Statement and argument

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 Guidelines

Section A – Under this section, you will find the memory based previous year’s questions that were asked in RBI
Grade B, NABARD Grade A, SEBI Grade A, NPS Grade A and PFRDA Grade A Exam. This section will enable you
to test your knowledge based on different concepts.

Section B - In this section, you will find the explanation of all the questions.

Note: The aspirants for other exams such as NABARD Grade A, SEBI Grade A, NPS Grade A and PFRDA Grade A
Exam can skip RBI Grade B questions as they are of high level and these high-level questions are not asked in
these exams

Section A

Questions asked in RBI Grade B exam

Question 1- It is believed that algae grow faster in slow-flowing water. On the other hand, it is also argued that
growth of algae causes hindrance to the flow of water. As more algae grows the speed at which water flows
decreases.

Which of the following, if true, would most appropriately weaken the argument that growth of algae reduces
speed of water? RBI Grade B 2018

A. Algae grows at the same rate in still water as the rate at which it grows in flowing water.

B. Algae grows faster in shallow water than in deep water.

C. Propagation of algae takes place faster in flowing water than in still water.

D. The South African perennial rivers, which flow very fast throughout the year, are home to a large variety of
algae.

E. The rivers closer to the equator, which receive good amount of sunlight throughout the year and have the
thickest algae population, are the fastest-flowing rivers

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 Direction: In the questions below, a statement is given followed by two arguments. Choose the most
appropriate option.

Question 2- Statement: In 2016, the Government of India put a ban on all Rs 500 and 1000 notes in an effort to
curtail the shadow economy and impede the use of illegal and fake currency that funds illegal activities and
terrorism. RBI Grade B 2019

Arguments:

I. This was the best way to tackle corruption and to stop the use of counterfeit cash.

II. Demonetization looks like a bad idea, badly executed on the basis of some half-baked notions.

A. Only 1 is strong

B. Only 2 is strong

C. Both are equally valid

D. None are valid

E. Together, they can be used to make a strong argument

I.3-5) Directions: Each of the following questions consists of a statement followed by two arguments I and II.
Question 3- RBI Grade B 2021

Statement: Should system of offering jobs only to the wards of government employees be introduced in all
government offices in India?
Arguments:
I. No. It denies opportunity to many deserving individuals and government may stand to lose in the long run.
II. No. It is against the principle of equality. Does not government owe its responsibility to all its citizens?
A. if only argument I is strong

B. if only argument II is strong

C. if either I or II is strong

D. if neither I nor II is strong

E. if both I and II are strong.

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 Question 4- RBI Grade B 2021

Statement: Does India need so many plans for development?

Arguments:
I. Yes. Nothing can be achieved without proper planning.
II. No. Too much time, money and energy are wasted on planning.

A. if only argument I is strong

B. if only argument II is strong

C. if either I or II is strong

D. if neither I nor II is strong

E. if both I and II are strong.

Question 5- RBI Grade B 2021

Statement: Should those who receive dowry, despite the law prohibiting it, be punished?
Arguments:
I. Yes. Those who violate the law, must be punished.
II. No. Dowry system is firmly rooted in the society since time immemorial.
A. if only argument I is strong

B. if only argument II is strong

C. if either I or II is strong

D. if neither I nor II is strong

E. if both I and II are strong.

I.6) Read the given passage and answer the question that question that follow.

The Holocaust that took place in Germany was a systematic, state-sponsored persecution and massacre of
millions of Jews. The Jewish race was considered an inferior race that was weighing down the country and

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 obstructing its development, so there was a misconception that eliminating Jews would help the country and
bring back the glory of the country. RBI Grade B 2022

Which of the following argument could be made from the above passage?

A. The elimination of Jews glorified Germany.

B. The delusion of the Germans resulted in the persecution of Jews.

C. Jews were believed to be the pride of Germany.

D. The mass genocide of the Jews had nothing to do with race.

E. None of the above

I.7) In the question given below a passage is given followed by three statements. Read it carefully and answer
the question that follows.

Climate activism is seen as just planting trees and engaging in clean-up drives. Those are important but it’s also
about holding those in power accountable and asking if they will leave indigenous people and their land alone,
leave the coal in the ground, leave the rivers unpoisoned and leave the trees standing. RBI Grade B 2022

I. Climate activists should reach representatives - at all levels of the government to raise the issue of
environment due to their inactions.

II. Climate activists should sympathize with those who fuel our destruction.

III. Climate activists should volunteer with local organizations to make changes related to climate.

A. Only I

B. Only I & II

C. Only II

D. Only II & III

E. Only I &III

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 I.8) Study the following information and answer the question given below it.

A July 2020 paper published in the Journal of Economic Structures by Mohammad Masudur Rahman and co-
authors makes some fascinating points. Using econometric modelling, the authors conducted a comparative
analysis of the likely impact of tariff reduction and trade facilitation in a scenario of Indo-Pacific regional
integration on various macroeconomic and trade variables. The modelling showed if Quad countries were to
sign a trade agreement where bilateral tariffs are scrapped, India’s real GDP could increase by 0. 2% or $5. 7
billion. RBI Grade B 2022

Question 8- Which of the following would strengthen the argument above?

I. While such an agreement would be advantageous for the other two partners as well, benefits would differ
depending on the size of the economy, the levels of tariff and non-tariff barriers.

