CHAPTER – LIFE PROCESSES

Q 1. Why only visible movement is not enough to define characteristic of life?

It is because, plants does not show any visible movement and still alive. Some animals can
even breath without showing any visible movement. For example Corals. Therefore visible
movement is nor enough to define characteristic of life.
Q 2. Why there is controversy about whether the Viruses are truly alive or not?
It is because to decide life molecular movement is necessary and Viruses do not show any
molecular movement until they infect any cell.
Q 3. Why molecular movement is needed for life?
It is because all living organisms have well organised body structure. They have organs ,
organs have tissues and tissues are made up of cells and further cells have smaller
components in it. Due the effect of environment, this organised structures is keep on
breaking down with time. In order to maintain all these structures , molecules must move
around all the time because all these structures are made up of molecules.
Q 4. Define the term Life processes?
All those processes or maintenance jobs which are necessary for the survival of an
organism are called Life processes.
Q 5. What is nutrition? And on what factor does it depends?
The processes to transfer the source of energy that is food from outside to inside the body
is called Nutrition.
Extra nutrition is needed if organism has to grow. On the basis of complexity of of Carbon
sources , different organisms use different nutritional processes.
Q 6. What is Respiration and why it is needed?
The process of acquiring oxygen gas from outside to inside the body and to use it to break
down the source of energy that is food (Glucose) to release the energy is called
Respiration.
It is necessary to break down the source of energy and to convert it into uniform source of
energy so that it can be used for the various molecular movements. For maintaining living
structures as well as molecules to grow.
Q 7. What is transportation? And why there is need of transporting system?
The process by which substances like nutrients, oxygen and waste products etc. move
throughout the organisms is called transportation.
It is necessary because in multicellular organisms there are various specialised body parts
to perform specialised functions .
 (i) The food and oxygen are taken up at one place of the body of the organisms
while needed by all the parts of the body, therefore there is need of
transportation of food and oxygen from one place to another place in the body.
(ii) The transportation system is also needed to transport waste away from the cells
to excretory tissues.
Q 8. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multi-cellular
organisms like humans but it is possible in unicellular organisms?(NCERT QUESTION)
It is because in multicellular organisms all the cells of the body are not in the direct
contact of surrounding environment and thus by simple diffusion the requirement of all
the cells can’t meet and they need well developed organs . But in unicellular organisms
(singled cell) the cell is in direct contact of surrounding environment so exchange of gases
and other substances can easily take place through entire surface of the cell.
Q 9. What are outside raw materials used by an organisms?
(i) Food:- For obtaining different nutrients.
(ii) Oxygen:- For oxidising and reducing reaction to release energy from the source
of energy that is food.
(iii) Plants take Carbon dioxide and water as a raw material for photosynthesis.
Q 10. What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?
(i) Nutrition:- For obtaining nutrients.
(ii) Respiration:- For releasing energy.
(iii) Transportation:- For distributing Food and simple food to all the cells of the body
and to transfer the waste away from the cell to excreted tissue.
(iv) Excretion:- For the removal of the harmful toxic waste from the body.
Q 11. Why do you need material like food from outside?
We need material like food from out side to grow , develop , synthesise protein and other
substances in the body and to get energy.
Q 12. How do living things get their food?
(i) Some organism use simple inorganic raw materials like Carbon dioxide and
water to prepare food . These organisms are called autotrophs. For example
green plants and some bacteria.
(ii) Some organism utilize complex organic substances that are broken down into
simper substances with the help of bio-catalyst called enzymes. These organisms
are called heterotrophs. They depends on others for their food directly or
indirectly. For example fungi , all animals including human beings.
Q13. Give differences between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
S. Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition
 No.

