CHAPTER 2
9. Possessive Adjective (omission)
10. (Neutral) word order: Transitive Sentence
SUBJECT - D.O. - Prepositional Phrase - VERB
11. Indicative Present: Simple / Progressive / Emphatic
12. Person / Number: 3rd Sing. (-t) ; 3rd Plur. (-nt) [ex. 3]
13. Case: Gen. [ex. 4]
14. 2nd Declension: Nom. / Acc. / Abl. ; Sing. & Plur.
15. Preposition: in + Acc./Abl.
16. Historical Present
9. Personal Adjective (omission) used for emphasis only
Puer cum sorore ludit.
A boy is playing with <his> sister.
The boy is playing with <his> sister.
Dominus servōs interfēcit.
A master killed slaves / the slaves / his slaves.
The master killed slaves / the slaves / his slaves.
10. (Neutral) Natural word order:
Subject – D.O. – Prepositional – Verb
Ex. Puella reginam in insulā spectat
11. Indicative Present: Simple / Progressive / Emphatic
12. Person / Number: 3rd Sing. (-t) ; 3rd Plur. (-nt) [ex. 3]
Transitive Verb
- with a D.O. (Acc.)
- I praise…, I read…, I compose…, I see…, I hear…, I give,
Ex.: I praise the words of the poet
I read many books
I composed poems
I see dead people
I smell flowers
Intransitive Verb
- Cannot have a D.O.
- I work, I stand, I walk, I sleep, etc.
Ex. I work hard
I stand in the forum
I walk for 5 hours
I sleep in my bed
I smell bad
11. Indicative Present: Simple / Progressive / Emphatic
Simple: I eat
Progressive: I am eating
Emphatic: I do eat
12. Person / Number: 3rd Sing. (-t) ; 3rd Plur. (-nt) [ex. 3]
1 s. (I) Love 1 s. (Je) Aime
2 s. (You) Love 2 s. (Tu) Aimes
3 s. (S/He, it Loves 3 s. (Il/Elle) Aime
1 p. (We) Love 1 p. (Nous) Aimons
2 p. (You) Love 2 p. (Vous) Aimez
3 p. (They) Love 3 p. (Ils/Elles) Aiment
3rd Sing. 3rd Plur.
amat amant
portat portant
habitat habitant
est sunt
ludit ludunt
13. Case: Gen. [ex. 4]
NOMINATIVE
- Subject Cicero walks.
- Subject predicate Cicero is an orator.
VOCATIVE
- Direct address Caesar, I hate you.
GENITIVE
- Possession (‘s, of) The farmer’s daughter is sleeping.
- Limit (of) Mars is the god of war.
DATIVE
- Indirect Object (to) I gave books to you.
- Reference (for, to [with vidēri]) You are tall for me.
ACCUSATIVE
- Direct Object [Active] Cicero praises the children.
- Movement towards [prepositional] (in, into, towards) You run into the forum.
ABLATIVE
- Separation [prepositional] (out, from) You run away/out of the forum.
- Means/Instrument [Active, Passive] (with, by) He killed him with a sword.
- Manner (cum + Noun ; Adj. [+ cum] + Noun) They study with zeal.
- Accompaniment [prepositional] (with) I walk with my sister.
- Locative [prepositional] (in, within) I am standing in the house.
13.
14. 2nd Declension: Nom. / Acc. / Abl. ; Sing. & Plur.
14.
14.
5 declension groups
1st stem in –a puella, puellae, f.
puella [Nom. Sing.], puellae [Gen. Sing.], f.
2nd stem in -o dominus [Nom. Sing.], dominī [Gen. Sing.], m.
templum [Nom. Sing.], templī [Gen. Sing.], n.
3rd stem in –i/Consonant
civis [Nom. Sing.], civis [Gen. Sing.], m.
rex [Nom. Sing.], regis [Gen. Sing.], m.
4th stem in –u manus [Nom. Sing.], manus [Gen. Sing.], m.
5th stem –e res [Nom. Sing.], reī [Gen. Sing.], f.
15. Preposition: in + Acc./Abl.
15. Some prepositions
de
in + Ablative
+ Ablative
ad + Accusative ā / ab + Ablative
in
+
Ablative
in + Accusative ē / ex + Ablative
16. Historical Present
“Yesterday, I went to the store. I met a friend on the way
and he followed me inside the store. So we go in, I buy a
few things, and quickly get out. He then said goodbye and
left.”
LEARN these:
et and
sed but
hīc here
ita thus
olim once
paene almost
diu for a long time
nunc now