Day lighting in buildings

Unit 2

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 1

 Methods of Day Lighting.
The two classic methods by which light can stream into
building spaces are Top lighting and Side lighting.

A building can be top-lit by allowing natural light to enter

from the top of a building through Skylights, clerestories,
monitors, and sawtooths or other scoop-shapes;

Side-lit by allowing light to enter through side window-

walls and fenestration. The strong directionality involved
in this technique may result in Visual Glare, which will
have to be controlled.

While Side lighting allows to light the corner rooms and

perimeter areas, Top Lighting brings light deep into the
building.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 2

 Day-lighting Systems
There is a wide-range of Day-lighting Systems with diverse design alternatives within each choice that
can help you design architectural form that is unique, aesthetic and high-in-comfort

Light Shelves
A light shelf is a classic day lighting system,
which is designed to shade and reflect light
on its top surface and to shield direct
glare from the sky.
The lower the height of a light shelf,
the greater is the light reflected onto
a ceiling, but also the incidence of
glare is likely to increase.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 3

Louvres and Blind Systems Prismatic Panels
Louvres and blinds are traditional day lighting systems Prismatic panels are thin, planar, saw tooth devices
that can be applied for solar shading, to protect against made of clear acrylic that are used in moderate
glare and to redirect daylight. climates to redirect or refract daylight.
They are located on the exterior or interior of a window, or
between the panes of glass. When used as a shading system, they refract
direct sunlight but transmit diffuse skylight.
Used in fixed or sun-tracking arrangements, façades
and skylights, and used to guide diffuse daylight or
sunlight.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 4

Laser-Cut Panels Light-Guiding Shades
A laser-cut panel is a daylight-redirecting system Light-guiding shades are external shading systems
produced by making laser cuts in a thin panel made of that redirect sunlight and skylight onto the ceiling.
clear acrylic material. They are designed to improve the daylighting of rooms
in subtropical buildings that often have deep external
The laser-cutting divides the panel into an array of shading from wide roof space to reduce heat gain
elements. Each cut surface then becomes a small through windows.
internal mirror that deflects light passing through the
panel. Highly reflective material must be used for their inner
surfaces.
An advantage of the panel is that in between the cuts,
a view to outside of the window is maintained,
although this is somewhat distorted.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 5

Sun-Directing Glass Zenithal Light-Guiding Glass with
The main component of a sun-directing glass system is Holographic Optical Elements
a double-glazed sealed unit that holds concave acrylic Zenithal light-guiding glass redirects diffuse skylight
elements. These elements are stacked vertically within into the depth of a room.
a double-glazed unit and redirect direct sunlight from The main component is a polymeric film with
all angles of incidence onto the ceiling. holographic diffraction gratings, which is laminated
between two glass panes.
The holographic element redirects diffuse light coming
into the building from the zenithal region of the sky.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 6

Anidolic Ceilings
Anidolic ceiling systems use the optical properties of
compound parabolic concentrators to collect diffuse
daylight from the sky.
The primary objective is to provide adequate daylight to
rooms under predominantly overcast sky conditions and is
designed for side lighting of non-residential buildings.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 7

Anidolic Solar Blinds
Anidolic solar blinds consist of a grid of
hollow reflective
elements, each of which is composed of
two three dimensional
compound parabolic concentrators.

The blinds are designed for side lighting

and provide angular selective light
transmission to control sunlight and glare.
The innovative feature of Solar Blind, in
comparison with other
Andolic Systems, is the use of three-
dimensional reflective
elements and their small scale.

The optics of the admitting

portion of the blinds are designed to
reject most high-solar altitude rays
from direct sun but to transmit lower
altitude diffuse light sunlight.
Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 8
Daylight Design becomes complete when there are measures
to control the Daylight that streams in. In tropical countries
like India, where the abundance in Sunlight leads to over
illumination and wastage of Light Energy, rises the need for
strategic Daylight Harvesting measures.

