycle =𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆= 𝟏
𝒎.𝑹.𝑻𝟏 .𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝟐
𝑽 Lecturer(Mechanical)
= 𝑻𝟏
𝑽𝟏

𝜂 =
𝑻 −𝑻 𝟏
= 1-
𝑻
𝟒 𝟒 CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟏
 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
We know 𝑉2 = 𝑉3 that is 𝑉2 = 𝑉1
1 4 3 4
For adiabatic compression process 4-1 ( Temperature volume relation for adiabatic process)
𝛾−1
𝑇1 𝑉4
=
𝑇4 𝑉1
𝑇1 1 1
𝑇4
= 𝑉1
𝛾−1 = 𝑟𝑎 𝛾−1
𝑉4
ra= Ratio of adiabatic expansion or compression
𝑻𝟒 1
Then 𝜼 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒕 = 1- =1-
𝑻𝟏 𝑟𝑎 𝛾−1

Prepared By
𝑻
𝜼 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒕 = 1- 𝑻𝟒 =1-
𝟏
𝜸−𝟏
[Link]
𝑽𝟏
𝟏
𝑽𝟒
Lecturer(Mechanical)
CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
 P3,V3, [Link] CYCLE OR CONSTANT VOLUME CYCLE
T3, S3

3 𝑽𝟏
= 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
𝑽𝟐

P1,V1,
Pressur(P)
4 T1, S1

P2,V2,
T2, S2
1 Prepared By
[Link]
Lecturer(Mechanical)
𝑽𝟒
P4,V4,T4, S4 Volume(V) = 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
Constant CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
𝑽𝟑
volume heat
rejection
 Q3-4=0
Constant [Link] CYCLE –Temperature-Entropy Diagram
volume heat
addition
Q2-3= m. Cv .dT Adaibatic
=m. Cv .(T3-T2) Expansion
3

Q1-2=0
Temperature
2 Constant
4 volume heat
rejection
Q4-1= m. Cv .dT
=m. Cv .(T4-T1)
Prepared By
1 [Link]
Adaibatic Lecturer(Mechanical)
compression
CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
S1=S4 Entropy S3=S4
Total heat supplied QH = 𝑚. 𝐶𝑣 .(T3-T2)
Total heat rejected, QL= 𝑚. 𝐶𝑣 .(T4-T1)

Net workdone per cycle =Total heat supplied QH - Total heat rejected, QL
‫ = 𝑊 ׯ‬QH - , QL = 𝑚. 𝐶𝑣 .(T3-T2) - 𝑚. 𝐶𝑣 .(T4-T1)
‫𝑚 =𝑊 ׯ‬. 𝐶𝑣 .(T3-T2 - (T4-T1) )

Air standard Efficiency of the ottocycle

𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝑚.𝐶 .(T3−T2 − (T4−T1) ) (𝑻𝟑 −𝑻𝟐 ) −(𝑻𝟒−𝑻𝟏 )
𝜂 𝑶𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒐 =𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆= 𝑣 𝑚.𝐶 = =
𝑣 .(T3−T2) 𝑻𝟑 −𝑻𝟐
(𝑻𝟑 −𝑻𝟐 ) (𝑻𝟒 +𝑻𝟏 )
= −
𝑻𝟑 −𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟑 −𝑻𝟐
(𝑻𝟒 −𝑻𝟏 ) 𝑽
𝜂 𝑶𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒐 = 1- (𝑻 −𝑻 ) 𝑾𝒆 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = 𝒓𝒄
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝟒
𝑽𝟑
= 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = 𝒓𝒆 Prepared By
Then process 1-2 isentropic compression
𝜸−𝟏
[Link]
𝑻𝟐 𝑽𝟏
𝑻𝟏
=
𝑽𝟐
Lecturer(Mechanical)
T1 =
𝑻𝟐
𝜸−𝟏 =
𝑻𝟐 CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
𝑽𝟏 𝒓𝒄 𝜸−𝟏
𝑽𝟐
 𝜸−𝟏
𝑻 𝑽𝟒
Also 𝑻𝟑 = 𝑽𝟑
= 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = 𝒓𝒆
𝟒
𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟑
Then T4= =
𝑽𝟒 𝜸−𝟏 𝒓𝒆 𝜸−𝟏
𝑽𝟑

