ON

TOPIC:- “To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i)

output and input voltage (ii) number of turns in the secondary
coil and the primary coil of a self-designed transformer”.

As per the partial requirement of AISSCE-2025-26, conducted by CBSE.

SUBMITTED BY UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Name –ANUPAM PANDA Mr. Samaresh Mishra
Class – XII Delhi Public School, Kalinga
AISSCE Roll No –
 Contents

Sl No. Page No.

1. Bonafide Certificate 1

2. Acknowledgement 2

3. What is a Transformer 3

4. Aim of the project 5

5. Materials required 6

6. Theory 7

7. Diagram 11

8. Experiment Background 12

9. Procedure 13

10. Observation 14

11. Calculation & Result/findings 15

12. S.O.E & Precautions 16

13. Inference & Conclusion 17

14. Bibliography 18
 Bonafide Certificate

This is to certify that the project entitled “To investigate

the relation between the ratio of (i) output and
input voltage (ii) number of turns in the
secondary coil and the primary coil of a self-
designed transformer”. has been conducted and
completed successfully by ANUPAM PANDA of class
XII under my direct supervision and guidance. This
embodies the original work done by him/her.

Signature of Teacher
 Acknowledgement

I am highly indebted to Mr. Samaresh Mishra, my guide of this project,

for his guidance and encouragement, without which it would have been
difficult for me to complete this project work. I am also highly grateful to
Principal Sir, DPS Kalinga for allowing me to use the facilities of the
physics lab. I express my gratitude to each and every member of the
physics department for their help and cooperation.

I also place on record my sincere thanks to my family members for the

constant encouragement and support.

Signature of the Student

TRANFORMERS:-
Transformers are an integral part of transmission of electricity
at a power plant. It is used to multiply or divide voltage and
current in AC circuits. Transformers are usually made for long
distance transmission. It increases or decreases the voltage
based on whether it is a “step up” or a “step down”
transformer.
In a transformer electrical energy transfer takes place without
the use of moving parts.
Transformers work on the principle of mutual induction.
According to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changes, an emf is induced in the neighboring coil.
if we vary the current on one of the coils there will a change in
magnetic flux(Φ).
then there will be an induced EMF in the secondary coil.

Ɛind =
[According to Faraday’s Law]

A transformer which increases the voltage is called a step up

transformer and transformer which decreases the A.C voltage
is called step up transformer.
Practical significance of step up and step down transformer.
Any device that could output more power than it took would
violate the law of conservation of energy (i.e.) energy can
neither be created nor be destroyed only converted.
 AIM OF PROJECT:-

“To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i)

output and input voltage (ii) number of turns in
the secondary coil and the primary coil of a self-
designed transformer”
 Materials Required:-

[Link] iron rod.

[Link] wires of different gauge.

[Link] a.c. Voltmeters.

[Link] a.c. Ammeters.

5. AC power source (low voltage, e.g., 6V or 12V).

6. Switch.

7. Connecting wires.

8. Sandpaper and Tape.

THEORY:-
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2 , an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a
100% efficient transformer, the whole magnetic flux linked
with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to
that induced in each turn of the primary.
Thus, if Ep and Es are the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.'s
induced in the primary and the secondary coil and Np and Ns
are the no. of turns of the primary and secondary coils of the
transformer and
dф/dt = rate of change of flux in each,
We have,
Ep = -Np dф/dt and
Ep = -Np dф/dt —> ( 1 )
and,
Es = -Ns dф/dt —> ( 2 )
Now by dividing 2 by 1,
We get,
Es / Ep = Ns / NP —> ( 3 )
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1 , so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference ( E - Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o ,
p1p2 coil , then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil
is given by,
Ip = E- Ep / Rp E- Ep = lp Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp lp can be
neglected so therefore,
E- Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f.
Hence final equation can be written as,
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f= Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

Step Down Transformers:-

Es < Ep so K < 1 , hence Ns < Np

If ip =Current in primary coil,
is = Current in the secondary coil,
then from the Transformer equation (Es / Ep = Ns / NP=K) is>ip
current in secondary coil is higher than primary coil.
Es / Ep = lp / Is = K
In a step-down transformer the voltage (EMF) gets reduced.
The number of turns of the secondary coil is higher than the
primary coil. Therefore there is a decrease in voltage and
increase in current.