Daylight Harvesting is an advanced

lighting control strategy that minimizes energy costs and
consumption. It involves designing the building and its
lighting systems for an even illumination that meets ideal
lux levels.

Building an Effective Daylight Harvesting System:

A building optimized for daylight can contribute to obtaining
points in several LEED credit categories. The Mandates laid
by the various Building and Energy Efficiency codes — Title
24 codes (Section 130.1[d]) and ASHRAE 90.1 standards
(Section [Link] and [Link]) — are met through a system
of Occupancy Sensors, Integrated Room Controller (IRC) and
Relay Control Panels. Smart monitoring and actuation can
significantly reduce cost and improve the building’s energy
Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 9
performance.
Zoning:
It is difficult to achieve even lighting merely with the help
of Windows and Skylight.

We need an effective Daylight Harvesting System which can dim

or turn off the artificial lights installed, based on the levels of
ambient light available or occupancy within the interiors.

This can be achieved by sectioning your interiors into zones of

light or shade, with lighting and lighting control systems that work
in harmony to maintain even light levels. This way the interior
is never too dark or too bright.

Thus, studying the fall of light within these Zones and

their distance from ambient light sources — windows and
skylights, can help measure the dimming & switching of lighting
loads and create an ideal Daylight Harvesting System.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 10

Sensor Placement:
Be it any daylighting system employed in a
building, it is the placement of Sensors and
Fixtures that leads to achieving ideal lux
levels.

It is important to ensure the sensor

maximizes the ratio of natural light to
artificial light, and is not constantly washed
out with sunlight.
General Sensor Placement Guidelines:
1. Point the Sensor arrow towards the nearest window,
and place at a distance that is one-to-two times the effective
window height (H). The effective window height (H) is
measured from the windowsill or 3 ft (1 m) from the floor —
whichever is higher — to the top of the window.

2. The view of the daylight sensor must not be obstructed

by ceiling fans or pendant fixtures.

3. Avoid placing the sensor in direct light from fixtures in

the space. This brings inaccuracy in the sensor readings and
hinders with the Daylight Efficiency.
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 Special considerations
Not enough light at the sensor
Before regulating, ensure at least 25% of the desired light level
reaches the sensor. Place a light meter on the ceiling in the same
location as the sensor and move the sensor closer to the natural light
source at a different time of day.

Sensor washed out with sunlight

If the sensor is in a location where its washed out with sunlight, the
calibration will most likely result in a too low gain. Make sure the sensor
placement matches the spec. This will most likely result in under lit
spaces during certain times of the year, or certain weather conditions.
You can avoid this by shifting the sensor to a different location.

Reflective surfaces
Reflective surfaces can provide unexpected spikes in daylight sensor
readings. This could result in the light level changing dramatically without
a significant change of work surface light. You will need to move the
sensor out of the reflection’s path

Window treatments
Window treatments will greatly affect the daylight penetration curve in the
space, especially blackout shades. Remove or open all window
treatments when placing the sensor. Then replace or close window
treatments to test Daylighting behaviours at varying light levels.
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Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 15
Challenges in Daylighting:
When a building is designed to capture daylight
abundantly but is not properly equipped to
control the amount of daylight that streams into
it, then the purpose of daylighting cannot be
achieved.

Non-uniform distribution of daylight, Glare

and increase in cooling energy consumption,
the changing requirements for daylight within
the building — are all challenges that impress
the need for Architectural Design with Light
Controls.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 16

 Control Systems for
Daylighting:
Control Systems integrated in building design can help
control the entry of daylight through facades

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 17

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 18
a. Exterior Shades & Blinds:
The heat from the daylight that pass-through shades and
blinds are absorbed as short wave, and later emitted as long
wave. Using interior shades and blinds increases interior
temperature as the long waves emitted by the shades are
trapped within the room, while installing exterior blinds
controls daylight and keeps the heat radiation outside the
building.