1. Organisms can prepare their Organisms depend on others

food own. for their food.
2. Organisms take inorganic raw Organisms take complex
materials like CO2 and H2O organic substances from
from outside and convert it outside and break them into
into complex organic simpler substances inside their
substances inside the body. body with the help of enzymes
(bio-catalyst)
3. Chlorophyll and sunlight is Chlorophyll and sunlight is not
needed. needed.
4. Example all green plants and Examples fungi , all animals
some bacteria. and human beings.
14. What do you mean by autotrophic nutrition?
The process by which autotrophs take inorganic raw material that is Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
and water (H2O) from out side and converts it into complex organic molecule inside the
body in presence of sunlight and chlorophyll by the process of photosynthesis.
15. In which form food is stored in plants and animals respectively? Or what is internal
reserve sources of energy in pants and animals respectively?
In plants --- internal reserve sources of energy is STARCH
In animals --- internal reserve sources of energy is GLYCOGEN
16. Give balanced chemical equation for the process of Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
12 H2O + 6 CO2 ---------------------.> C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
Sunlight
17. What are the basic events that takes place during photosynthesis?
(i) Absorption of solar energy by chlorophyll molecules.
(ii) (a) conversion of solar energy into chemical energy ( formation of ATP molecules)
(b) Photolysis of water molecule that is splitting of water molecule into hydrogen (H 2)
and oxygen (O2) In the presence of light.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide in carbohydrate.
18. How does the process of photosynthesis take place in desert plants?
 In desert plants carbon dioxide is taken in the night and intermediate are acted upon
energy absorbed and chlorophyll during day time because stomata remains closed during
day time to prevent loss of water.
19. How the exchange of gases take place in plants?
(i) Massive exchange of gases takes place through stomata .
(ii) Exchange of gases also take place through the surface of stem , roots and leaves.
20. Draw well labelled diagram of cross section of leaf.

[Link] is the function of guard cells OR how does closing and opening of stomata is
controlled? Explain with the help of diagram
The opening and closing of stomata is controlled by guard cells. When water enters in
guard cells , they swells up and stomatal pore gets open and when water comes out from
guard cells ,they shrink and stomatal pore gets close.

Q.22. What are the conditions necessary for photosynthesis? And what are the by
products of photosynthesis?
Necessary conditions :- Carbon dioxide , Water , Solar energy and Chlorophyll.
BY-products :- Glucose (carbohydrate) , Oxygen gas and Water vapour.
Q 23. Which is the most essential element needed by the plant for the formation of
protein and how it is obtained?
Nitrogen is the most essential element needed by plants for the formation of protein. It is
obtained by:
(i) As inorganic Nitrite and Nitrate from the soil.
(ii) It is also fixed in the soil as Nitrate by Nitrogen fixing bacteria Rhizobium .
Q 24. Give an activity to show that Chlorophyll is necessary for the process of
Photosynthesis.
(i) Take a potted plant with variegated leaf . For example Money plant , Croton etc.
(ii) Keep the plant in dark room for three days to de-starch it.
(iii) Now keep the plant in sun light for almost 6 hours.
(iv) Pluck a leaf from the plant and mark the green areas in it on tracing paper.
(v) Dip the leaf in boiling water for few minutes to make it permeable and soften it.
(vi) Now put the leaf in a beaker containing alcohol and boil the alcohol by keeping
the beaker in water bath to remove the chlorophyll from the leaf. (Alcohol is not
boiled directly as it is highly inflammable)
(vii) On boiling in alcohol leaf becomes colourless and alcohol turns to green.
(viii) Dip the leaf now in Iodine solution for Starch test for few minutes.
Observation:- It is observed that the areas which were green turns blue black
and non-green areas remain colourless. It shows that Chlorophyll is necessary
for photosynthesis.
Q 25. Give an activity to show that Carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis.
(i) Take two healthy potted plant .
(ii) Keep the plants in dark room for three days to de-starch it.
(iii) Now keep the plants on separate glass plate . Place a watch glass containing
Potassium Hydroxide ( absorbs carbon dioxide) near one of the plant.
(iv) Cover both the plants with separate bell-jar.
(v) Use vaseline to seal the bottom the jars to get air tight arrangement.
(vi) Keep the plants in sun light for four to five hours.
(vii) Pluck a leaf from each plant.
(viii) Dip both the leaves separatly in boiling water for few minutes to make it
permeable and soften it.
(ix) Now put the leaves separately in beakers containing alcohol and boil the alcohol
by keeping the beakers in water bath to remove the chlorophyll from the leaf.
(Alcohol is not boiled directly as it is highly inflammable)
(x) On boiling in alcohol leaf becomes colourless and alcohol turns to green.
(xi) Now dip both the leaves separately in Iodine solution for Starch test for few
minutes.
Observation:- It is observed that the plant near which Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) is
placed, the leaf does not show any colour change because Potassium hydroxide
 absorbs all the Carbon dioxide from there and starch formation could not take place.
Whereas leaf of another plant turns blue-black , showing the formation of starch.

