🔹 1.

Von Neumann Architecture

 Most common architecture (used in modern computers).

 Single memory is used for both data and instructions.

 Instructions are executed sequentially.

 Example: Intel x86, ARM processors.

🔹 2. Harvard Architecture

 Separate memory for instructions and data.

 Allows simultaneous access to instruction and data → faster than Von Neumann.

 Used in microcontrollers, DSPs (Digital Signal Processors)

🔹 Basic Components of CPU Architecture

1. Control Unit (CU)

o Directs the flow of data.

o Fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and tells other units what
to do.

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

o Performs arithmetic (add, subtract, multiply, divide) and logic operations

(AND, OR, NOT, comparisons).

3. Registers

o Small, high-speed storage locations inside CPU.

o Store data, instructions, memory addresses temporarily.

o Examples: Accumulator, Instruction Register (IR), Program Counter (PC).

4. Cache Memory
 o Very fast memory inside CPU.

o Stores frequently used instructions/data to reduce time to access RAM.

5. Buses (communication pathways)

o Data Bus → transfers actual data.

o Address Bus → transfers memory addresses.

o Control Bus → transfers control signals (read, write, etc.).

Great question 👍 — let’s go into modern CPU features that make today’s processors fast,
powerful, and efficient.

⚡ Modern CPU Features

🔹 1. Multicore Architecture

 A single CPU chip contains multiple cores (mini-CPUs).

 Each core can execute instructions independently.

 Improves parallel processing and multitasking.

 Example: Dual-core, Quad-core, Octa-core processors.

🔹 2. Hyper-Threading / Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT)

 A single core can handle two or more threads at the same time.

 Increases efficiency of CPU resources.

 Example: Intel Hyper-Threading, AMD SMT.

🔹 3. Pipelining

 Breaks instruction execution into stages: fetch → decode → execute → memory →

write back.

 Multiple instructions overlap in execution, like an assembly line.

 Greatly improves instruction throughput.

🔹 4. Superscalar Architecture

 CPU can execute multiple instructions per clock cycle using multiple pipelines.

 Helps in parallel execution of simple instructions.

🔹 5. Out-of-Order Execution

 Instructions are not always executed in the order they appear.

 CPU reorders them for efficiency while ensuring the final result is correct.

🔹 6. Speculative Execution

 CPU guesses the next instruction before it’s confirmed.

 If correct → saves time. If wrong → discards results.

 Used with branch prediction.

🔹 7. Branch Prediction

 CPU predicts which way a branch (e.g., an IF condition) will go.

 Reduces stalls in pipelines and speeds up processing.

🔹 8. Cache Hierarchy

 Modern CPUs have multiple levels of cache memory:

o L1 Cache → smallest & fastest (per core).

o L2 Cache → larger but slower (per core).

o L3 Cache → shared across cores.

 Reduces dependence on slower main memory (RAM).

🔹 9. Clock Speed & Turbo Boost

 Measured in GHz (billions of cycles per second).

 CPUs can increase frequency temporarily with Turbo Boost (Intel) or Precision Boost
(AMD) for extra performance.
🔹 10. Integrated Graphics (iGPU)

 Some CPUs have built-in graphics processors.

 Useful for systems without dedicated GPUs.

🔹 11. Virtualization Support

 CPUs include instructions for running virtual machines efficiently (Intel VT-x, AMD-V).

 Important for cloud computing & testing environments.

🔹 12. Security Features

 Modern CPUs include protections like:

o NX Bit (prevents execution of malicious code in memory).

o Secure Enclave / TPM for encryption.

o Mitigations for speculative execution vulnerabilities (Spectre, Meltdown)

.
Cold booting involves starting a computer from a completely powered-off state, allowing
the system to perform thorough hardware checks and diagnostics.

Warm booting restarts a computer without turning off the power, enabling quicker reboots
but skipping some hardware checks.
When we are renaming the file name we cannot use ‘?’ we can use - ,_,#

Meta data – gives information about the file like size , time, type, etc
 Data buses are used to transfer information between the southbridge and northbridge
components of the motherboard.

The northbridge motherboard component is used to make the data connections to the CPU,
RAM, or PCIe. The RAM starts feeding the CPU inputs. Depending on the type of card which
you have, after being written to the PCIe, the data is either copied or relocated to the
expansion card.

The southbridge motherboard component controls the data connection to the BIOS, the
universal serial bus (USB), the serial advanced technology attachment (SATA), and the PCI
bus. Now your computer starts because signals are sent to the BIOS.

Northbridge: An integrated chip called the northbridge enables communication between the
CPU interface, AGP, and memory. Additionally, it enables communication between the
southbridge chip and the graphics controller, CPU, and RAM.

Southbridge: Controls the input and output functions. Due to its location, it is referred to as
Southbridge. It enables communication between the northbridge chip.
In PowerPoint, the shortcut key for starting the slideshow from the current slide is:

(a) F5

(b) Shift + F5

© Ctrl + S

(d) Alt + Enter

👉 Answer: (b) Shift + F5

The default transition effect in PowerPoint is:

(a) Fade

(b) Cut

© Wipe

(d) None
👉 Answer: (b) Cut

Which is the default slide layout?