b. Louvers:
Exterior Shutter Mechanisms that shift from being partially to
fully closed, Louvers are ideal for high-rise buildings where
exterior shades or blinds become difficult to maintain.

c. Awnings
Awnings are projections from the exterior of a wall that can
control daylight without obstructing the view. Awnings are
exterior control systems that are ideal to be used on windows
to effectively eliminate glare.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 19

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 20
a. Blinds between glass:
A Control system where a blind is placed in between
the two glass panes — Blinds between Glass systems
trap the heat absorbed within the glass panes. Here,
the blinds are not exposed to dust, water and wind, and
thereby don’t require maintenance.

b. Electrochromic glass
The Electrochromic glass helps control the amount
of radiation and light that passes through the glass,
through electrical voltage. The glass is electronically
tinted. It can be programmed to dynamically change
its tint - based on the external temperature and
internal occupancy. It is an aesthetic way to control
sunlight without shades or blinds, so you can manage
glare and heat while maintaining a connection to the
outdoors.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 21

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 22
a. Automated Blinds:
Automated blinds can control the amount and angle of the
light that enters a building. The Mechanized Blinds can
redirect the natural light towards the ceiling or the floor
helping the user control and channelize natural light to best
suit one’s needs.

b. Automated Roller Shades:

Mechanisms that can roll up and down, Automated Roller
Shades can help balance between Controlling Daylight and
enjoying an unobstructed view.

c. Reflecting Porous Fabric

A Breakthrough in Light Control, the Reflecting Porous Fabric
is a control system which shades the interiors, allowing views
from the inside through its porous surface, while its highly
reflective exterior surface reflects the heat waves keeping
the building cool and energy efficient. Based on the amount
of light one wants controlled, one can choose from the Wide
range of fabrics that are available commercially.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 23

04. Light Pipe with Aperture Control:
Light Pipes and Optic Fibre systems can light up every inch of
your life-space with the Sun. When light enters the light pipe
with a high internal reflectivity, it is reflected several times
within the pipe until it reaches the destination it is to light up.

A Dimming arrangement at the end of the light pipe can add

to the control a user has over the amount of light that fills the
interior space. In Optical Fibre Systems, light gets captured
from the roof through specially designed devices and is
passed on to Optical Fibre Systems that can be installed for
the perfect light experience.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 24

The Need for Artificial Lights in Daylighting:

When light enters through the windows, it is only natural

that the spaces closer to the windows are more lit than the
spaces away from the daylight.

The lighting design will have to be planned to maintain an

even luminance across the interior space, where the space
closest to the windows need no lighting, to a gradual
increase in illuminating the shade areas with artificial
lighting systems.

Artificial Light Control Methods:

The artificial controllers can adapt to two different control methods in illuminating shade areas - Dimming or
Switching.
a. Dimming:
Dimmers are devices that lower the brightness of a light source, allowing a wide range of light output.
b. Switching:
Switching happens with light fixtures that hold several lamps, where different lamps will be switched on or
off to achieve the required amount of light intensity. The more the number of lights within a fixture, the
wider the light intensity options it offers.
Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 25
Artificial Light Controls for Daylight Design:

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 26

Understanding Automated Controls and Logic:
Daylight harvesting automated controls measure the daylight contribution on the task surface and operate the
artificial light system to ensure uniform lighting. The Types of Control Systems are,

a. Closed Loop Systems: b. Open Loop Systems:

Closed Loop Systems measure the contribution to Open Loop Systems measure the incoming daylight, not
the overall lighting level from available daylight and the electric lighting. The photo sensor should be mounted
from electric light output, and then adjust the electric either inside a skylight light well, between the blinds and
light output to maintain the desired level of overall glazing or outside, so that it does not see any electric
illumination. light. There is no feedback from the task surface and is
As the photo sensor measures both the available called an Open Loop.
daylight contribution as well as the electric light
output, it ‘sees’ the results of its own adjustment, c. Partial Open Loop Systems:
which could make the assessment of the room’s A combination of the Open loop and closed loop systems,
illuminance inaccurate. where predominantly the closed loop controller works but
when there is a high difference between the open loop
and closed loop controllers, the open loop controller
takes precedence.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 27