Q 26. What are different types of heterotrophic nutrition? Explain with the help of
examples.
(i) Saprophytic nutrition:- The organisms which obtain their food from dead and
decaying organic matter by decomposing it outside the body in soluble form and
then absorb it are called Saprophytes and such mode of nutrition is called
Saprophytic mode of nutrition.
For example Fungi like bread mould ( Rhizopus), mushroom, yeast and Bacteria.
(ii) Parasitic mode of nutrition:- The nutrition in which organisms obtain their food
from other living organisms is called Parasitic mode of nutrition. The organisms
from which food is obtained is called ‘Host’ and the organism which obtaine the
food from host is called Parasite.
For example : Plant parasite-- Cuscuta (Amarbel)
Animal parasite- Leech, Lice , Tapeworm, Pinworm, Ticks etc.
(iii) Holozoic mode of nutrition:---- The mode of nutrition in which organisms take
complex organic food from outside and inside their body it is broken down into
simpler form with the help of bio-catalyst (ENZYME) into simpler form is called
holozoic mode of nutrition.
It consist of different steps:- Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and
egestion.
Q 27. Explain nutrition in Amoeba with the help of diagram.
Amoeba shows the holozoic mode of nutrition.
(i) Ingestion:-Amoeba takes in the food with help finger like projections of the cell
surface called pseudopodia. Pseudopodia encircle the food particle and form
food vacuole .
(ii) Digestion:- Inside the food vacuole food is broken down into simpler substances
with the help enzymes produced by Lysosomes.
(iii) Absorption:- Digested food diffuses into cytoplasm.
(iv) Assimilation:- Now this food is used for growth and development.
 (v) Egestion:- The undigested food moves to surface and is thrown out of the body
with the help of Contractile vacuole.

Q 28. What should happen to the food when it is ingested?

(i) The food particles should be converted into small sized particles and of the same
texture. It is achieved by crushing the food with the help of teeth.
(ii) The food should be softened and wetted as inner lining of food canal is soft. It is
achieved by saliva, produced by salivary glands.
(iii) The food that we take is complex in nature and should be converted into simpler
form. It is achieved by bio-catalyst called enzymes.
Q 29. What are the main parts of alimentary canal and what are associated glands?
Alimentary canal consist of mouth, oesophagus. Stomach, small-intestine, large- intestine
and anus. It starts from mouth and ends to anus.
There are three associated glands: Salivary gland, Pancreas and Liver . Liver is the largest
gland in the body.
Q 30.. Explain nutrition in Human beings with the help of well labelled diagram.
NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS
In human beings there is holozoic mode of nutrition. It consist of five steps . Ingestion ,
digestion , absorption , assimilation and egestion.
(i) INGESTION : In human beings ingestion takes place through mouth by hands.
Mouth:
(a) With the help of different types of teeth food is crushed into small sized
particles.
(b) Tongue secretes saliva that moisten the food so it can be swallowed easily.
(c) Saliva also contains enzyme that acts on starch.
Oesophagus : The walls of the oesophagus are highly muscular that help to push the food
forward .
Peristaltic movement: The rhythmic contraction and expansion of the walls of oesophagus
to push the food forward is called peristaltic movement.
 (ii) DIGESTION :
(a) Mouth:- In human beings the digestion of food started in the mouth only. In
mouth tongue secretes saliva that contains starch digesting enzyme salivary
amylase.
Salivary amylase
Starch ----------------------------  Sugar ( carbohydrate)
(b) Stomach: From the oesophagus food enters into stomach which is highly
muscular . Walls of stomach contains gastric glands that produce gastric juice.
The gastric juice contains Hydrochloric acid , pepsin and mucus
Function of Hydrochloric acid:
(i) It provides acidic medium for the functioning of protein digesting enzyme
pepsin
(ii) It also kills harmful bacteria.
Function of pepsin: It digest the protein partialy in acidic medium
Function of mucus: It prevents the walls the stomach from its own secretion that is
hydrochloric acid.
(c) Small intestine : From stomach food enters in the small intestine by the
sphincter muscles
Small intestine is the site of complete digestion.
Small intestine receives secretions from liver and pancreas for the complete digestion
of Food.
Function of Liver: It produces Bile that gets stored in gall bladder.
Function of bile: (i) It emulsify (break down) the large fat globules into small fat globules.
(ii)Provides alkaline medium for the functioning of protein digesting enzyme trypsin
produced by pancreas.
Function of Pancreas: It produces pancreatic juice. That contains Lipase , Trypsin and
Pancreatic Amylase.
Function of Lipase : It further acts on small fat globules.
Function of Trypsin : It further acts on partially digested protein in alkaline medium.
Function of Pancreatic amylase: It further acts on starch.
Function of small intestine: Walls of small intestine produces intestinal juice that finally
breaks down the food.
Carbohydrates ------------ into Glucose
 Proteins -------------------- into amino acid
Fats -------------------------- into fatty acid and glycerol
(iii) ABSORPTION:- The absorption of food takes place in small intestine. The
walls of small intestine have finger like projection called Villi. The villi
increase the absorptive surface area and are richly supplied with the blood
vessels. Thus digested food is absorbed by blood and transported to all
the cells of the body.
Large intestine: - The undigested food enters in the large intestine . The walls of large
intestine also have finger like projection called villi where water and minerals are
absorbed from undigested food . It converts into semi solid faeces.
(iv) ASSIMILATION :- The digested food is utilized for obtaining energy ,
building up new tissue and repair old tissue.
(v) EGESTION :- The undigested food is thrown out of the body through anus
by the movement of anal sphincter muscles.