II. If other nations or groupings like Asean were to join such a trade agreement and engage in reducing non-
tariff barriers, the benefits for member countries could be exponentially higher.

III. Among Quad nations, India needs investment, attractive financing for infrastructure, technology, and access
to key raw materials, particularly rare earth elements. RBI Grade B 2022

A. Only I

B. Only I & II

C. Only II

D. Only II & III

E. Only III

I.9) Read the given passage and answer the question that question that follow.

Due to the increasing air pollution in the city, the Government has decided to reduce the use of vehicles older
than ten years by the people in the city of Delhi. Old diesel vehicles pollute the air with their harmful emissions.
To prevent pollution, the Government has decided to seize ten year old diesel vehicles from the roads of the
city.

Question 9- Which of the following argument could be made from the above passage? RBI Grade B 2022

A. Eliminating old diesel vehicles would reduce air pollution in the city.

B. Old vehicles are better than new vehicles.

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 C. Old vehicles cannot be eliminated as people will have to give up their vehicle

D. Vehicular pollution would decrease if new vehicles are not allowed on the road.

E. None of the above

I.10) Directions: Question given below is followed by two arguments numbered I and II. You have to decide
which of the arguments is strong.

Question -10 Statement: There is massive protest in university on dress-code. It is specifically for females. RBI
Grade B 2022

Argument I: Protest is demanding it should be applied to both or none.

Argument II: Protest is demanding in place of dress code, security should be enhanced.

A. If only argument I is strong.

B. If only argument II is strong

C. If both I or II are strong

D. If neither I nor II is strong

E. If either I or II is strong

Question 11-In the question given below, a passage/statement is given followed by three statements which
may or may not strengthen/weaken the assertion made in the passage. Answer the questions as per the
individual direction given.

When we look back in 50 years' time, it is likely that the 2D internet we now all use will seem laughably archaic.
Not only will the internet likely no longer exist behind a screen, but it is probable that we will interact with it
differently. We'll manipulate objects using augmented reality (AR), explore virtual-reality (VR) worlds, and meld
the real and the digital in ways we can currently not imagine.

Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument made in the above passage? RBI Grade B 2023

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 I. Truly immersive computing and augmented reality, at scale and accessible by billions of humans in real time,
will require a 1,000-times increase in computational efficiency from today's state of the art.

II. Precipitated by the pandemic, we are transitioning away from the nine-to-five commute and turning our backs
on the traditional office setting, enabled by a newfound love of virtual meetings.

III. One company not only let you see how its sunglasses look like on your face, it is also working on using
augmented reality to virtually show you how the world will look like through different lenses.

A. Only I and III

B. Only II and III

C. Only III

D. Only I and II

E. All I, II and III

Question 12- The question given below consists of a statement, followed by two arguments numbered I and II.
You have to decide which of the arguments is a 'strong' argument and which is a 'weak' argument.

Statement: Should over the top (OTT) platforms such as WhatsApp, Signal and Facebook be required to obtain
licenses to operate in a country just like telecom companies both of which provide services like voice calling,
messaging and video calling? RBI Grade B 2023

Arguments:

I. Yes, because it will create a level playing field by making OTT platforms liable to pay taxes and levies that
telecom companies already do.

II. Yes, this will ensure OTT platforms' compliance with security requirements, lawful interception and other
regulatory obligations imposed on.

A. Only argument I is strong

B. Only argument II is strong

C. Either I or II is strong

D. Neither I nor II is strong

E. Both I and II are strong

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 Question 13- The question given below consists of a statement, followed by two arguments numbered I and II.
You have to decide which of the argument is either a ‘strong’ argument or ‘weak’ argument or both or neither
of them is ‘strong’ or ‘weak’.

Despite the popularity of economic liberal ideas and globalization, the increasing severity of energy and
environmental problems has raised many questions about the ability of markets to solve these problems. Kyoto
Agreement ultimately resulted in the creation of a market-based system. The privatization of environmental
problems has helped to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while generating significant amounts of wealth. RBI
Grade B 2023

Arguments:

I. Yes, it is important to balance economic goals with environmental protection to ensure a sustainable future
for generations to come.

II. No, economic liberal ideas and globalization directly help in conserving climate and thereby there is no need
to implement the market-based system.

A. Only argument I is strong

B. Only argument II is strong

C. Either I or II is strong

D. Neither I nor II is strong

E. Both I and II are strong

Question 14- Each question given below consists of a statement, followed by two arguments numbered I and II.
You have to decide which of the arguments is a 'strong' argument and which is a 'weak' argument. RBI Grade B
2023

Statement: Should the demand of exporters, who are facing liquidity challenges, for extending GST (Goods and
Services Tax) exemption on freight be met?

Arguments:

I. Yes, because GST on export freight is revenue-neutral as exporters can claim a refund after making the
payment, so extending the exemption will improve exporters' liquidity.

II. Yes, because GST on export freight is levied by the central government, which has the discretionary powers
to provide exemption from the tax.

A. Only argument I is strong

B. Only argument II is strong

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 C. Either I or II is strong

D. Neither I nor II is strong

E. Both I and II are strong

Question 15- In the question given below, a passage/statement is given followed by three statements which
may or may not strengthen/weaken the assertion made in the passage. Answer the questions as per the
individual direction given.

