MGA ALIEN COMPILATION

NOVEMBER 2024 BOARD EXAM PREPARATION

FC’ LAUTA
AREA OF TRIANGLE USING VECTOR

(5, 3, 5) 1. Set up Vector (Head – Tails)

• VCT A = < 5-0 3-0 5-1 > = < 5 3 4 >

• VCT B = < 2-0 -2-0 9-1 > = < 2 -2 8 >

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑉𝐶𝑇 𝐴 𝑥 𝑉𝐶𝑇 𝐵
2
(0, 0, 1) (2, -2, 9)
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔𝟐
VCT B
Find the area of the inner loop of the limacon
r = 1 + cos θ Other solution:

Since, a = b, the limacon is a cardioid 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 1.5𝜋𝑘 2

𝑟 = 𝑘(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝜋
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = න 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 𝑥 2
2 0 For this cardioid, k = 1

1 𝜋 2
3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = න 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2
𝑑𝜃 𝑥 2 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 1.5𝜋 1 = 𝜋 𝑢2
2 0 2

3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋 𝑢2
2
Find the area of the inner loop of
the limacon r = 1 + 2cos θ
2 4
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝜋
3 3
Since, b>a, the limacon has an inner loop
4
𝜋
1 3
2
Θ, where r = 0 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = න 1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 2𝜋
3
0 = 1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

1 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟑𝟓𝟐 𝒖𝟐
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −
2

2
𝜋
3 𝟏
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = −
𝟐

4
𝜋
3
 MODIFIED ACCELERATED COST RECOVERY
DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE
1
1𝑠𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟, 𝑛1 = 𝑘 𝐹𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉
2
𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
2𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟, 𝑛2 = 𝑘 𝐹𝐶 − 𝑛1
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
= cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 3𝑟𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟, 𝑛3 = 𝑘 𝐹𝐶 − 𝑛1 − 𝑛2

2
𝑘= , 𝑛 = 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝑛

NOTE! SV shall not be considered?

DEPTH AND INTENSITY RELATIONSHIP

𝐼
ln = −𝑘𝑥 DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE
𝐼𝑜

𝑑𝐹 𝑑𝐹
𝐼𝑜 − 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑉𝐹 = 𝑖+ 𝑗
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐼 − 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑘 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝐹 ∙ 𝑎
𝑥 − 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 =
|𝑎|
MINIMUM LENGTH OF FENCE TERMINATING THE LONGER MIDSPAN DEFLECTION OF A UNIFORMLY LOADED FIXED
SIDES OF THE TRIANGLE DIVIDING THE AREA EQUALLY ENDED BEAM

𝑤
𝑥= 2(𝑆 − 𝑎)(𝑆 − 𝑏)

𝑆 − 𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

NOTE! 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐿

TOTAL RATIO OF ACTUAL TO ALLOWABLE AXIAL AND 𝑊𝐿4

BENDING STRESSES 𝛿𝑚𝑖𝑑 =
384𝐸𝐼

𝑓𝑎 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝐶𝑚
+
𝐹𝑎 𝑓𝑎
1 − ′ 𝐹𝑏𝑦 Solving for Fe’x
𝐹𝑒 𝑥

′
12𝜋 2 𝐸
𝐹𝑒 𝑥 =
𝑃 𝑀𝐶 23 𝑆𝑅 2
𝑓𝑎 = , 𝑓𝑏𝑥 =
𝐴 𝐼
ASSUMING STEEL RATIO IN RCD MIDSPAN DEFLECTION OF A CONCENTRATED LOAD AT L/3
IN SIMPLE BEAM

1 1 𝑃 𝑃
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝜌𝑏
𝜌=2 2
2

𝐿/3 𝐿/3 𝐿/3

SPIRAL STEEL RATIO, 𝝆𝒔 23𝑃𝐿3

𝛿𝑚𝑖𝑑 =
648𝐸𝐼
4𝐴𝑆 𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑏
𝜌𝑆 =
𝐷𝑐2 𝑆 HYDRAULICS TERMS:

𝐴𝑆 − 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝐷𝐶 − 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝 − 𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑙𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤
𝑑𝑏 − 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑆 − 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑠 ′ 𝐿𝑎𝑤
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION “EXACTLY PROBABILITY” EIGENVALUES, 𝝀

3−𝜆 6
=0
𝑧2
1 4−𝜆
−
𝑒 2
𝑃= Get Determinant,
𝜎 2𝜋
3−𝜆 4−𝜆 −1 6 = 0
𝜆2 − 7𝜆 + 6 = 0