Q 31. What is the function of digestive enzymes?

Digestive enzymes break down the complex food into simpler substances , so it can be
absorbed easily effectively . Absorbed food is used by the organism to provide energy ,
growth , development of the body and to repair warn out cells.

Q 32. How is the small intestine designed to absorb the digested food?

The small intestine has small projections called villi which increase the absorptive surface
area. Villi are richly supplied with blood vessels that absorbs digested food and transport
it to all the cells of the body.
Q 33. What is the functions of saliva?
(i) It moisten the food so it can be easily swallowed.
(ii) It contains starch digesting enzyme that is salaivary amylase, which act on starch and
converts it into carbohydrate ( sugar).
RESPIRATION
Q 34. Give an activity to show that air we exhale out contains more Carbon dioxide than
atmospheric aie.
Steps:
(i) Take lime water in two test tubes A and B.
(ii) Blow air through mouth in test tube ‘A’ and atmospheric air in test tube ‘B’.
Observation:- It is observed that lime water turns milky earlier in the test tube ‘A’ in which
we exhale out air than the test in which atmospheric air is passed.
Conclusion:- This activity show that the air that we exhale out is mainly Carbon dioxide.
Q 35. What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in
various organisms?

Some organisms use oxygen to break down Glucose completely and other organism do
not use Oxygen to break down Glucose. But in both the cases first step is same. First of all
Glucose (6- Carbon Molecule) converts into pyruvate (3 - Carbon molecule) after that
breaking of pyruvate depends on availability of oxygen.

Differe
nt types:

(i) Aerobic respiration : - It takes place in the presence of oxygen. Complete

oxidation of pyruvate takes place due to which large amount of energy is
produced. And the by products are carbon dioxide , water and large amount of
energy.
 (ii) Anaerobic respiration:- It takes place in the absence of oxygen. Incomplete
oxidation of pyruvate takes place due to which small amount of energy is
produced. And the by products are alcohol , carbon dioxide and small amount of
energy.
(iii) Lack of oxygen:- When we do vigorous exercise there is lack of oxygen in our
muscles due which lactic acid and small amount of energy is produced . The
formation of lactic acid is the cause of cramps after vigorous exercise.

Q [Link] differences between Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration

S. No Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

1. It takes place in the presence of It takes place in the absence of

oxygen. oxygen.

2. The by products are carbon The by products are alcohol ,

dioxide, water vapour and energy. carbon dioxide and energy.

3. The complete oxidation of glucose Incomplete oxidation of glucose

takes place due to which large takes place due to which small
amount of energy is produced ( 38 amount of energy is produced (2
ATP molecules) ATP molecules)

4. The process completes in It completes in cytoplasm.

mitochondria.

5. It takes place in most of the It takes place in lower organism

organism including human beings. such as Bacteria and Yeast cells

Q.37. Why ATP is known as energy currency of the cell?

It is because during respiration the energy produces gets stored in ATP molecules and is
used as a fuel for all life activities. Thus ATP molecules known as energy currency of the
cell.

Q.38 What advantages over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with
regard to obtaining to obtaining oxygen for respiration?

OR

Why rate of breathing is faster in aquatic organism than terrestrial organisms?

It is because the amount of oxygen gas dissolved in water is very low as compared to air ,
the rate of breathing is faster in aquatic organisms than terrestrial organisms. For example
Fish opens and closes the mouth again and again so large amount of water is forces to
pass of gills to absorb large amount of oxygen from water and to release carbon dioxide in
water.

Q 39. What type of structures are present in those organs where gaseous exchange takes
place?

(i) All these organs have structure that increase the surface area where exchange of
gases take place.
(ii) The surface where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place by diffusion
is thin and delicate and is richly supplied with blood vessels.
(iii) In order to protect this surface , it is usually placed within the body.
(iv) There have to be passage to take air to this area and also out of this area.

Q 40. Explain the human respiratory system with the help of diagram.

Human respiratory system consist of nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles , alveolar sac and pair of lungs.