If every crevasse in your home is overflowing with objects you haven't used in more than five years, it would be
fairly safe to say you are a hoarder. And if the very thought of parting with possessions you no longer need
creates distress, you may have hoarding disorder. You are not alone - most Indians are known for hoarding, a
habit probably triggered by generations of making do and not having enough. RBI Grade B 2023

Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument made in the above passage?

I. Collectors typically acquire possessions in an organized and targeted fashion whereas hoarders acquire objects
impulsively, with little active planning.

II. A typical Indian middle-class family has a room exclusively for holding all the big and small items hidden by
generations of family members.

III. Most Indians are constantly worrying about survival, prompting them to keep things in case they are needed
in the future.

A. Only I and II

B. Only II

C. Only I and III

D. Only II and III

E. All I, II and III

Question 16- In art history, the portrayal of animals has changed over time. Early artworks often showed
animals in a very stylized or symbolic way. Recently, it has been observed that many paintings by Lee, a
modern artist, depict animals in an exaggeratedly sentimental manner. Some argue that Lee must have a
personal bias towards animals, given the emotional nature of these portrayals.

Which of the following weakens the argument above? RBI Grade B 2024

A. Other modern artists also depict animals in a sentimental manner.

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 B. Lee has a personal collection of animal-themed artwork.

C. The way animals are depicted in art does not necessarily reflect the artist’s personal feelings towards
animals.

D. Lee's paintings are known for being emotionally intense in general.

E. None of these

Directions (17-18): The question given below consists of a statement, followed by two arguments numbered
I and II. You have to decide which of the argument is either a 'strong' argument or 'weak' argument or both
or neither of them is 'strong' or 'weak'.

Question 17- Statement: Transparency provides clear benefits by allowing investors and depositors to make
informed choices and enabling regulators to respond quickly to issues.

Arguments:

I. Yes, transparency plays a critical role in ensuring the stability of the financial system, especially within
banks.

II. Yes, by preventing bank managers from hiding troubled assets, transparency helps mitigate the risk of
sudden bank failures caused by poor asset quality. RBI Grade B 2024

A. Only I is strong

B. Only II is strong

C. Both I and II are strong

D. Either I or II is strong

E. Neither I nor II is strong

Question 18- The liberal economic view suggests that for developing countries to achieve significant growth,
they should integrate themselves into the global marketplace, particularly through trade and investment. By
focusing on their unique strengths, these nations can harness the advantages of international trade to bolster
their economies. Additionally, attracting foreign investment and receiving aid from wealthier countries and
international agencies are vital for enhancing their economic infrastructure.

Arguments:

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 I. No, developing countries should also focus on improving their domestic market infrastructure to build
national pride and unity.

II. Yes, adopting strategies like open trade policies and encouraging foreign investment are the most effective
approaches for advancing economic development in emerging economies. RBI Grade B 2024

A. Only I is strong

B. Only II is strong

C. Both I and II are strong

D. Either I or II is strong

E. Neither I nor II is strong

Section B
Explanation
RBI Grade B questions
Question 1- It is believed that algae grow faster in slow-flowing water. On the other hand, it is also argued that
growth of algae causes hindrance to the flow of water. As more algae grows the speed at which water flows
decreases.

Which of the following, if true, would most appropriately weaken the argument that growth of algae reduces
speed of water? RBI Grade B 2018

A. Algae grows at the same rate in still water as the rate at which it grows in flowing water.

B. Algae grows faster in shallow water than in deep water.

C. Propagation of algae takes place faster in flowing water than in still water.

D. The South African perennial rivers, which flow very fast throughout the year, are home to a large variety of
algae.

E. The rivers closer to the equator, which receive good amount of sunlight throughout the year and have the
thickest algae population, are the fastest-flowing rivers

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 Option –E

Calculation

We need to show that growth of algae does not decrease the speed of water flow. Choice (A) talks about growth
of algae but does not indicate anything about the change in the speed of flow after the growth of algae. Choice
(B) talks about the depth but not speed. Choice (C) talks about how flow helps in propagation of algae but does
not talk about how the growth of algae affects the speed of flow. Choice (D) talks about the number of varieties
of algae that are housed in fast flowing water but not about the population of algae. Choice (E) states that the
speed of the rivers which house the thickest population of algae is the highest. This goes against the argument
that growth of algae reduces speed of water.

Hence Option E is the correct answer.

Direction: In the questions below, a statement is given followed by two arguments. Choose the most
appropriate option.

Question 2- Statement: In 2016, the Government of India put a ban on all Rs 500 and 1000 notes in an effort to
curtail the shadow economy and impede the use of illegal and fake currency that funds illegal activities and
terrorism. RBI Grade B 2019

Arguments:

I. This was the best way to tackle corruption and to stop the use of counterfeit cash.

II. Demonetization looks like a bad idea, badly executed on the basis of some half-baked notions.

A. Only 1 is strong

B. Only 2 is strong

C. Both are equally valid

D. None are valid

E. Together, they can be used to make a strong argument

Option –D

Calculation

The given statement states that the Rs 500 and 1000 notes were banned with the purpose of curtailing the
shadow economy and impeding the use of illegal and fake currency that funds illegal activities and terrorism.
The statement does mention that one of the reasons for demonetization was to curtail the use of counterfeit
cash, but it does not necessarily claim that it was the best way to tackle corruption. Therefore, argument I is not
strongly supported by the statement. Argument II does not provide a clear indication of whether demonetization

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 was a good or bad idea. We cannot jump to an argument that talks about tackling corruption or one which
claims demonetization to be a failure. Thus, neither of the two arguments can be termed valid.
Hence option D is the correct answer.

