PROGRAMMING o Provides minute or no

abstraction form a computer’s

 The process of preparing an
instruction set architecture
instructional program for a device
o Closer to the native language of
 Attempting to get a computer a
a computer
complete a specific task without
o Directly executable on the
making mistakes
 Computer only understand machine computing hardware without any
code interpretation or translation
o A series of 1’s and 0’s fed and  High-Level programming languages
o Language which is closer to
interpreted by the computer
o Only way a computer can read human languages
o Much more user-friendly
English instructions
programming context and
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES independent of the computer’s
 Programming languages serve as a hardware architecture
middle-man of sorts o Easier to read, write, and
 Translate your instructions into maintain
Machine code TRANSLATION OF HIGH TO LOW LANGUAGE
o The series of 0’s and 1’s that the
computer can understand  Programs written in a high-level
 Very useful for programmers language must be translated into
machine language by a compiler or
HOW LANGUAGES VARY – interpreter
 Each language is unique in how they
operate
o Java and Python – General
purpose languages
o HTML/CSS – Designed for
specific tasks (WEBPAGE
DESIGN)
 Each language also varies in how
powerful it is
o Javascript isn’t used for big
problems
o Java and Python are

HIGH VS LOW LEVEL –

 Each language also has an attribute

known as power or level
o Basically how similar it is to
machine code
 Low- Level programming languages
o Small or nonexistent amount of
abstraction between the
language
PICTURAL REPRESENTATION

 In addition to a place to write code,

IDE’s also include
o Built in Error-checking
 For when code doesn’t go
right
o Auto-fill for frequently used
 High level languages words
o Python o Project Hierarchy
o Javascript  A big step up from previously used
o Perl methods of programming
o PHP AN IDE’S LOOK
o C++
 Usually has a central area for writing
o FORTRAN
code
o Ruby
o Additional windows, such as one
o C#
for a console, project hierarchy,
o R
preview screens, etc.
o SQL  Each language has its own set of
 Assembly Language rules you must follow within an IDE
o x86 Assembly (Intel/AMD o You cant simply type rubbish in
processors) an IDE, Convert it to machine
o ARM Assembly (used in phones, code and expect the computer
Raspberry Pi) to understand it. You need
o MIPS Assembly (used in some Syntax
routers, embedded systems)
o 6502 Assembly (used in early
video game consoles like NES) LEARNING LANGUAGES
HOW DO WE WRITE CODE  Learning a computer language can be
 We use IDE’s (integrated Development very similar to learning a real
Environments) to write code language
o A place to write, run and debug o All programming languages
code and also convert it to have a set of rules you must
machine code follow when writing code in that
 IDE’s are likely any other program on language. Just like in real
your computer except used for the languages
facilitation of code  In computer science it is
o NetBeans, IntelliJ, Visual Studios called syntax
 Similar to Grammar in real life
IDE FUNCTIONALITY languages
WHAT’S SYNTAX entire context of what you are
trying to say
 Rules you must follow to a tee if you
want your program to run correctly BUILT-IN ERROR CHECKS
o How you type out certain
 Another cool thing about IDE’s is that
functions
they will let you know if and when
o What you put at the end of each
there are syntax errors in your code
line of code
o Parts of your code which do not
o How you set up certain functions
follow the rules
 Syntax for each programing languages
 Usually underlines in red like above
is unique
 Breaking programming rules will result HOW DO WE GET INFORMATION FROM
in an error COMPUTERS: CONSOLES

VARIABLE EXAMPLE  Programmers keep track of their

progress by looking at the console
 Let’s initialize a variable in java,
o A text interface within the
python, and javascript
computer that us programmers
o Variables hold information
can use for a variety of purposes
 In each we have to follow different
 The main use of the console is to
rules to complete the same task
output text from the program using
x=3 code var x = 3
o More specifically a print
Python statement Javascript
 Print txt to the console for
the programmers viewing
pleasure

 In java, specify which type of variable INFORMATION FROM COMPUTERS: USING

we are defining and also add a THE PRINT STATEMENT
semicolon at the end of the line
 To use the print statement, simply
 In python, type what we want to
instruct the console to print, and then
create
include whatever you want to be
 In JavaScript, we specify we are
printed inside the parenthesis
making a variable, don’t define what
o Using python, we can print to
type of variable
console like so
 Print statement is also used for
viewing and 'interpreting the
SYNTAX MATTERS
compute’s output from a program
 The goal of the program was the o Computing 4+3 will print
same, But all three languages shown nothing to the console
took different approaches

WHAT IF WE MESS UP?