(𝑻 −𝑻 )
Substitute the value of T1 and T4 in 𝜼 𝑶𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒐 = 1- (𝑻𝟒 −𝑻𝟏 )
𝟑 𝟐

𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟐
−
𝒓𝒆 𝜸−𝟏 𝒓𝒄 𝜸−𝟏
𝜼 𝑶𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒐 = 1- since the expansion ratio and compression ratio are equal that is 𝒓𝒆 = 𝒓𝒄 = r ( say)
(𝑻𝟑 −𝑻𝟐 )
𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟐 𝟏
− 𝑻𝟑 −𝑻𝟐 𝟏
𝒓 𝜸−𝟏 𝒓 𝜸−𝟏 𝒓 𝜸−𝟏
Then 𝜼 𝑶𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒐 = 1- = 1- = 1- 𝜸−𝟏
(𝑻𝟑 −𝑻𝟐 ) (𝑻𝟑 −𝑻𝟐 ) 𝒓
𝟏
𝜼 𝑶𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒐 = 1- 𝒓 𝜸−𝟏 Prepared By
[Link]
Lecturer(Mechanical)
𝟏
𝜼 𝑶𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒐 = 1 - CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
𝒓 𝜸−𝟏
 3. DIESEL CYCLE OR CONSTANT PRESSURE CYCLE
Constant
Adaibatic or
pressure
Isentropic
heating Q3-4=0
expansion
process
process

2 3
Constant
volume
Q1-2=0 Pressur(P) cooling
4
process

𝑽𝟏
= 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = 𝒓
1 Prepared
𝑽𝟐 By 𝑽
𝟑
and Cut off ratio 𝝆 =
Adaibatic or [Link] 𝑽 𝟐

Isentropic Lecturer(Mechanical)
compression Volume(V)
CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
 Q2-3 = [Link].(T3-T2) Adaibatic or
Constant Isentropic
pressure Q3-4=0
expansion
heating process
process
3

Q1-2=0 Heat rejected Q4-1=

Temperature 2
= [Link].(T4-T1)
4

Prepared By
1 [Link] Constant
volume
Adaibatic Lecturer(Mechanical)
cooling
compression process
CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
S1=S4 Entropy S3=S4
Total heat supplied QH = 𝒎. 𝑪𝒑 .(T3-T2)
Total heat rejected, QL= 𝒎. 𝑪𝒗 .(T4-T1)

Net workdone per cycle =Total heat supplied QH - Total heat rejected, QL
‫ = 𝑾 ׯ‬QH - , QL = 𝒎. 𝑪𝒑.(T3-T2) - 𝒎. 𝑪𝒗 .(T4-T1)
‫𝒎 =𝑾 ׯ‬. 𝑪𝒑.(T3-T2 ) - 𝒎. 𝑪𝒗 (T4-T1)
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆(‫𝒎 )𝑾 ׯ‬.𝑪𝒑 .(T3−T2 ) − 𝒎.𝑪𝒗 (T4−T1)
𝜼 𝑫𝒊𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒍= 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆 =
𝒎.𝑪𝒑 .(T3−T2)
𝒎.𝑪𝒑 .(T3−T2 ) 𝒎.𝑪𝒗 (T4−T1)
𝜼 𝑫𝒊𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒍= −
𝒎.𝑪𝒑 .(T3−T2 ) 𝒎.𝑪𝒑 .(T3−T2 )
𝑪 (T −T ) (T −T ) (T −T ) 𝑪𝒑
𝜼 𝑫𝒊𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒍 = 1- 𝒗 4 1 = 1- 𝑪𝒑 4 1 = 1- 4 1 ( = 𝜸)
.𝑪𝒑 (T3−T2 ) . (T3−T2 ) 𝜸(T3−T2 ) 𝑪𝒗
𝑪𝒗
The process 1-2 isentropic compression
𝑻𝟐 𝑽𝟏
𝜸−𝟏
𝑽𝟏 Prepared By 𝑽𝟑
= where = 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = 𝒓 and Cut off ratio 𝝆 = 𝑽
𝑻𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 [Link] 𝟐