I.3-5) Directions: Each of the following questions consists of a statement followed by two arguments I and II.
Question 3- RBI Grade B 2021

Statement: Should system of offering jobs only to the wards of government employees be introduced in all
government offices in India?
Arguments:
I. No. It denies opportunity to many deserving individuals and government may stand to lose in the long run.
II. No. It is against the principle of equality. Does not government owe its responsibility to all its citizens?

A. if only argument I is strong

B. if only argument II is strong

C. if either I or II is strong

D. if neither I nor II is strong

E. if both I and II are strong.

Option-E
Calculation
Explanation
I. This argument highlights the potential negative consequences of such a system, emphasizing that it may deny
opportunities to deserving individuals who are not related to government employees. It also suggests that in
the long run, the government may lose out by not having the most qualified and capable individuals in various
positions.

II. This argument is based on the principle of equality, stating that such a system goes against the idea of equal
opportunities for all citizens. It questions whether the government, as a public institution, should be responsible
for all its citizens rather than favoring a specific group.

Merit, fair selection and equal opportunities for all these three factors, if taken care of, can help government
recruit competent officials and also fulfill the objectives of the constitution. Thus, both the arguments hold
strong.
Hence option E is the correct answer.

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 Question 4-

Statement: Does India need so many plans for development?

Arguments:
I. Yes. Nothing can be achieved without proper planning.
II. No. Too much time, money and energy are wasted on planning. RBI Grade B 2021

A. if only argument I is strong

B. if only argument II is strong

C. if either I or II is strong
D. if neither I nor II is strong

E. if both I and II are strong.

Option –A
Calculation
Explanation
Before indulging in new development programme it is much necessary to plan the exact target, policies and
their implementation and the allocation of funds which shows the right direction to work. So, argument 1 st holds
strong. Also, planning ensures full utilization of available resources and funds and stepwise approach towards
the target. So, spending a part of money on it is no wastage of time. Thus, argument 2 nd is not valid.
Hence option A is the correct answer.

Question 5-
Statement: Should those who receive dowry, despite the law prohibiting it, be punished?
Arguments:
I. Yes. Those who violate the law, must be punished.
II. No. Dowry system is firmly rooted in the society since time immemorial. RBI Grade B 2021

A. if only argument I is strong

B. if only argument II is strong

C. if either I or II is strong

D. if neither I nor II is strong

E. if both I and II are strong.

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 Option –A
Calculation
The argument 1 supports the idea that those who receive dowry, despite being prohibited by laws should be
punished. It upholds the principle of the rule of law, stating that laws are meant to be followed and violators
should face consequences. This argument takes a strong stance in favour of enforcing the laws and holding
individuals accountable for their actions. Argument 2 nd is vague because the historical existence of a practice
doesn't necessarily justify its continuation, especially if it is deemed harmful or goes against legal principles.

Hence option A is the Correct answer.

I.6) Read the given passage and answer the question that question that follow.

The Holocaust that took place in Germany was a systematic, state-sponsored persecution and massacre of
millions of Jews. The Jewish race was considered an inferior race that was weighing down the country and
obstructing its development, so there was a misconception that eliminating Jews would help the country and
bring back the glory of the country. RBI Grade B 2022

Which of the following argument could be made from the above passage?

A. The elimination of Jews glorified Germany.

B. The delusion of the Germans resulted in the persecution of Jews.

C. Jews were believed to be the pride of Germany.

D. The mass genocide of the Jews had nothing to do with race.

E. None of the above

Option –B
Calculation
From the given passage, it can be understood that there was a misconception in Germany about Jews being the
reason for every problem that existed in Germany and this led to the mass genocide called the Holocaust. From
the given arguments, argument 2 clearly states that the delusion of the people was the reason behind the
Holocaust which best supports the passage.

Hence, option B is the correct answer.

I.7) In the question given below a passage is given followed by three statements. Read it carefully and answer
the question that follows.
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 Climate activism is seen as just planting trees and engaging in clean-up drives. Those are important but it’s also
about holding those in power accountable and asking if they will leave indigenous people and their land alone,
leave the coal in the ground, leave the rivers unpoisoned and leave the trees standing. RBI Grade B 2022

I. Climate activists should reach representatives - at all levels of the government to raise the issue of
environment due to their inactions.

II. Climate activists should sympathize with those who fuel our destruction.

III. Climate activists should volunteer with local organizations to make changes related to climate.

A. Only I

B. Only I & II

C. Only II

D. Only II & III

E. Only I &III

Option –E
Calculation

According to the statement I which implies that climate activist should reach government representatives to
resolve issues pertaining to climate is the correct course of action. Statement III also poses a positive course of
action which suggests climate activist to volunteer with local organizations in order to bring changes. Statement
II however is negative in connotation and is contrary as it suggests that climate activist must sympathize with
stakeholders that pose destruction or danger to climate. Therefore, only statement I and III are correct answers.

Hence option E is the correct answer.

I.8) Study the following information and answer the question given below it.