Automation types:Controlling Artificial Lights in Daylighting
Systems:

a. Manual Controls:
Simple Manual Switches that can be used to turn the
luminance off or on, and to switch between required
light intensities.

b. Occupancy Sensors:
Devices which switch lights on and off based on detection
ofmotion within room or area.

c. Timers:
Devices that are simply time clocks that are scheduled to
turn lamps or lighting off on a set schedule. If spaces are
known to be unoccupied during certain periods of time,
timers are extremely cost-effective devices.

d. Demand Response:
For Demand Response, where consumers reduce or shift
the electricity usage during peak periods electric light levels
may be reduced temporarily from recommended levels.
Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 28
 Steps towards Design for Daylight:
The effects of Daylight on a building can be accurately analyzed with Daylight Simulation tools like Radiance
and designed with Daylight Modeling tools such as Energy Plus to create an effective Light Control Strategy
and a high-impact daylight design.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 29

Logic System of a Light Controller

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 30

Energy Efficiency and Daylighting.

A myth that commonly prevails is that daylighting in interiors

increases the heat levels within. However, the fact remains
that the Solar Radiation Spectrum is a combination of heat
and light radiation, which can be classified as,
• UV Radiation
• Visible Radiation
• Infrared Radiation

Visible Radiation is the light spectrum that is independent

of heat and is the source of daylight. The luminosity of light
is measured as Lux units — luminous flux per unit area.

Construction materials - especially Glass - have evolved

to allow Visible Light, while blocking Heat Radiations from
entering a building, making way to light up interiors without the
discomfort of heat.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 31

The Basics of Designing for Daylighting:

Daylighting design for your building begins with the understanding of three factors that can help optimize your
building in achieving Energy Efficiency and the diverse comforts of Daylighting -
• Orientation
• Form
• Construction Materials

01. Orientation:
Daylight Design is the art of composing a
Building’s response to the natural light, which is
unique to the geography of a region. This begins
with the study of Daylight that is natural to the
region - its movements, intensity, color, etc. The
movement of the earth around the sun naturally
changes the movement of light upon a building,
changing the angles, intensity and direction from
which sunlight impacts the building at different
periods of time.
Similarly, the Path and characteristics of Sunlight
is different at different geographical co-ordinates.
Observing these factors is essential in planning a
building Orientation apt for daylight optimization.
Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 32
02. Form:
The Shape and Configuration of a building – its FORM,
rules the play of light within the building. It is the factor
that helps in attaining the Goals of Daylighting - provide
sufficient illuminance, minimize glare, provide overall visual
comfort, improve aesthetics, improve occupant comfort,
productivity and health, and reduced energy usage.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 33

All of these benefits and more can be experienced with a building
form, created and designed for Daylight.

The most used method for Daylighting is Fenestration. The shape, size, orientation and material property of
your fenestration decides the quantity and quality of daylight that streams into your building.

Ideally, the Window-Wall Ratio (WWR) and Skylight Roof Ratio (SRR) are determined based on the quantity and
distribution of daylighting you would prefer in your life-space. In addition to bringing in light, a well-planned
Fenestration brings the comfort of fresh air and great views.

• VLT- Visible Light Transmission

• Lower VLT requirements compensates the increased heat transfer
through the WWR

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 34

a. Daylighting Factor:
Beyond the permittance of Sunlight into a building, the aim is to be able to achieve an even and uniform lighting
within a building by harvesting natural light.

This quality of daylight distribution and even luminance in a building is referred as its Daylight Factor.
Daylight illuminance distribution across a room is usually a high variable, and the success of a design lies in its
ability to evenly distribute natural light.