In human beings air enters through nostrils and passes through nasal passage. Nasal
passage is lined with fine hairs that filter the air and warm it and passage is also lined
with mucus that also help in this process.

From here air passes through trachea. Trachea is supported by ring of cartilage that
prevents the collapsing of trachea when there is less air.

Trachea divides into two bronchi, that enters into the lung of its own side. Inside the lungs
bronchus further divides into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles. Bronchioles
terminate into balloon like structures called alveolar sac or alveoli

The alveoli provides large surface area for exchange of gases. It is also richly supplied with
blood vessels, to transport oxygen gas to all the cells of the body from lungs and to bring
 back carbon dioxide gas from cells to the lungs

Q 41. Why trachea is supported by cartilaginous ring or ring of cartilage?

To prevent the collapsing of trachea when there is less air.

Q 42. What do you mean by residual volume of air?

The minimum amount of air which is always remain available in our lungs to ensure that
sufficient time remain available for the oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide
to be released.

Q 43. How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area for exchang of
gases?

The Alveoli which are small balloon like structures present in the lungs , where exchange
of gases take place increase surface area and also the walls of alveoli have extensive
network of blood vessels for the exchange of gases.

Q 44. Explain the mechanism of breathing in human beings.

Breathing consist of two steps inhalation and exhalation.

(I) Inhalation:- During inhalation muscles attached to ribs and our chest contracts
due to which chest moves upwards and forwards. The diaphragm is pushed
downwards and volume inside chest cavity increases . As a result the air rich in
oxygen is sucked in the lungs through respiratory track where exchange of gases
takes place. Oxygen gas is diffuses in the blood from the lungs and carbon
dioxide gas from the blood goes in the lungs.
(II) Exhalation:- During exhalation muscles attached to ribs and our chest relaxes
due to which chest moves downwards and backwards. The diaphragm is pushed
 upwards and volume inside chest cavity decreases . The air rich in carbon
dioxide is pushed out from the lungs through same route or track.

Q 45. Name the respiratory pigment in human beings and what is unique about it? Or
how oxygen gas is transported in human beings?

Respiratory pigment in human beings is Hemoglobin. It is present on the surface of Red

blood corpuscles . It has great affinity for oxygen gas and carries oxygen gas to all the cells
of the body in the form of Oxy-hemoglobin.

Q 46. How Carbon dioxide is transported in human beings?

Carbon dioxide is soluble in water and is transported in dissolved form in the blood.

Q 47. How exchange of gases takes place in plants and on what factors does it depend?

In plants exchange of gases take place through stomata by diffusion process. In plant cell
large inter cellular spaces are there that ensures all the cells remain in contact of gases.

The direction of diffusion depends on the environmental conditions and the requirements
of the plants. For example in night when there is no photosynthesis, then maximum
elimination of carbon dioxide gas take place but during day time Carbon dioxide which is
given out during respiration, is used for photosynthesis, and hence there is no elimination
of Carbon dioxide. During day time there is maximum elimination of Oxygen gas.

Q 48. What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with
regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?

Terrestrial organism breath by using atmospheric oxygen whereas aquatic organisms take
oxygen dissolved in water. In atmosphere the oxygen level is high but water contains very
small amount of oxygen gas dissolved in it. Therefore aquatic organisms breath faster
than terrestrial organism. For example fish opens and closes its mouth frequently so more
and more water passes over gills to get oxygen.

TRANSPORTATION

Transportation in Human Beings

Q 49. What are the main components of blood? Give the function of blood.

The main components of blood are plasma, red blood corpsules , white blood corpsules
and blood platelets.

(i) Plasma transports food, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved
form.
(ii) Oxygen is carried by red cells.
 (iii) Many other substances like salts are also transported by blood.
(iv) White blood cells help to fight against pathogens ( disease causing micro-
organisms).
(v) Blood platelets help in the clotting of blood when there is any injury.

Q 50. What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the
functions of these components?

The heart, blood and blood vessels are the main components of the transport system in
human beings.

Heart:- The heart pumps the oxygenated blood throughout the body. It receives the
deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body and sends it to lungs for
oxygenation.

Blood:- Blood transport oxygen nutrients, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes.

Blood vessels:- Blood vessels arteries and veins carry blood to all the parts of the body.

Q 51. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals

and birds?

Mammals and birds are warm blooded animals which keep their body temperature
constant . This process needs a lot of oxygen to produce more energy to maintain
constant body temperature. Hence it is necessary for mammals and birds to separate
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to keep their circulatory system efficient.

Q 52. Explain the structure and function of human heart with the help of diagram.