A July 2020 paper published in the Journal of Economic Structures by Mohammad Masudur Rahman and co-
authors makes some fascinating points. Using econometric modelling, the authors conducted a comparative
analysis of the likely impact of tariff reduction and trade facilitation in a scenario of Indo-Pacific regional
integration on various macroeconomic and trade variables. The modelling showed if Quad countries were to
sign a trade agreement where bilateral tariffs are scrapped, India’s real GDP could increase by 0. 2% or $5. 7
billion. RBI Grade B 2022

Question 8- Which of the following would strengthen the argument above?

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 I. While such an agreement would be advantageous for the other two partners as well, benefits would differ
depending on the size of the economy, the levels of tariff and non-tariff barriers.

II. If other nations or groupings like Asean were to join such a trade agreement and engage in reducing non-
tariff barriers, the benefits for member countries could be exponentially higher.

III. Among Quad nations, India needs investment, attractive financing for infrastructure, technology, and access
to key raw materials, particularly rare earth elements.

A. Only I

B. Only I & II

C. Only II

D. Only II & III

E. Only III

Option – B

Calculation

Argument I - This argument provides additional context and considerations about the potential advantages of
the agreement, taking into account the size of the economy and levels of barriers. It strengthens the argument
by acknowledging the complexity and variability in benefits.

Argument II - This argument extends the argument by suggesting that the benefits could increase significantly
if other nations or groups join the trade agreement and focus on reducing non-tariff barriers. It supports the
idea that broader participation and efforts to address non-tariff barriers could enhance the positive impact.

Argument III - This argument introduces additional factors related to India's specific needs, including investment,
financing, technology, and access to key raw materials. While relevant to India's economic concerns, it doesn't
directly strengthen the argument about the impact of the trade agreement on India's GDP.

Hence, Option B is the right answer.

I.9) Read the given passage and answer the question that question that follow.

Due to the increasing air pollution in the city, the Government has decided to reduce the use of vehicles older
than ten years by the people in the city of Delhi. Old diesel vehicles pollute the air with their harmful emissions.
To prevent pollution, the Government has decided to seize ten-year-old diesel vehicles from the roads of the
city.
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 Question 9- Which of the following argument could be made from the above passage? RBI Grade B 2022

A. Eliminating old diesel vehicles would reduce air pollution in the city.

B. Old vehicles are better than new vehicles.

C. Old vehicles cannot be eliminated as people will have to give up their vehicle

D. Vehicular pollution would decrease if new vehicles are not allowed on the road.

E. None of the above

Option –A

Calculation

From the given passage, it can be understood that old diesel vehicles emit gasses that are harmful for the
environment and so the Government is going to seize vehicles that are older than ten years. It can be said that
eliminating these vehicles would reduce air pollution which is reasoned in argument 1 that supports the passage.

Argument B - This statement is not supported by the passage. The passage doesn't make any comparison
between old and new vehicles in terms of overall quality or superiority.

Argument C - The passage doesn't explicitly mention that people have to give up their vehicles. It states that the
government has decided to reduce the use of vehicles older than ten years and to seize old diesel vehicles to
prevent pollution, but it doesn't provide information on whether people have to give up their vehicles.

Argument D - The passage doesn't specifically mention anything about disallowing new vehicles. It focuses on
the government's decision to reduce the use of vehicles older than ten years, particularly old diesel vehicles, to
combat air pollution.

Hence, option A is the Correct answer.

I.10) Directions: Question given below is followed by two arguments numbered I and II. You have to decide
which of the arguments is strong.

Question -10 Statement: There is massive protest in university on dress-code. It is specifically for females. RBI
Grade B 2022

Argument I: Protest is demanding it should be applied to both or none.

Argument II: Protest is demanding in place of dress code; security should be enhanced.

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 A. If only argument I is strong.

B. If only argument II is strong

C. If both I or II are strong

D. If neither I nor II is strong

E. If either I or II is strong

Option-A

Calculation

Explanation:

As per statement dress-code is specifically for girls.

Argument I align with the principle of gender equality, proposing a solution that either treats both genders
equally or eliminates the dress code altogether. It reflects a concern about fairness. So, argument I is strong
because demand is for the parity.

Argument II is not strong because no concern mentioned for security in the statement.

Hence option A is the Correct answer.

Question 11-In the question given below, a passage/statement is given followed by three statements which may
or may not strengthen/weaken the assertion made in the passage. Answer the questions as per the individual
direction given.

When we look back in 50 years' time, it is likely that the 2D internet we now all use will seem laughably archaic.
Not only will the internet likely no longer exist behind a screen, but it is probable that we will interact with it
differently. We'll manipulate objects using augmented reality (AR), explore virtual-reality (VR) worlds, and meld
the real and the digital in ways we can currently not imagine.

Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument made in the above passage? RBI Grade B 2023

I. Truly immersive computing and augmented reality, at scale and accessible by billions of humans in real time,
will require a 1,000-times increase in computational efficiency from today's state of the art.

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 II. Precipitated by the pandemic, we are transitioning away from the nine-to-five commute and turning our backs
on the traditional office setting, enabled by a newfound love of virtual meetings.

III. One company not only let you see how its sunglasses look like on your face; it is also working on using
augmented reality to virtually show you how the world will look like through different lenses.