 The entire program will not run and

send you back a syntax error
o Similar to forgetting a comma in
a sentence and messing up the
 o Printing 4+3 however, will print  You’’ be able to print the result of any
7 to the console math operation in an IDE that you may
Install
 May seem useless, but comes in
handy extremely often

WHAT CAN COMPUTER’S DO: MODOULUS

 Most programming languages has an

additional operator known as
INFORMATION FROM COMPUTERS:
modulus
VARIATION OF THE PRINT STATEMENT
o Represented with %
 The print statement will vary  Allows us to get the remainder of a
depending on the language divisional operation
o In java, there are actually
MODOULUS EXAMPLE
multiple versions of the print
statement depending on  When we take 10 modulus 3..
whether or not you want a line o We essentially tell the computer
break to divide 10 by 3, ignore the
answer, and give us the
remainder -> 1

HOW DO WE GET INFORMATION FROM

COMPUTER: A BACKGROUND TOOL

 The console is mainly a Developer Tool

NO REMAINDER CASE
o Not usually meant to be used
and interacted with by the end  In the case where there isn’t a
user except in very abstract remainder
cases o The computer will simply
 Text-based games/simple print/return 0
programs
 Tends to be hidden away behind the
scenes
 Don’t try and implement the console
in the final product

EVENS AND ODDS

 This is extremely useful when

determining if a number is even or
WHAT CAN COMPUTER’S DO: MATH odd
o If a number modulo 2 is 0 - >
 The computer already knows how to
The number is even
do simple arithmetic
o If the number modulo is 1 - >
o Addition, Subtraction,
The number is odd
Multiplication and Division
STRINGS DIRECT STRINGS

 Strings are another way of saying text  Everything is inside quotes, so it’s just
o “hello world” one piece of text.
o “A”
o Anything enclosed by  No math happens; it prints exactly
quotation marks is denoted what you typed.
as a string

STRINGS EXAMPLE

Using concatenation (adding

strings together
 Print("Game over, ” + 4 + “ was your
final score”) CONCATENATION
 Console: Game over, 4 was your final
 "Game over, " → text
score.  "4" → text (so it can be stuck in the
COMBINING KNOWLEDGE middle)
 " was your final score." → text
 Print(“Game over, + (4+4) +” was  The + just glues them together into
your final score”) one line.
 Important: If you wrote + 4 +
 Console: Game over, 8 was your final
without quotes, many languages
score. would give an error, because you’re
QUOTATION MARKS IN STRINGS trying to mix text and a number
without converting the number to a
 Anything inside quotation marks is string.
treated as text (a "string") — not as a
number or code to calculate
 (“4”) is treated as a String
 (4) is treated as an Integer/Number
COMBINING MATH AND STRINGS

 (4+4) happens first (because of

parentheses) → result is 8
 str(8) converts it into text so it can be
joined with strings
THE + IN STRINGS
 Then + glues the pieces together:
 "Game over, " + "8" + " was your final
 When working with strings, + means score."
"stick them together" (concatenate
them), not "add" in the math sense.

console:

WHY YOUR CODE WORK THE WAY THEY DO

ADDING SPACES

No spaces

INTEGERS

 Integer’s
o A variable that can store and
integer value
With spaces  -2. 147, 483… (numbers)
 Can’t and will not hold any decimal
values

Booleans

 Can only store a value of either true or

In short: false
 Can only hold true or false
 Quotation marks → tell the o No other types of information
computer, "This is text, not code or
math." FLOATS AND DOUBLES

 + sign → joins strings together  Both are types of floating points

(concatenation). data types
o Can store numbers with decimal
 If you want to mix numbers and text, places
you have to turn numbers into  Float variables
strings first. o Can store up to 32 bits of
information
WHAT ARE VARIABLES: So what are they?  Double variables
o Can store up to 64 bits of
 Variables information
o Something that can be store
information STRINGS
 Can be referenced and
Manipulated  Useful for displaying text and storing
input information
VARIABLES BASICS o Information the user puts into
our program
 Each variable has a type. Name, a  Useful for outputting information in a
piece of information stored inside of it readable format for the user
o Name is simply a name for the
variable NAME VARIABLE EXAMPLE