Structure:- The size of the human heart is the size of once clanged fist. It consists of four
chambers to prevent the mixing of oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood. Upper
two chambers are called ‘Atria’ i.e. Left atrium and Right atrium respectively. The lower
two chambers are called ‘Ventricles’ i.e. Left ventricle and Right ventricle. Left atrium
opens into left ventricle and Right atrium opens into right ventricle. Between both the
atrium and ventricle there is valve to prevent the back flow of blood. There is a dividing
wall called Septum that divides right side of the heart from left side of the heart.
Working of human heart:-

(i) When Left atrium relaxes ,it expands and receives the blood rich in Oxygen
(oxygenated blood) from lungs with the help of Pulmonary vein.
(ii) Now left atrium contracts due to which valve present between left atrium and
ventricle gets open blood is transferred from left atrium to left ventricle . When
left ventricle receives the blood , it also expands.
(iii) Left ventricle now contracts so the blood is pushed into the biggest artery that is
Aorta which distribute the oxygen rich blood to all the parts of the body.
(iv) When Right atrium relaxes ,it expands and receives the blood rich in Carbon
dioxide (de-oxygenated blood) from different parts of the body with the help of
Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.
(v) Now Right atrium contracts due to which valve present between right atrium
and ventricle gets open blood is transferred from right atrium to right ventricle .
When ventricle receives the blood , it also expands.
(vi) Right ventricle now contracts so the blood is pushed into the lungs with the help
of Pulmonary artery for deoxygenation.
In the lungs exchange of gases take place and again the same cycle is repeated.

Q 53. What do you mean by ‘Double Circulation’ of blood? Why it is necessary?

In human beings there is double circulation of blood because blood goes twice in the
heart during one Cardiac cycle.

(i) During first cardiac cycle the blood rich in carbon dioxide (deoxygenated blood)
is pumped to the lungs from right ventricle, where blood is oxygenated. the
blood rich in oxygen is brought to the Left atrium , from left atrium into the left
ventricle.
(ii) The from left ventricle the oxygenated blood is sent to all the parts of the body
with the help of biggest artery that is Aorta. The deoxygenated blood from the
different parts of the body is collected by Vana cava and is brought to right
atrium and from the right atrium it is transferred to right ventricle and finaly
again it is sent back to lungs for deoxygenation.
Double circulation is necessary to keep separate oxygenated and deoxygenated
Blood.
Q 54. Compare the heart of mammals and birds with Amphibians or reptiles and fish.

(a) Mammals and birds have four chambered heart as they are worm blooded animals
and to maintain constant body temperature separation of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood is necessary for providing high energy.
(b) Amphibians and Reptiles have three chambered heart as they are cold- blooded
animals and they don’t have to maintain constant body temperature. Their energy
need is thus low and can tolerate some mixing of blood.
(c) Fish has two chambered heart as fish is also cold- blooded animal. The oxygenated
blood is pumped to the gills and directly it passes throughout the body. In fish
blood goes only once in the heart during one cardiac cycle and known as single
circulation of blood.

Q 55. Why the walls of Ventricles are highly thick and muscular?

It is because ventricles has to pump the blood with great force, therefore its walls are
highly thick and muscular than atria. For example Right ventricle has to pump the
deoxygenated blood to the lungs for deoxygenation and Left ventricle has to pump the
blood to the Aorta for distribution of oxygenated blood to all the parts of the body.

Q 56. Why valves are present in the heart?

Valves are present in the heart between atrium and ventricle to prevent the back flow of
blood that is from ventricle to atrium .

Q 57. What is blood pressure? And how it is measured?

The force exerted by blood on the walls of vessels is called blood pressure.

The pressure during ventricular contraction is called ‘Systolic’ pressure and its value in
normal human is 120 mm of Mercury level.

The pressure during ventricular relaxation is called ‘Diastolic’ pressure and its value in
normal human is 80 mm of Mercury level.

It is measured with the help of an instrument called ‘Sphygmomanometer’.

Q [Link] are capillaries?

Capillaries are one cell thick small blood vessels that forms very important link between
arteries and veins. When artery enters in organ it divides and divides into very fine
capillaries through which exchange of oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and waste
products take place between the blood and the tissue .
Q 59. Give difference between arteries and veins.

[Link]. Arteries Veins

1. Arteries carry the blood away Veins collect the blood from the
from the heart i.e. from the different organs and bring it to
heart to the organs the heart.

2. Arteries carry blood rich in Veins carry blood rich in Carbon

oxygen except Pulmonary dioxide except Pulmonary vein.
artery.