A. Only I and III

B. Only II and III

C. Only III

D. Only I and II

E. All I, II and III

Option –B

Calculation

The situation tells us how, in the future, we will manipulate objects using AR and explore VR worlds. This would
combine the real and digital worlds. II and III strengthen the given argument by talking about different ways in
which augmented is helping blend digital and virtual worlds: II talks about the shift from office commute to
virtual meetings, necessitated by the pandemic; III talks about a company using augmented reality to show how
sunglasses look on one's face and how the world would look like through different lenses.

Hence, option B is the correct answer.

Question 12- The question given below consists of a statement, followed by two arguments numbered I and II.
You have to decide which of the arguments is a 'strong' argument and which is a 'weak' argument.

Statement: Should over the top (OTT) platforms such as WhatsApp, Signal and Facebook be required to obtain
licenses to operate in a country just like telecom companies both of which provide services like voice calling,
messaging and video calling? RBI Grade B 2023

Arguments:

I. Yes, because it will create a level playing field by making OTT platforms liable to pay taxes and levies that
telecom companies already do.

II. Yes, this will ensure OTT platforms' compliance with security requirements, lawful interception and other
regulatory obligations imposed on.

A. Only argument I is strong

B. Only argument II is strong

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 C. Either I or II is strong

D. Neither I nor II is strong

E. Both I and II are strong

Option-E

Calculation

The statement talks about whether OTT platforms should be required to obtain licences to operate in a country.
I is a strong argument as it supports the statement by talking about creating a level playing field since telecom
companies have to pay taxes and charges to provide these services. II is also a strong argument as it tells us how
licensing will make sure that OTT platforms follow security requirements.

Hence, option E is the correct answer.

Question 13- The question given below consists of a statement, followed by two arguments numbered I and II.
You have to decide which of the argument is either a ‘strong’ argument or ‘weak’ argument or both or neither
of them is ‘strong’ or ‘weak’.

Despite the popularity of economic liberal ideas and globalization, the increasing severity of energy and
environmental problems has raised many questions about the ability of markets to solve these problems. Kyoto
Agreement ultimately resulted in the creation of a market-based system. The privatization of environmental
problems has helped to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while generating significant amounts of wealth. RBI
Grade B 2023

Arguments:

I. Yes, it is important to balance economic goals with environmental protection to ensure a sustainable future
for generations to come.

II. No, economic liberal ideas and globalization directly help in conserving climate and thereby there is no need
to implement the market-based system.

A. Only argument I is strong

B. Only argument II is strong

C. Either I or II is strong

D. Neither I nor II is strong

E. Both I and II are strong

Option-A

Calculation
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 Argument I support the main idea presented in the passage by acknowledging the importance of balancing
economic goals with environmental protection for ensuring a sustainable future. It acknowledges the need to
address environmental problems while pursuing economic growth.

On the other hand, argument II is weak because it contradicts the main idea presented in the passage. The
passage argues that economic liberal ideas and globalization have raised questions about the ability of markets
to solve energy and environmental problems. Therefore, the argument that economic liberal ideas and
globalization help in conserving climate and there is no need to implement market-based solutions is not valid
and weak.

Question 14- Each question given below consists of a statement, followed by two arguments numbered I and II.
You have to decide which of the arguments is a 'strong' argument and which is a 'weak' argument. RBI Grade B
2023

Statement: Should the demand of exporters, who are facing liquidity challenges, for extending GST (Goods and
Services Tax) exemption on freight be met?

Arguments:

I. Yes, because GST on export freight is revenue-neutral as exporters can claim a refund after making the
payment, so extending the exemption will improve exporters' liquidity.

II. Yes, because GST on export freight is levied by the central government, which has the discretionary powers
to provide exemption from the tax.

A. Only argument I is strong

B. Only argument II is strong

C. Either I or II is strong

D. Neither I nor II is strong

E. Both I and II are strong

Option –A

Calculation

The statement talks about extending GST exemption on export freight. I is a strong argument as it tells us how
extending the exemption will not hurt government revenues while addressing exporters' liquidity concerns.

II is not a strong argument as it only mentions that the central government has the right to decide on providing
exemptions from GST. It does not provide a reason supporting the extension of exemption.

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 Question 15- In the question given below, a passage/statement is given followed by three statements which
may or may not strengthen/weaken the assertion made in the passage. Answer the questions as per the
individual direction given.

If every crevasse in your home is overflowing with objects you haven't used in more than five years, it would be
fairly safe to say you are a hoarder. And if the very thought of parting with possessions you no longer need
creates distress, you may have hoarding disorder. You are not alone - most Indians are known for hoarding, a
habit probably triggered by generations of making do and not having enough. RBI Grade B 2023

Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument made in the above passage?

I. Collectors typically acquire possessions in an organized and targeted fashion whereas hoarders acquire objects
impulsively, with little active planning.

II. A typical Indian middle-class family has a room exclusively for holding all the big and small items hidden by
generations of family members.

III. Most Indians are constantly worrying about survival, prompting them to keep things in case they are needed
in the future.

A. Only I and II

B. Only II

C. Only I and III

D. Only II and III

E. All I, II and III

Option-D

Calculation

The passage argues that most Indians are known for hoarding, which is triggered by generations of struggling to
survive. II tells us how a typical Indian family has a room exclusively for hoarding things. It would strengthen the
above argument. III tells us how most Indians are worried about survival and therefore keep things for the
future. It will also strengthen the above argument.