DF = (Ei / Eo) x 100%

Calculate the illuminance of a point in a room given the daylight factor of 7% if the external illuminance is 9768 lux

DF = (Indoor Illuminance / Outdoor Illuminance) x 100

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 35

Calculate the illuminance of a point in a room given the daylight factor of 7% if the external illuminance is 9768 lux

DF = (Indoor Illuminance / Outdoor Illuminance) x 100

DF = (Indoor Illuminance / Outdoor Illuminance) x 100

Indoor Illuminance =( DF x Outdoor illuminance ) / 100

= ( 7 x 9768)/100
= 68.376 /100
= 683 lux

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 36

b. Glare and Shading Efficiency:
While low daylight conditions affect productivity, excessive daylight causes
visual glare and affects occupant comfort. Based on the nature of Daylight
unique to a region, there are many types of glare that can affect your
interiors - high angle direct, low angle direct, reflected or veiling reflections
and screen glare. It is important to integrate measures that control glare
and excessive brightness in the building design.

Light or Shade - the Solar accessibility of a building lies in its form. By studying the
nature of daylight - Daylight Autonomy & Analyzing the Glare in a geographical
location, the form can be built to shade actively and passively.
Actively using various Daylight controls such as Exterior Shades, Blinds, BIPV and
Solar Collecting methods.
Passively by the form itself having horizontal and vertical shades and materials that block
excessive heat.

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03. Construction Materials:
Choosing a Construction material designed for daylight
efficiency, is the easiest and most effective method of Daylight
Optimization.

The most common yet incorrect method used to prevent glare and heat
gain through fenestration is the use of Tinted Windows. Tinted Glass
simply colors the Visible Light Spectrum reducing the brightness of light
and does not lower the Heat Gain.

On the other hand, Energy Efficient Glass is specially optimized to allow

a High Visual Light Transmission and maintain a Low Solar Gain. This
ensures that your building enjoys the comfort of light without the
discomfort of heat, reducing energy consumption on cooling and
artificial lighting; lowering your energy bills.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 46

Solar control by its Thermal insulation is the
very definition involves the reduction of heat transfer (i.e., the
regulation of the sun's rays transfer of thermal energy between
within any environment. This is objects of differing temperature)
fundamentally important within between objects in thermal contact
any conservatory or living area or in range of radiative influence.
with a glazed roof.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 47

Visual light transmission, or VLT, is the amount of visible light that passes through a lens.

The lower the VLT percentage, the darker the tint is and the more outside light it blocks.

A window tint that has a VLT value of 5% indicates that the window film only permits 5% of the exterior light
to pass through it, while a film with a 50% VLT value allows 50% of the light from outside to pass through.

In addition, because window tints are also offered in a variety of colors when professionals are referring to a
tint, they typically identify it by the tint’s color and VLT value. For example, a charcoal colored tint with a VLT
of 5% is known as charcoal 5%. Likewise, agree colored tint film with a VLT of 50% is called green 50%

formula to calculate the installed window tint’s final VLT value:

V1 (VLT value of glass) x V2 (VLT value of tint) = V3 (final VLT value)

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 48

Let’s assume, for example, the legal limit for the window tint of a vehicle is 30% and the vehicles glass has
a VLT value of 75%.

In this case, since we already know the VLT value of the window and the final VLT value we want to achieve
we simply need to rearrange the formula to calculate the proper tint to install as follows

V1 (VLT value of glass) x V2 (VLT value of tint) = V3 (final VLT value)

V3 (final VLT value) ÷ V1 (VLT of glass) = V2(VLT value of tint)

= 0.30 (30%) ÷ 0.75 (75%) = .40 (40%)

According to this formula, installing a window tint with a VLT value of 40% will result in a final VLT value
of 30% as desired.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 49

The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) is the percent of solar energy incident on the glass that is transferred indoors
both directly and indirectly through the glass.
The direct gain portion is the solar energy transmittance, while the indirect is the fraction of solar energy
incident on the glass that is absorbed and re-radiated or transmitted through convection indoors.