Lecturer(Mechanical)
CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
 𝑽𝟒 𝑽𝟒 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
The adiabatic expansion ratio, ra = = 𝐱 = . = . =r .
𝑽𝟑 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟑 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟑 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟑 𝝆
𝑽𝟐
For process 2-3(Constant pressure Heat addition process)P1 =P2
𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟑
Using Charles law 𝑻 = 𝑻 and using
𝟐 𝟑
𝜸−𝟏
𝑽𝟏
𝑻 𝟐 = 𝑻𝟏 𝑽 = 𝑻𝟏 𝒓 𝜸−𝟏
𝟐
𝑽
𝑻𝟑 = 𝑻𝟐 . 𝟑 = 𝑻𝟏 𝒓 𝜸−𝟏 .𝝆
𝑽𝟐
Consider the adiabatic expansion process 3-4
𝜸−𝟏
𝑻𝟑 𝑽𝟒 𝜸−𝟏
= = 𝒓𝒂
𝑻𝟒 𝑽𝟑
Prepared By
𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟏 𝒓 𝜸−𝟏 .𝝆 𝑻𝟏 𝒓 𝜸−𝟏 .𝝆 𝑻𝟏 𝒓 𝜸−𝟏 .𝝆.𝝆𝜸−𝟏 [Link]
𝜸
T4= 𝒓 𝜸−𝟏 = 𝒓 𝜸−𝟏 = 𝟏 𝜸−𝟏
= = 𝑻 𝟏 . 𝝆
𝒂 𝒂 r.𝝆 𝒓𝜸−𝟏 Lecturer(Mechanical)
CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
Subtituting the values of T2,T3 and T4 in terms of T1 in the efficiency equation
(T −T )
𝜼 𝑫𝒊𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒍 = 1- 𝛾(T4−T1 )
3 2
(𝑻𝟏 . 𝝆𝜸 −T1) 𝑻𝟏 . (𝝆𝜸 −1) (𝝆𝜸 −1)
𝜼 𝑫𝒊𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒍 = 1- 𝛾(𝑻 𝒓 𝜸−𝟏 .𝝆 −𝑻 𝒓 𝜸−𝟏 ) = 1- = 1-
𝟏 𝟏 𝛾(𝑻𝟏 𝒓 𝜸−𝟏 (𝝆 −𝟏) 𝜸. 𝒓 𝜸−𝟏 (𝝆 −𝟏)

(𝝆𝜸 −1)
𝜼 𝑫𝒊𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒍 = 1-
𝜸. 𝒓 𝜸−𝟏 (𝝆 −𝟏)

Prepared By
[Link]
Lecturer(Mechanical)
CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
 [Link] CYCLE OR CONSTANT VOLUME CYCLE
3
𝑽𝟒
= 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
𝑽𝟑

𝑽𝟏
= 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
𝑽𝟐
Pressur(P)

4
Vc =Clearance volme = V2
2

Piston

Prepared By
Volume(V)
[Link] Cylinder
Clearance
volume
Lecturer(Mechanical)
Vc CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
 [Link] CYCLE OR CONSTANT VOLUME CYCLE
3
𝑽𝟒
= 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
𝑽𝟑

𝑽𝟏
= 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
𝑽𝟐
Pressur(P)

4
2 Piston

1 Vs = Swept volume= V1 – V2

Prepared By
Volume(V)
[Link] Cylinder
Swept Volume Lecturer(Mechanical)
Vs CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
 [Link] CYCLE OR CONSTANT VOLUME CYCLE
3
𝑽𝟒
= 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
𝑽𝟑

𝑽𝟏
= 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
𝑽𝟐
Pressur(P)

4
2 Piston
Total volume(V)=Vc +Vs

Prepared By
=V1

Volume(V)
[Link] Cylinder
Total volume(V)=Vc +Vs Lecturer(Mechanical)
=V1 CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram
𝑻𝑯𝑨𝑵𝑲 𝒀𝑶𝑼
Prepared By
[Link]
Lecturer(Mechanical)
CPTC. Thiruvananthapuram