I is incorrect as it talks about the difference between collectors and hoarders and neither strengthens nor
weakens the above argument.

Question 16- In art history, the portrayal of animals has changed over time. Early artworks often showed
animals in a very stylized or symbolic way. Recently, it has been observed that many paintings by Lee, a
modern artist, depict animals in an exaggeratedly sentimental manner. Some argue that Lee must have a
personal bias towards animals, given the emotional nature of these portrayals.
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 Which of the following weakens the argument above? RBI Grade B 2024

A. Other modern artists also depict animals in a sentimental manner.

B. Lee has a personal collection of animal-themed artwork.

C. The way animals are depicted in art does not necessarily reflect the artist’s personal feelings towards
animals.

D. Lee's paintings are known for being emotionally intense in general.

E. None of these

Answer: C

Explanation:

The way animals are depicted in art does not necessarily reflect the artist’s personal feelings towards animals.

This option directly challenges the assumption that Lee’s sentimental portrayal of animals in his paintings must
reflect his personal bias or feelings about animals. It suggests that the style or approach used in the artwork
might not necessarily indicate the artist's personal opinions or emotions regarding the subject matter which
directly weaken the argument.

Hence option C is the correct answer

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Directions (17-18): The question given below consists of a statement, followed by two arguments numbered
I and II. You have to decide which of the argument is either a 'strong' argument or 'weak' argument or both
or neither of them is 'strong' or 'weak'.

Question 17- Statement: Transparency provides clear benefits by allowing investors and depositors to make
informed choices and enabling regulators to respond quickly to issues.

Arguments:

I. Yes, transparency plays a critical role in ensuring the stability of the financial system, especially within
banks.

II. Yes, by preventing bank managers from hiding troubled assets, transparency helps mitigate the risk of
sudden bank failures caused by poor asset quality. RBI Grade B 2024

A. Only I is strong

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 B. Only II is strong

C. Both I and II are strong

D. Either I or II is strong

E. Neither I nor II is strong

Answer: C

Explanation:

I. This argument is strong because it directly supports the statement by emphasizing the role of transparency in
maintaining financial system stability.

II. It correctly identifies the benefit of transparency.

Hence option C is the correct answer

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Question 18- The liberal economic view suggests that for developing countries to achieve significant growth,
they should integrate themselves into the global marketplace, particularly through trade and investment. By
focusing on their unique strengths, these nations can harness the advantages of international trade to bolster
their economies. Additionally, attracting foreign investment and receiving aid from wealthier countries and
international agencies are vital for enhancing their economic infrastructure.

Arguments:

I. No, developing countries should also focus on improving their domestic market infrastructure to build
national pride and unity.

II. Yes, adopting strategies like open trade policies and encouraging foreign investment are the most effective
approaches for advancing economic development in emerging economies. RBI Grade B 2024

A. Only I is strong

B. Only II is strong

C. Both I and II are strong

D. Either I or II is strong

E. Neither I nor II is strong

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 Answer: B

Explanation:

I. This argument is weaker because improving domestic market infrastructure to build national pride and unity,
while potentially important, is not directly related to the effectiveness of international trade and investment
strategies discussed in the statement. Therefore, it does not directly challenge or support the core ideas of the
statement.

II. This argument is strong because it directly supports the statement. It reflects the idea that integrating into
the global market and leveraging trade and investment opportunities are key to promoting economic growth,
which is the central theme of the statement.

Hence option B is the correct answer

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Section A
Questions asked in SEBI Grade A exam

I.1) Directions: Each question given below is followed by two arguments numbered I and II. You have to decide
which of the arguments is a ‘strong’ argument and which is a ‘weak’ argument.
Question 1- Statement: Should high chimneys be installed in industries? SEBI Grade A 2018
Arguments:
I. Yes. It reduces pollution at ground level.
II. No. It increases pollution in upper atmosphere.
A. if only argument I is strong
B. if only argument II is strong
C. if either I or II is strong
D. if neither I nor II is strong
E. if both I and II strong

I.2-3) Direction: - Each of the following questions consist of a statement followed by two arguments I and II.
Select whether the argument(s) is/are followed or not.

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 Question 2- Statement: The employees of this public organization have decided to oppose government
control and their push towards cooperative actions with other organizations. SEBI Grade A 2022

Argument I: Government have no control over its organizations and their actions.
Argument II: An public organization functions better without cooperative decision making.

A. If only argument II is strong

B. If only argument I is strong

C. If either argument I or II is strong

D. If neither argument I nor II is strong

E. If both argument I and II are strong

Question 3-Statement: Should those with tattoos on visible body parts, irrespective of their cultural values,
be barred from public appearance? SEBI Grade A 2022

Argument I: Yes, Public is not comfortable with drawings on natural human skin.
Argument II: Yes, people with tattoos looks disfigured.

A. If only argument II is strong

B. If only argument I is strong

C. If either argument I or II is strong

D. If neither argument I nor II is strong

E. If both argument I and II are strong

Section B
Explanation
SEBI Grade A questions
I.1) Directions: Each question given below is followed by two arguments numbered I and II. You have to decide
which of the arguments is a ‘strong’ argument and which is a ‘weak’ argument.
Question 1- Statement: Should high chimneys be installed in industries? SEBI Grade A 2018
Arguments:
I. Yes. It reduces pollution at ground level.

