Time Management Skills, Learning Styles and Academic Performance

of Senior High School Students

Background of the study

Time is a significant aspect in day to day life since it

influence a person’s success or the achievement of various
groups, such as students (Pugh and Nathwani, 2017). Time is a
priceless resource and continues to pass by without coming back
therefore, the secret to achieve success in life is effectively
managing this resource that everyone posses equally and paying
sufficient emphasis to plan. Time management is an important tool
and capabilities that brought to solve any problem to achieve any
success or to have the maximum benefits after putting in minimum
inputs. Among modern era, time is very precious and its proper
management of time is the key to success (Arumugam and [Link]
Mugavelu, 2021).

Time management has been defined as a form of self-

management with an explicit focus on time in deciding and
understanding what activities to do, how much time should be
committed to activities , In what time it should be done, how
activities may be done more efficiently and When is the indeed or
correct time for particular activities (Squino, 2016). Aduke
(2015) defined time management as the ability to organize, plan,
arrange and account for one’s time in order to increase
production and efficiency. These time management skills are
argued to improve the positive academic output (Razali, Rusiman,
Gan and Arbin, 2018).
 Through the history, there has been great emphasis on the
effective and efficient management of time, which has also been
considered to key success(Pugh and Nathwani, 2017, Nasrulla and
Khan 2015). In high this competitive era, for performance, the
organizations and directors emphasize on searching time
management tools (Kumar and Arthal, 2019). It has also been
advise to start practicing time management from the early student
life (Valle at al, 2016). It has also been association with low
anxiety and greater academic achievement in students (Jenaabadi
and Jalalzaei, 2016).

Learning styles refers to the unique ways an individual

processes and retains new information and skills.( SAUCI,[Link]
al,2018) Learning styles can considered as a series of distinct
behaviors gathered in a single conceptual definition. It is
qualified as cognitive ,effective and psychological behaviour
which show how learners perceive interact with and respond to the
learning environment( Ha,N.T.T,2021).Many students show that
one’s learning style is determined by which senses are most
active while acquiring knowledge( Vessa,H.2021).

In a study conducted by Rezaeinejad (2015) on the Learning

Styles and Its Relationship with Educational Achievement among
Iranian High School Students he found out that knowing the
students' learning style will help the teacher deliver the lesson
that students can cope easily, make diverse teaching strategies,
and lead to their educational achievement.
 These studies are supported by the first distinctive feature
and guiding principle of the Philippines' DepEd K to 12 Basic
Education Program (2012). The learner is the very reason for the
entire curriculum system. Its primary emphasis is on the
learner's holistic learning and growth. An instructor provides an
environment in which the learner enjoys learning, participates in
meaningful learning activities.

Learning Styles are important because they can help many

individuals- including educators, professionals, learning and
development, specialists and especially the students- better
understand a particular modalities that can help learners process
information most effectively. No learning style is either better
or worse than another. In fact, each learning style has its own
strength and limitations. But if you know your limitations, you
can extend your abilities and reach the highest potential
(Kirst, Michael W. M.D, 2015)

Academic performance refers to how well a student is

accomplishing her tasks and studies. Grades are certainly the
most well-known indicator of academic performance Grades are the
student's scores for their classes and overall tenure Grades are
most often a tallying or average of assignment or may often be
affected by factors such as attendance an instructor opinion of
the student as well (Scortt's, 2012).

Academic Success has a great influence on a student’s self-

esteem, motivation and perseverance in higher education. Poor
academic performance or high failure rates may result in
unacceptable level of attrition, reduce graduate throughout an
increased cost of education. This also reduce admission
opportunities for tertiary student seeking higher degrees. Hence,
student academic performance has always been a topic of interest
for educators. Educators and researchers have long been
interested in identifying and understanding the variables that
identified demographic, socio-economic, family and school factors
as variables contributing to student’s academic performance.
Academic Performance according to Cambridge University reporter
is frequently defied in terms of examination performance
(Jayanthi and Balakrishman, 2014)

Narad and Abudullah, (2016) opined that the academic

performance of students determines that success or failure of any
academic institution. Similarly, Farooq, et. al (2011), asserted
that student’s academic performance serves as a bedrock of
knowledge acquisition and the development of skills.
Additionally, emphasized that the top most priority of all
educators is academic performance of students.

This study based on existentialism philosophy. This

philosophy is learner centered which gives direction to students
regarding their study. Learners are self-responsible of their
academics because they just seek guidance from teachers but take
decisions and manage all activates themselves. This study depends
upon pickle jar theory which is the most relevant and modern
theory of time management educated in administration course.
Wright gave the idea of jar theory that focuses on time
management (Ahmad, 2019). This theory expresses that human beings
need to be create balance among things and activities while
adopting time management techniques effectively. Time is around
distributed for different activities and tasks fit well where
they are relied upon to fit. People have numerous needs in lives,
for example, academics, work burden, and family obligations. The
important thing is that how a person manages all responsibilities
and tackle problems on time. It is most vital for students to
manage time and do all tasks related to studies. Effective
utilization of time determines the success of students at each
level not just in regular system as well as distance learning
institutions. In distance education, students manage all things
timely. The following is the figure of conceptual framework of
the study.

Kolb include this cycle of learning as a central principle

his experiential learning theory, typically expressed as four-
stage cycle of learning, in which immediate or concrete
experiences provide a basis for observations and reflections,
these observation and reflections are assimilated and distilled
into abstract concepts producing new implications for action
which can be actively tested in turn creating new experiences.

Kolb's says that ideally this process represents a learning

cycle or spiral where the learner touches all the bases, i.e. a
cycle of experiencing, reflecting, thinking and acting. Immediate
or concrete experiences lead to observations and reflections.
These reflections are then assimilated into abstract concept with
implications for action, which a person can actively test and
experiment with, which in turn enable the creation of new
experiences. (Dayon, 2018)