(a) Blank

(b) Title and Content

© Two Content

(d) Title Only

👉 Answer: (b) Title and Content

. Which shortcut opens the ‘Save As’ dialog box?

(a) F12

(b) Ctrl + S

© Ctrl + Shift + S

(d) Alt + S

👉 Answer: (a) F12

To add a slide number, we use:

(a) Insert → Header & Footer

(b) Design → Slide Number

© Layout → Footer

(d) View → Slide Number

👉 Answer: (a) Insert → Header & Footer

Which file extension is for a PowerPoint template?

(a) .pptx

(b) .potx

© .ppsx

(d) .docx

👉 Answer: (b) .potx

Which feature merges text and graphics on slides?

(a) WordArt

(b) SmartArt

© Slide Master

(d) Transition

👉 Answer: (b) SmartArt

Which option is used to record narration in slides?

(a) Slide Show → Record Slide Show

(b) Insert → Audio

© Design → Narration

(d) View → Record

👉 Answer: (a) Slide Show → Record Slide Show

Which slide view is used for adding speaker notes?

(a) Normal View

(b) Slide Sorter View

© Notes Page View

(d) Outline View

👉 Answer: © Notes Page View

Which key combination is used to open PowerPoint Help?

(a) F1

(b) Ctrl + F1

© Shift + F1

(d) Alt + F1

👉 Answer: (a) F1
Which option helps to align objects properly on slide?

(a) Arrange → Align

(b) Design → Align

© View → Align

(d) Review → Align

👉 Answer: (a) Arrange → Align

Which option allows you to insert data from Excel into PowerPoint?

(a) Insert → Chart

(b) Insert → Table

© Insert → Object

(d) Design → Import

👉 Answer: © Insert → Object

Which option allows you to combine multiple shapes into one?

(a) Merge Shapes

(b) Group

© Align

(d) Arrange

👉 Answer: (a) Merge Shapes

Which of the following is NOT an animation effect category?

(a) Entrance

(b) Emphasis
© Exit

(d) Shadow

👉 Answer: (d) Shadow

Which feature allows you to record your own narration in slides?

(a) Insert → Audio → Record Audio

(b) Review → Narration

© Slide Show → Record Slide Show

(d) Design → Narration

👉 Answer: © Slide Show → Record Slide Show

Which is the default theme applied to a new presentation?

(a) Office Theme

(b) Simple Theme

© Blank Theme

(d) Default Theme

👉 Answer: (a) Office Theme

Shortcut key to open the Format dialog box for a selected object?

(a) Ctrl + 1

(b) Ctrl + D

© Ctrl + Enter

(d) Alt + 1

👉 Answer: (a) Ctrl + 1

Shortcut key to open the Slide Show tab quickly?

(a) Alt + S

(b) Alt + F

© Alt + V

(d) Alt + D

👉 Answer: (a) Alt + S

Shortcut key to hide/show the ribbon in PowerPoint?

(a) Ctrl + F1

(b) Alt + F1

(c) Shift + F1

(d) F11

👉 Answer: (a) Ctrl + F1

Ms excel

Q5. What is the default column width in Excel?

(a) 8.43 characters

(b) 10 characters
(c) 12 characters
(d) 15 characters
👉 Answer: (a) 8.43 characters

Q11. Which chart is best for showing proportions?

(a) Line Chart

(b) Pie Chart
(c) Bar Chart
(d) Column Chart
👉 Answer: (b) Pie Chart

Q17. Which shortcut key is used to insert the current date in Excel?
(a) Ctrl + ;
(b) Ctrl + :
(c) Alt + ;
(d) Shift + ;
👉 Answer: (a) Ctrl + ;

Q18. Which shortcut key is used to insert the current time in Excel?

(a) Ctrl + Shift + ;

(b) Ctrl + :
(c) Alt + T
(d) Ctrl + Alt + ;
👉 Answer: (a) Ctrl + Shift + ;

“In Excel, what does cell reference A$1 mean?” What does the $ do?
(a) Locks the row
(b) Locks the column
(c) Locks both row & column
(d) Nothing special
👉 Answer: (a) Locks the row

Q21. Which function helps you to join two or more text strings in Excel?
(a) JOIN()
(b) CONCAT()
(c) LINK()
(d) PLUS()
👉 Answer: (b) CONCAT()

What does “Freeze Panes” do?

(a) Prevent changes to formatting
(b) Keeps designated rows/columns visible while scrolling
(c) Locks workbook
(d) None of the above
👉 Answer: (b) Keeps designated rows/columns visible while scrolling

. If you want to find the position of a value in a row or column, which function do you use?
(a) VLOOKUP
(b) MATCH
(c) FIND
(d) INDEX
👉 Answer: (b) MATCH

Q6. What is the shortcut key to enable or disable filtering on a selected range in Excel?
(a) Ctrl + L
(b) Alt + D + F + F
(c) Ctrl + Shift + L
(d) Ctrl + F
👉 Answer: (c) Ctrl + Shift + L