TYPES OF VARIABLES  Prompt the user for their name

 Store the value inside of the “Name”
 Primitive type variables variable
o Integers, Booleans, Floats,
doubles, strings, and Chars
 Theres many types of variables
CHARS
  Char -> Character  Trying to reference a blank variable
 Each hold one character will result in a NullPointerException
 Useful when a programmer wants to
read one button press of one THE FATE OF VARIABLES
character in a string without using a
string variable  After code has run its course,
o Example: Game controlled by variables are deleted in memory
keyboard
o Tip: You can store char’s in a OTHER WAYS OF MANIPULATING VARIABLES
string variable, but not strings
longer than 1 character in a char  Integer, Float, and double variables
variable can be
o Added
Why are variables so useful o Subtracted
o Multiplied
 Often times you’re going to want to o Divided
keep track of things such as user’s o Modulused
name or score  String variables can be
o By creating a variables you can o Added
store this information in that  Char’s and Boolean’s can’t be
variable and then reference, add operated on
to, or modify it
 Other important uses for variables
o Taking input from the user
o Making your program have
variability
 Have it change based on
certain factors
o Manipulating variables is
necessary for many task in
programming

HOW DO WE MANIPULATE VARIABLES: What

happens when we define a variable
MANIPULATING STRINGS
 Create a little space in memory that
stores your variable name and its  While you can’t subtract, multiply,
contents divide or modulo strings, you are
able to add them

NAMING VARIABLES

 There is one big rule when naming

BLANK VARIABLE EXAMPLE variables
o They must be one continuous
 Reasons you want to store information String
in the variable down the road  Most programmers name variables
 Because you are going to use it to according to camelCase
store information given to you by the
user
 o Don’t capitalize the first word, braces directly after the if statement
but capitalize the first letter of will run
all words after it

WHAT ARE CONDITINAL STATEMENTS

 Red lines – Our code will not be going

down this path THE ELSE-IF STATEMENT
 Green lines – Our code will be going
down this path  The Else-if statement will only be
evaluated if the preceding if (or if-
THE IF STATEMENT else) statement was bypassed due to
it being false
 The most basic conditional statement
is the If statement
o If something is True do this,
Otherwise do something else

IF STATEMENT EXAMPLE RUNNING THROUGH IF-ELSE STATEMENT

 Most programming languages use  Check the initial statement

braces () o If it’s true we run that segment
o Whatever is inside the braces of code and move on with the
will be evaluated as either true program
or false  If it’s not true
 If the statement is true, whatever is o We move on to any else if
enclosed inside a set of curly statement and evaluate those
conditional statements
  If any on them are true  As a result, they are unable to hold
o Run that segment of code and more than one piece of data
move on
WHAT ARE ARRAYS
THE SWITCH STATEMENT
 An array is a list of something
 An easily collapsible way to write o Can be integers
many if-else statements o Can be Strings
o You input a variable, then o Can even be other array’s
determine which “Cases” that  All information in an arrays is related
variable could be  Like columns in google sheets

THE SWITCH STATEMENT EXAMPLE

 Start with a colon (:) REFERENCING ARRAYS

o Each switch statement also
includes a “default” case (else  The single most important thing to
statement) note about arrays is how we reference
each element inside of them
o In programming we use Indexes
 That numbers “Place” in
the array

THE USEFULNESS OF CONDITIONAL

STATEMENT
 If you slip up and accidentally
 Adds variability to programming reference the 10th elements in this
o Program runs differently based array
on user input o Would result in an “out of
 If a user does something, we want to bounds” error since you are
be able to adapt accordingly actually trying to reference the
 Without, a program would run the 9th element
same way every time
CREATING ARRAYS
WHAT ARE ARRAYS: WHERE DO VARIABLES
FAIL  Populate First
o Insert the elements you would
 Variables are very good at storing like in the array immediately
singular bits of information
  Putting an array inside an array is
known as a 2-Dimensional array
o Similar to Matrices in
math/physics classes

 Populate Later
o Create an array with a specific
size, but choose to add elements
later