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 II. No. It increases pollution in upper atmosphere.
A. if only argument I is strong
B. if only argument II is strong
C. if either I or II is strong
D. if neither I nor II is strong
E. if both I and II strong
Option-C
Calculation
Argument I support this installation by asserting that high chimneys reduce pollution at the ground level,
emphasizing the dispersal of pollutants higher in the atmosphere to mitigate immediate local harm.

Argument II opposes high chimneys, positing that they could heighten pollution in the upper atmosphere as
pollutants disperse more widely.

Thus, the "either or" approach emphasizes that installing high chimneys can either mitigate ground-level
pollution or exacerbate upper atmospheric pollution, it cannot achieve both simultaneously, underlining the
nuanced nature of environmental interventions

I.2-3) Direction: - Each of the following questions consist of a statement followed by two arguments I and II.
Select whether the argument(s) is/are followed or not.
Question 2- Statement: The employees of this public organization have decided to oppose government
control and their push towards cooperative actions with other organizations. SEBI Grade A 2022

Argument I: Government have no control over its organizations and their actions.

Argument II: A public organization functions better without cooperative decision making.
A. If only argument II is strong

B. If only argument I is strong

C. If either argument I or II is strong

D. If neither argument I nor II is strong

E. If both argument I and II are strong

Option-D

Calculation
Argument I: Government have no control over its organizations and their actions.
This is a weak argument because opposing government control doesn't necessarily mean the government has
no control over its organizations. It could mean the employees want less control or a different form of control.
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 Argument II: A public organization functions better without cooperative decision making.
This is a weak argument as well. Whether a public organization functions better with or without cooperative
decision making is subjective and depends on various factors. Simply opposing cooperative actions doesn't
necessarily imply it will function better.

Question 3-Statement: Should those with tattoos on visible body parts, irrespective of their cultural values,
be barred from public appearance? SEBI Grade A 2022

Argument I: Yes, Public is not comfortable with drawings on natural human skin.

Argument II: Yes, people with tattoos looks disfigured.

A. If only argument II is strong

B. If only argument I is strong
C. If either argument I or II is strong

D. If neither argument I nor II is strong

E. If both argument I and II are strong

Option-D

Calculation

Argument I: Yes, Public is not comfortable with drawings on natural human skin.
This argument is subjective and not strong. Comfort levels vary from person to person, and it's not appropriate
to make a generalization about public comfort regarding tattoos.
Argument II: Yes, people with tattoos looks disfigured.
This argument is subjective and can be considered offensive and discriminatory. Labeling people with tattoos as
"disfigured" is a biased viewpoint and not a strong argument.

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 Section A
Questions asked in NPS Grade B exam

I.1-2) Direction: - Each of the following questions consist of a statement followed by two arguments I and II.
Select whether the argument(s) is/are followed or not.

Question 1- Statement: Should India start using bullet trains as they are used in China? NPS GRADE A 2022

I. Yes, because it makes it possible for the countrymen to commute long distances within a few hours.

II. NO, it will require a lot of capital, which India lacks.

A. Only argument I is strong.

B. Only argument II is strong.

C. Neither I nor II is strong.

D. Both I and II are strong.

E. Either I or II is strong.

Question 2- Statement: Should students be banned from carrying mobile phones on college campuses. NPS
GRADE A 2022

Argument

I. No mobile phone has become essential for an individual and one needs to keep it all day.
II. Yes, mobile phones distract students from studies.

A. Only argument I is strong.

B. Only argument II is strong.

C. Neither I nor II is strong.

D. Both I and II are strong.

E. Either I or II is strong.

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 Section B
Explanation
NPS Grade A questions
I.1-2) Direction: - Each of the following questions consist of a statement followed by two arguments I and II.
Select whether the argument(s) is/are followed or not.

Question 1- Statement: Should India start using bullet trains as they are used in China? NPS GRADE A 2022

I. Yes, because it makes it possible for the countrymen to commute long distances within a few hours.

II. NO, it will require a lot of capital, which India lacks.

A. Only argument I is strong.

B. Only argument II is strong.

C. Neither I nor II is strong.

D. Both I and II are strong.

E. Either I or II is strong.

Option – A

Calculation

Having bullet trains will obviously reduce the travel time and people can reach their destination in much lesser
time. Hence argument I follows. There is no information provided to support argument II. We cannot say that
India lacks funds for this.

Hence, argument II does not follow.

Question 2- Statement: Should students be banned from carrying mobile phones on college campuses. NPS
GRADE A 2022

Argument

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 I. No mobile phone has become essential for an individual and one needs to keep it all day.
II. Yes, mobile phones distract students from studies.

A. Only argument I is strong.

B. Only argument II is strong.

C. Neither I nor II is strong.

D. Both I and II are strong.

E. Either I or II is strong.

Option – B
Calculation

Argument 1 is indeed less specific and lacks elaboration. While it mentions that mobile phones have become
essential, it doesn't provide clear reasoning or evidence to support this claim. The term "essential" is subjective,
and without further clarification, the argument may not effectively convey the necessity of allowing students to
have mobile phones on campus.

Argument 2 prioritize the concern about potential distractions that mobile phones may pose in an educational
setting. The argument that mobile phones distract students from studies is a common viewpoint, and many
institutions implement policies or restrictions to address this concern.

Hence B is the right answer.

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