3. The walls of arteries are highly The walls of veins are thin
elastic, muscular and thick because pressure of blood is
because the pressure of blood low
is very large in the arteries.

4. Valves are absent. Valves are present to prevent

the back flow of blood.

5. Arteries are deep seated. Veins are superficial.

Q 60. What is the role of blood platelets?

When we are injured and starts bleeding then blood platelets present in the blood help in
blood clotting and prevents the loss of blood. If there is excess leakage of blood then it
would lead to a loss of pressure and which would reduce the efficiency of the pumping
system.

Q 61. What is Lymph or Tissue fluid? How it is different from blood? And give its function.

Through the walls of the blood capillaries some amount of blood plasma, protein, and
blood cells escape into inter-cellular spaces in the tissue and it is called Lymph or Tissue
fluid.

Difference:- (i) Blood is red in colour but lymph is colourless.

(ii)Blood contains more protein than lymph.

(iii) Blood flows through blood vessels ( arteries and veins) but lymph flows through
lymphatic vessels.

Function of Lymph:-It returns the excess fluid and proteins from the tissues back to the
blood stream. It also absorbs fat and fat soluble vitamins from the digestive system.
(Small intestine).

Transport in plants
Q 62. Why energy need is low in plants?

It is because in plants most of the cells and tissues are dead and plants are also stationary
therefore there energy need is low and transportation is also slow.

Q 63. What are the two ways of transportation in plants?

Two path ways of conduction in plants are:-

(i) Conduction of water and minerals:- It is achieved by Xylem tissue.

(ii) Conduction of food :- It is achieved by Phloem tissues.

Q 64. Explain the transportation of water and minerals in plants.

Transportation of water and minerals in plants is done by Xylem tissue. The tracheids and
vessels of the roots, stem and leaves are inter connected and form a continuous water
conducting channels in all the parts of the plant.

Root absorbs ions from the soil. Water is absorbed by the root hairs from the soil and
minerals are absorbed by epidermal cells at root tip. This absorption takes place from
higher concentration to lower concentration and creates a difference in concentration of
ions between soil and the roots.

If the size of the plant is very small then by diffusion water is transported from the soil to
the leaves.

If the size of the plant is large enough then simply by diffusion water can’t be transported
from the soil to the leaves and some driving force is needed. Transpiration is the process
that creates downwards suction. As more and more water is evaporated through stomata
by the process of transpiration from the cells of leaf creates a suction which pulls the
water from the xylem cells of roots.

Q 65. What is transpiration? Give its importance.

The loss of water from the arial parts of the plants in the atmosphere is called
Transpiration. Its importance is:

(i) It helps in the absorption and upwards movement of water and minerals in
soluble form from the roots to the leaves.
(ii) It also helps to maintain the temperature of surroundings.

Q 66. What is Translocation?

The transport of product of photosynthesis that is food in soluble form the leaves to the
storage organs of plants by Phloem tissue is called Translocation.

Q 67. Explain transport of food in plants.

 The transport of product of photosynthesis that is food in soluble form the leaves to the
storage organs of plants by Phloem tissue is called Translocation.

The sieve tube and companion cells together helps in transport of food. In phloem tissue
Sucrose is transferred by using energy from ATP molecules. As sucrose is transferred in
Phloem tissue, osmotic pressure increases and causes water to move into it. This
difference in pressure causes movement of materials in the phloem tissue which have low
pressure. The food is stored in the storage organs of plants such as root, fruits , flowers
etc. and according to the need of plant. For example in spring season when blooming of
flowers take place , the food from the storage organs move to the bud.

Q 68. What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem?

[Link]. Transport in Xylem Transport in Phloem

1. Xylem transport water and minerals. Phloem transport food.

2. In xylem transport takes place with In phloem transport takes place with
the help of trachiedes and vessels. the help of sieve tubes and
companion cells.

3. Transport in xylem tissue take place in Transport in Phloem tissue takes

upward direction. place in downward and side ways
direction.

4. Transport in xylem tissue is a physical Transport in Phloem tissue is a

process as energy is not needed. chemical process as energy is used.

EXCRETION IN HUMAN BEINGS

Q 69. Define the term excretion.

The removal of harmful metabolic waste from the body is called excretion.

Q 70. Explain human excretory system with the help of diagram.

The main organs of human excretory system are :

(i) Kidney:- A pair of bean shaped kidneys are located on either side of vertebral
column. Kidney is responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.
(ii) Ureters:- From each kidney a tube arises that carries the urine from kidney to
urinary bladder..
(iii) Urinary bladder:- It is a highly muscular bag like structure that stores the urine
until it is expelled.
(iv) Urethra:- It is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside the body
for excretion.
Q 71. Explain how urine formation takes place in human beings?