 To index 2D arrays we use 2 numbers

o First number is the row
o Second umber is the column

WHAT ARE LOOPS

 A loop is a statement that is used to

run certain instructions repeatedly
ARRAY SIZES  Very useful for repeated sections of
code
 When we create array their sizes are  Allows us to repeat parts of code
final multiple times
o Cannot be increased or
decreased in size through THE FOR LOOPS
conventional methods
 This is what allows us to  The floor loop
easily access their indexes o Used when you would like to
carry out a certain set of
instructions numerous times
 Consists of 3 parts
o An integer value
o A conditional Statement the
integer must reach to exit the
loop
o An operation to modify the
integer value after the
RESIZING ARRAYS instructions inside of the loop
are completed
 We CANNOT change the size of an
array within the code LOOP EXAMPLE

ARRAY TYPES

 When initializing an array, you must

determine its type then and there
o String array, Integer array,
Double array
 They have to all be the same type

2D ARRAYS INFINITE LOOP CAUTION

  When using a for loop, you must make  Perform operations many times in a
sure you set up a condition that, row
given the initial integer value and  Able to iterate through arrays and list
the operation, will at some point be  Decrease clutter of your code
met
o Otherwise an infinite loop will WHAT ARE ERRORS?
occur
 Code doesn’t always work as expected
THE FOR EACH LOOP  These are known as errors
o Come up often in computer
 The for each loop science
o Used for iterating through entire  Three different types
arrays or lists o Syntax error
 The loop will go through each element o Runtime error
in the array and carry out a set of o Logic error
instructions for each value
 Useful for performing operations SYNTAX ERROR
across an entire collection of data
 Parts in your program where you fail
THE WHILE LOOP to meet the programming rules
resulting in an error
 The while Loop  Usually the easiest of the 3 to solve
o Will continually carry out its  Highlighted by the IDE in most cases
instructions while a conditional
statement given to it is true DEBUGGIN SYNTAX ERRORS
 Similar to a for loop, but broken apart
 Can sometimes be used to purposely  IDE’s underline syntax error and
create an infinite loop usually provide helpful hints
 Syntax errors are like small
misspellings or grammatical errors
 Some IDE’s will restrict you from
THE DO-WHILE LOOP running the code unless all syntax
error are cleared
 The do-while loop
o Functionally similar to while RUNTIME ERROR
loops
o However, will always carry out  Don’t appear until you actually “run”
instructions AT LEAST ONCE the code
 Instructions inside loop will run once  Caused by a part of your code not
before checking the conditional being able to be computed in a
statement reasonable amount of time
o Most common form – The infinite
loop

INFINITE LOOPS

 Essentially what happens with the

computer
o It is given some condition with
no feasible way to finish that
task
 Puts the computer in error mode
BENEFITS OF LOOPS
  Will never reach the ending condition
causing a crash

PREVENTING RUNTIME ERROS

 Avoiding runtime errors

o Think through the flow of your  Commenting
code before running it o Allows us to mark-up the code
(especially loops) without the computer reading it
o Carefully plan out your code as actual code
before writing – PSEUDOCODE o Essentially a documentation tool
for programmers
LOGIC ERRORS

 The core runs smoothly without

runtime or syntax errors, but the
result isn’t what you wanted
 Often the hardest type of errors to
solve PREVENTING ERRORS
o Most of the time, the error is
unknown to the programmer  Backup code frequently
o Prevents you from saving a
PREVENTING LOGIC ERRORS backup that doesn’t work
o Makes it easier to figure out
 One strategy is coding incrementally when you wrote the error
o Test your application often so  Version managers such as GitHub or
that if you mess up you know Subversion can help
where the error is o Backup code to an online cloud
service in which you can easily
HOW DO WE DEBUG CODE: STEPS TO pull previous versions of the
DEBUG program
 Useful for backtracking to find when
 First step is to read the error the error is was written
o IDE will often print out an error
message to the console WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS
 Traverse to the line of code provided
by the error  We’ve actually been using functions
 Use online forums such as this whole video
StackOverflow o Print statements
 When a syntax or runtime error pops o For loops
up, you should be able to find a fix for o Basic math operators
it fairly easily  A Function
o A segment of code that can be
BREAKPOINT DEBUGGING easily run by calling the function
name
 Pauses the program when the line you o Depending on the type of
placed the breakpoint at is reached function, may do something in
until you continue return
 Can be called numerous times, and in
ACTUALLY FIXING THE BUG numerous places
 Like wrapping code into a present ang
 First try commenting it out giving it
PRINT STATEMENTS MAX FUNCTION EXAMPLE