Step up transformer:-

K>1 Ns>Np so from the transformer formula

(Es / Ep = Ns / NP=K)
Ip>Is
that is a step-up transformer the Voltage (EMF) gets increased
up and the current gets decreased.
Step up and step-down transformers have wide practical
application in power stations i.e., to step up the voltage from
the power plant through transmission cables and step up it
down in the residential area. Voltages are stepped up from
power plants to reduce power loss
EFFICIENCY:-
efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
power to input power.
i.e., η=output power / input power = Es*Is=Ep*Ip
Thus, in an ideal transformer there is no loss of power, η=1
But in actual practice there are many power losses, therefore
the efficiency of a transformer is less than One
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
 EXPERIMENTAL BACKGROUND:-
Working Principle

The transformer works on Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic

Induction, which states that a change in magnetic flux
through a coil induces an electromotive force (EMF) in it. In
an ideal transformer:

 The input (primary) coil receives AC voltage, creating a

varying magnetic field.
 This field induces a voltage in the output (secondary)
coil.
 The ratio of the voltages is directly proportional to the
ratio of the number of turns in the coils.

Mathematically:

{Vs}/{Vp} = {Ns}/{Np}

Where:

 Vs = Output (secondary) voltage

 Vp = Input (primary) voltage
 Ns = Number of turns in the secondary coil
 Np = Number of turns in the primary coil
PROCEDURE:-
1. Design the Transformer Core:-
o Take a laminated iron core and clean it using sandpaper
to remove rust or dust.
o Wind a fixed number of turns of insulated copper wire
around one limb of the core to form the primary coil (e.g.,
100 turns).
o Wind a variable number of turns on the other limb to form
the secondary coil (e.g., 50, 100, 150 turns for different
trials).
2. Connect the Circuit:-
o Connect the primary coil to the AC power source through
a switch.
o Attach a voltmeter across the primary coil to measure
input voltage.
o Connect a voltmeter across the secondary coil to
measure output voltage.
3. Initial Trial:-
o Close the switch to energize the primary coil.
o Record the input voltage (Vp) and output voltage (Vs).
4. Vary the Secondary Turns:-
o Change the number of turns in the secondary coil while
keeping the primary coil constant.
o For each configuration (e.g., 50, 100, 150 turns), repeat
the measurement of Vs and record the corresponding
Vp.
5. Repeat for Accuracy:-
o Repeat each trial at least twice to ensure consistency.

o Optionally, measure current using an ammeter to

observe power transfer efficiency.
6. Tabulate Observations:-
o Create a table with columns for:
o Number of turns in primary (Np)
o Number of turns in secondary (Ns)
o Input voltage (Vp)
o Output voltage (Vs)
o Voltage ratio (Vs/Vp)
o Turns ratio (Ns/Np)
 7. Analyze Results:-
o Compare the voltage ratio with the turns ratio.

OBSERVATION:-

Primary Secondary Input Output Turns Voltage

Trial No. Turns Turns Voltage Voltage Ratio Ratio
(Np) (Ns) (Vp) (Vs) (Ns/Np) (Vs/Vp)

1 100 50 6.0 V 3.0v 0.50 0.50

2 100 100 6.0 V 6.0v 1.00 1.00
3 100 150 6.0 V 9.0v 1.50 1.50
4 100 200 6.0 V 12.0v 2.00 2.00
CALCULATION:-
o Mean No. of Turns is given by:

0.50+1.00+1.50+2.00 = 1.25
4
o Mean of the Output and Input voltages:

0.50+1.00+1.50+2.00 = 1.25
4

Result/findings:-
o Ratio of “no. of turns” of coils = 1.25

o Ratio of the Output and Input voltages = 1.25

Sources of Error:-
1. Imperfect Magnetic Coupling
o If the coils are not tightly wound or the core is not
properly laminated, magnetic flux leakage can occur,
reducing efficiency and affecting voltage readings.
2. Resistance of Copper Wire
o The internal resistance of the wire can cause voltage
drops, especially in longer coils, leading to discrepancies
between theoretical and observed output voltages.
3. Fluctuations in Input Voltage
o If the AC power supply is unstable or varies during trials,
it can distort the voltage ratio and make results
inconsistent.
4. Measurement Instrument Accuracy
o Voltmeter calibration errors or parallax errors during
reading can introduce small but significant inaccuracies in
recorded voltages.

PRECAUTIONS:-

o Keep yourself safe from the high voltage.

o While taking the readings of current and voltage, the a.c main
supply should remain constant.
INFERENCE:-
The experiment confirms that the output voltage of a transformer is
directly proportional to the number of turns in the secondary coil.
As the turns ratio (Ns/Np) increases, the voltage ratio (Vs/Vp)
increases correspondingly, validating the theoretical relationship
{Vs}/{Vp} = {Ns}/{Np}. This demonstrates the transformer's ability to
step up or step down voltage efficiently.

CONCLUSIONS:-
o The output voltage of the transformers across the secondary coil
depends upon the turn ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to input voltage.

o The output current of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the turn ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to input voltage.

o There is loss of power between input and output coil transformer.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
o [Link]
o NCERT Textbook
o [Link]
o Physics Lab Manual
o Google Images