(i) Blood enters in the kidney through renal artery and into filtration unit called
Nephron.
(ii) Within nephron there is network of capillaries called Glomerulus that filters the
blood.
(iii) The filtrate passes from Bowman capsule to tubular part of nephron carrying all
nitrogenous harmful wastes, some useful substances such as glucose, amino
acids, salts excess of water etc.
(iv) When filtrate passes through tubular part of nephron the useful substances such
as glucose, amino acids, salts and water is reabsorbed and goes back into the
blood stream. And a yellow coloured liquid containing nitrogenous wastes that is
urine is formed.

Q 72. What is filtration unit of kidney? Explain its structure with the help of diagram.

The filtration unit of kidney is Nephron. Each kidney has hundreds of nephrons.

Each nephron has a cup shaped structure at its upper end known as ‘Bowman capsule’ .
The lower end of bowman capsule is a long tube like structure is called tubular part of
nephron. In this way one end 0f tubular part is connected to bowman capsule and other
end is connected to urine collecting duct. Renal artery enters in the bowman capsule to
bring nitrogenous waste. It divides and redivides into fine capillaries into bowman capsule
called ‘Glomerulus’. After that renal artery comes out of bowman capsule and coil over
tubular part of nephron.

Function:- When blood rich in nitrogenous waste enters in bowman capsule the
nitrogenous waste and some useful substances get filtered in glomerulus. Then filtrate
passes through tubular part of nephron. During its passage through tubular part of
nephron , useful substances like Glucose, amino acid. Salts and excess of water is re-
absorbed and put back in the blood. The remaining filtrate that is urine is transported to
urine collecting duct. From urine collecting duct it passes into ureters and further to
urinary bladder where it gets stored for some time and finally thrown out of the body
through urethra.
Q 73. What is hemodialysis?

In case of kidney failure due to any infection or injury , The person is kept on artificial
kidney to remove nitrogenous waste products from the blood. This is called hemodialysis.

What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?

(i) Oxygen and carbon dioxide is removed through stomata.

(ii) Excess of water is removed by transpiration.
(iii) They also shed their leaves to get rid of waste.
(iv) Many plant wastes are collected in cellular vacuoles.
(v) Waste products like gum, resin are stored in old xylem tissue.
(vi) Plants also excrete some waste products in into the soil through roots.

Q 74. How is the amount of urine produced is regulated?

The amount of water re-absorbed depends on that how excess water is there in the body
and how much dissolved waste there is to be excreted.

Q 75. How are fat digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?

Fats are present in the form of large fat globules . Fat is digested in the small intestine .
Small intestine receives the secretions from liver and pancreas.
(i) The Bile which is produced by liver break down large fat globule into small fat globules.

(ii)Pancreas produces enzyme Lipase that breaks down further small fat globules.

Q 76. What would be the consequences of a deficiency of hemoglobin in our bodies?

Hemoglobin is the respiratory pigment that transport oxygen to the body cells. Therefore
deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood can affect the oxygen supplying capacity of blood.
It can lead deficiency of oxygen to the cell that can cause disease Anemia.
Q 77. Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephron in the kidney with
respect to their structure and functioning.

Lungs (Alveoli) Kidney (Nephron)

Structure Alveoli are balloon like It is the cluster of very thin

structures in which walled capillaries which is
bronchioles terminates. The associated with a cup-
walls of alveoli are richly shaped end and a tube
supplied with blood vessels. that collects urine.

Function In alveoli exchange of gases In nephron the removal of

that is oxygen and carbon excretory waste such as
dioxide take place through urea, ammonia, uric acid,
the walls by diffusion . salts and excess of water
Oxygen gas diffuses from the take place.
alveoli to the blood and
carbon dioxide diffuses from
the blood to the alveoli.

Q 78. How does the length of small intestine different in herbivores and carnivores and
why?

In herbivores the length of small intestine is larger but in carnivores the length of small
intestine is smaller because herbivores are plant eaters that contains cellulose and
cellulase takes longer time to be digested. Carnivores are flesh eater and flesh takes less
time to be digested.

Q 79. Give an activity to show that saliva contains salivary amylase?

(i) Take two test tubes A and B containing starch solution.

(ii) In test tube A add few drops of saliva.
(iii) Now add Iodine solution in both the test tubes.
Observation:-
(i) In test tube A no colour change is observed because saliva contains enzyme
salivary amylase that acts on starch and convert it into simple sugar.
(ii) In test tube B it turns into blue black.

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