 We call the print function, and enter in  Takes is two arguments (two integers)
what we want to be printed to the and returns the higher one
console inside the parenthesis
o Computer does it for us WHY ARGUMENTS ARE EXTREMELY USEFUL
 Behind the scenes there is more code,
which takes care of printing our  Arguments are a way for programmers
message to the console to have one function that can do many
 Abstracts all that code down to a different things
single line  Add variability to programming
 Helps diversify your code

RETURNING OR NOT

 Functions can either return variables,

or not
o Returning something simply
THE USE OF FUNCTIONS means the functions will return
back to the user something
 Functions serve many purposes  A string, Integer, array,
o Used to recycle sections of code etc.
which serve the same purpose
o Used for equations you want to RETURNING FUNCTIONS
allow multiple inputs of
o Used to save space within your  Returning functions must be returned
program INTO something
 Extremely powerful o Usually a variable but can also
 There are thousands of types of be printed
functions
o Oftentimes you will just import
the ones you need in your
program

THE TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

 There are 4 different types of

functions
o Separated by whether or not NO RETURN/NO ARGUMENT
they take in arguments
o Separated by whether or not  A function which takes no arguments
they return values and returns no values is similar to the
printStats() function
o Cannot be set to any variable
since it returns o values
WHAT ARE ARGUMENTS
ADAPTABILITY OF FUNCTIONS
 Variables we pass into a function in
order to be manipulated and then  Functions are super useful for making
either.. large changes to your code easily
o Returned back to us o Each function call is just a copy
o Printed to the console of that functions code
o Used in another operation
 o Changing the function will o Often follow CamelCase
change all future calls of that Structure
function
TELLING THE COMPUTER WE’RE MAKING A
HOW CAN WE IMPORT FUNCTIONS FUNCTION

 Importing functions allows you to gain  Each language differentiates how you
access to libraries of pre-made tell the computer you are about to
functions make a function
o There are thousands of already o In java
made functions at your disposal  First your define the function’s scope
 Then you determine its rerun type
WHAT ARE LIBRARIES  Next is the function name
 Finally is a set parenthesis where you
 Collection of functions that all have would put your arguments
the same theme
o Math library, Data analysis
library, etc.

IMPORTING LIBRARIES

 Importing libraries is as simple as

using an import statement
o Usually consists of the word
“Import” followed by the library o In python
you would like to import  Write def, short for define
 Finally is a set of parenthesis
DRAWBACKS OF IMPORTING ALL CLASSES

 If you are only using one or two

classes form a package, it would be a
waste of computing power to import
the entire library

MAKING FUNCTIONS WHICH TAKE IN

AGRUMENTS
HOW DO WE MAKE OUR OWN FUNCTIONS
 We put any variables we want the user
 There are going to be moments where to pass into the function inside the
you want to create your own function parenthesis
 Basic rules you must follow o When we call the function, we
 Previous examples were abstract and are then required to pass those
didn’t go in-depth variables in as arguments

FUNCTION NAMING CONVENTIONS

 Function naming conventions follow

Variable naming conventions
o Can’t be two words
  Assign your arguments between the
parenthesis
 Define what you want to return
 Ensure no matter what path your code
MIXING VARIABLES TYPES takes, it returns something

 You can also mix variable types ARRAYLIST AND DICTIONARIES

 Arrays
o List of similar values that are
stored together
o Fixed size (cannot be increased)
CALLING FUNCTIONS o Reference values using an index
which starts at 0
 When you call a function, you Have to
pass in its designated variable types
o Otherwise an error will be
thrown

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RETURNING AND

NOT  2 Dimensional arrays
o An array containing an array in
 When making a function which will each of its indexes
return a variable o Referenced using [row, column]
o In some cases you must define
what type of variable you will
return from that function

 Arraylist or list
o A growing array which
dynamically changes its size
o Starts with an initial size of 10