SHGC= Transmittance + re-radiation

For example, 1/8" (3.1 mm) uncoated clear glass has an SHGC of approximately 0.86, of which 0.84 is direct gain (solar
transmittance) and 0.02 is indirect gain (convection / re-radiation).

Shading coefficient is a measure of thermal performance of a

glass unit in a building. It is the ratio of solar gain passing through a
glass unit to the solar energy which passes through 3mm Clear Float
Glass.

SC = SHGC / 0.86.

For example, for glazing with a SHGC of 0.6,

we have 0.6 / 0.86 = 0.69,
so the shading coefficient (SC) is 0.69.
Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 50
The ‘GREEN BUILDING’ concept is gaining importance in various countries. It refers to a structure and using
process that is environmentally responsible and resource efficient throughout a building’s life cycle.

• These are buildings that ensure efficient use of resources and minimized waste at every stage during the
construction and operation of the building, resulting in low costs.

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How glass is green

In the urban areas of India, where construction is growing at a rapid rate of 9%, buildings contribute
close to 40% of the total Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions.

Green buildings on the other hand, are constructed using a variety of energy-efficient materials. So,
they not only minimize the use of non-renewable resources but also maximize the reuse, recycling,
and utilization of renewable resources.

Glass is fast carving a position for itself as the most popular green building material. It is highly sought
after for its ability to extend both functional as well as aesthetic advantages. It not only lends itself
well to a plethora of designs, but also enables the efficient use of natural lighting and space.

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Green building rating systems in India
A green building rating system is a tool that evaluates the performance of a building and its impact on the environment. It
comprises a predefined set of criteria relating to the design, construction, and operations of green buildings.

In India, there are predominantly three rating systems – Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), the rating
systems from Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) and the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA). In
addition, there is also the Energy Consumption Building Code (ECBC) and the National Building Code (NBC), which provide
guidelines on energy consumption. All buildings in India need to comply with these prescribed guidelines.

IGBC

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 Understanding glass specifications
A good solar control glass for a green building must deliver effectively on energy efficiency.
The glass must take care of heat gain from direct sunlight and heat gain due to the difference in heat between the inside
and outside of a building.

Measuring heat gain of a green building glass:

SOLAR FACTOR U-VALUE RELATIVE HEAT GAIN

This is a measure of how much This is a measure of how much heat is A term that describes the amount
direct heat from the sun is filtered transferred from the outside of a building of heat energy entering through
while entering a building. to the inside due to temperature the glass due to direct solar
differences. radiation incident and heat
Green tip: A low solar factor is transfer due to temperature
considered ideal for tropical Green tip: Low U-Values have been differences.
countries to construct buildings known to maximize energy efficiency
without glare. while reducing energy consumption by as Green tip: Lower the relative heat
much as 40%. gain, better the energy efficiency.

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 57

 Calculating U-value
The basic U-value calculation is relatively simple. In essence, the U-value can be calculated by finding the
reciprocal of the sum of the thermal resistances of each material making up the building element in question.
Note that, as well as the material resistances, the internal and external faces also have resistances, which must
be added. These are fixed values.

Find the U value for the

cavity wall construction
with respect to the
details given.

1. Find Resistance(R value)

2. U value= 1/Rvalue
Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. 58
Relative Heat Gain (RHG)
The total heat gain through glass for a specific set of conditions.
This value considers indoor/outdoor air temperature differences and the effect of solar radiation. The
units are Btu/[Link]².

RHG = [(89°F - 75°F)(Summer U-value) + (Shading Coefficient) (200 Btu/[Link]²)].

Noted compiled by [Link], MSAJAA. [Link]

59
 GLASS SELECTION FOR GREEN BUILDINGS

- CLIMATE
- ORIENTATION
- GLAZING AREA WRT ORIENTATION
- GLAZING TYPE

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GRIHA RATING

Points Weightage

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360 DEGREE APPROACH

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GRIHA RATED CASE STUDIES:

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MUST WATCH : [Link]

MUST VISIT: [Link]

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