RETURN FUNCTIONS

 The most important thing about

making functions that return variables
is that no matter what path your code
takes, it must return a variable
 You cannot return one type of variable
if you have already defined the  Useful for when you don’t know the
function to return another type exact number of values that the
arraylist will need to store
 Also for if you want the ability to store
values to your heart’s content
o Such as database of users

AN INTRODUCTION TO DICTIONARIES

RETURNING WITH ARGUMENTS  A dictionary is like an array in that it

stores multiples values
  However, Instead of being referenced o When searching through huge
linearly, each value is tied to an lists, small differences in
identifier that is used to reference it efficiency
o Called it’s key
 When referencing a value in a
dictionary, you can use it’s unique
key, and the dictionary will tell you the
value tied to it
 Each key must be unique, otherwise
the computer will get confused as to
THE 2 STATES OF LISTS
what value the key is trying to
reference
 Lists can either be sorted or unsorted
 You can however store the same
values to different keys
 Dictionaries are also iterable, meaning
you can go through a dictionary and
perform operations or comparisons on
all values in them

ARRAYS, ARRAYLIST, AND DICTIONARIES

 All three boast certain advantages

DETERMINING EFFICIENCY
over one another
 Efficiency is based on two values
o Worst case scenario
o Average number of items
 Known as Big 0 notation

HOW CAN WE USE DATA STRUCTURE

 Searching algorithms
o Ways in which we can look
through a list of values store in THE LINEAR SEARCH
an array and find a particular
piece of data  Linear search
o Start at the beginning and
systematically check each data
point until you find what you are
looking for
 Worst case scenario
o We have to check every element
in the list – 0 (n)
 Average Scenario
o On average we find our search
THE SPEED OF COMPUTER term halfway – (n/2)
 While computers today ARE much THE DUALITY OF THE LINEAR SEARCH
faster than before
  The linear search can work on both
sorted and unsorted lists

THE STACK

 A data structure which contains all of

the tasks you instruct your program to
complete
 Based on a certain method, your
THE BINARY SEARCH program will then carry out the tasks
you give it
 Uses a recursive process
o Break down the list into smaller
and smaller parts to find the
item you’re looking for faster
 Takes advantages of the fact the list is
sorted LIFO STRUCTURE

 This means the last item put on the

stack will be the first one removed
from it

EFFICIENCY OF THE BINARY

 Worst case Scenario STACK OVERFLOW

o Runs in Logarithmic time - 0(log
 If you were to create a recursive
n)
function without a reachable base
 Average Scenario
case
o On average we find our search
o Processes would continue to be
tern in logarithmic time – 0 (log
added to the stack, Causing a
n)
stack overflow error
WHAT IS RECURSION

 In practice of using functions that

repeatedly call themselves
 In the instructions that occur within a
function
o One of the instructions will be a
call to that same function

 A data structure which contains all of

the tasks you instruct your program to
complete
  Based on a certain method, your  Easier to port between operating
program will then carry out the tasks systems
you give it  Many times also used in web
development

GENERAL PURPOSE LANGUAGES

 Offer a wide variety of uses and

applications
 Very good basic languages
THE USES OF RECURSION
Java – Game/web development
 It breaks large problems into such Python – Data analysis/scripting
simpler pieces to compute C++ - Applications/system program

CHOOSING THE RIGHT LANGUAGE: WHAT

LANGUAGE SHOULD I LEARN

 The world of computer science is vast

and contains many fields, so trying to
cover anything in one language would
be impossible
o Led to the creation of thousands
of different programming
languages

HTML/CSS

 HTML and CSS

o Used for web development
 HTML
o A markup language used for
writing the content of the
website (not a programming
language)
 CSS
o Used to design the style of a
website

SCRIPTING LANGUAGES

 Language with many commands for

you to use that can be run without
being compiled
JAVA PROGRAMMING

For [Link]
//%[flags]
String - %s
Char - %c
Int - %d
Double - %f
Boolean - %b

For scanner
Import [Link]; //put at the top
Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link](); //don’t forget to put this

String - text
Char – one single letter
Int – number
Double – decimal number
Boolean – true or false

‘’__” – String/text
‘_’ – letter

// if(___.equalsIgnoreCase("__")){
//if(____.equals(“__)){

If(){
[Link](_____);
}
Else{
[Link](_____);
{

/n – next line/space line

[Link] – next line