𝝀 = 𝟔 𝒐𝒓 𝟏
EXPONENTIAL PROBABILITY
SCALAR PROJECTION OF B ON A: VECTORS
1
−𝑡
𝑃=𝑒 𝜇
𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝐵 cos 𝜃

Scalar Projection,

TWO UPPER STANDARD DEVIATION 𝐵 cos 𝜃

Vector Projection,
𝜎 = 𝜇 ± 2𝜎𝑠
𝐵 cos 𝜃 ∙ 𝑈𝐴
𝜎
𝜎𝑠 = ±
𝑛
𝑈𝐴 − 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
VOLUME OF A CONOID
IDENTIFYING CONIC SECTIONS BY DETERMINANTS
- Are solids in which the areas perpendicular to the diameter
is a triangle with base “h”.
𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒙𝒚 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎

Circle 𝐵 = 0&𝐴 =𝐶
Ellipse 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 < 0
Parabola 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0
ℎ
Hyperbola 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 > 0

RADIUS OF CURVATURE IN POLAR FORM

𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒓 + 𝒓𝜽
1 𝝆=
𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐𝒓𝜽 − 𝒓𝒓𝜽𝜽
𝑉= 𝐴 ℎ
2 𝑏
LARGEST AREA OF A RECTANGLE THAT CAN BE INSCRIBED MAXIMUM AREA OF A PARABOLA THAT CAN BE CUT FROM A
IN A TRIANGLE CONE

𝐿 𝑥

1 𝑏 = 𝐷 ∙ sin 60°
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
2 ℎ = 0.75𝐿

𝑥 = 0.75𝐷
A crate falls from rest from an airplane. The air resistance is proportional to the crate’s velocity,
and the crate reaches a limiting speed of 218 ft/s
(a) Write an equation for the crate’s velocity.
(b) Find the crate’s velocity after 0.75 s

Solution:
𝑑𝑣
𝑊 𝑑𝑣 = 0.148𝑑𝑡
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 218 − 𝑣
𝑔 𝑑𝑡
ln 218 − 𝑣 = −0.148𝑡 + 𝐶
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑘𝑣
218 − 𝑣 = 𝑒 −0.148𝑡+𝐶
𝑊 𝑑𝑣
𝑊 − 𝑘𝑣 = ,
32.2 𝑑𝑡
Notice that weight has dropped out. Since v = 0 and t = 0, C = 218 Then,
at the limiting speed, the acceleration is zero thus,
218 − 𝑣 = 𝐶𝑒 −0.148𝑡

𝑊 − 218𝑘 = 0
(a) 𝑣 = 218 1 − 𝑒 −0.148𝑡
𝑊
𝑘=
218 When t = 0.75s
218
Multiplying the equation by gives, 𝑣 = 218 1 − 𝑒 −0.148 0.75
𝑊

𝑑𝑣
218 − 𝑣 = 6.77 (b) 22.9 ft/s
𝑑𝑡
SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION - Using Choices (NO CHOICE)
-Second Order DE with Right Side not Equal to 0

𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒙 +𝒙−𝟏
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑦" + 4𝑦′ + 4𝑦 = 8𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥 Answer: 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙 +
𝟒

1.) A basic knowledge on how to solve second order DE with Zero on the right side would be better. The solution consist of a complementary
function (Solved by Right side zero 2nd order DE) and a particular integral.

𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝟏
𝑦 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙 +
𝟒

Complementary Particular Integral

function

Solve the complementary function first and eliminate impossible answers from the choices.
SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION - Using Choices (NO CHOICE)
-Second Order DE with Right Side not Equal to 0

𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒙 +𝒙−𝟏
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑦" + 4𝑦′ + 4𝑦 = 8𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥 Answer: 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙 +
𝟒

2.) To do the trial and error, we need values for the 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 , let us set 2 random values of x and y in pairs.

𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑦1 = 2
x2 = 3, y2 = 4 (substitute this values to the choices)

𝑒 −2(1) → 𝐴 𝐴𝐶1 + 1 𝐴𝐶2 = 2 − 𝐶 → 𝑒𝑞. 1

𝑒 −2(3) → 𝐵 𝐵𝐶1 + 3 𝐵𝐶2 = 4 − 𝐷 → 𝑒𝑞. 2 Thus, the trial equation is,

2𝑒 2(1) + 1 − 1 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1
→𝐶 We get, 𝑦=𝑒 −2𝑥
39963.92 − 39974.44𝑥 +
4 4
𝑪𝟏 = 𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟔𝟑. 𝟗𝟐, 𝑪𝟐 = −𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟔. 𝟒𝟒
2𝑒 2(3) + 3 − 1
→𝐷
4
SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION - Using Choices (NO CHOICE)
-Second Order DE with Right Side not Equal to 0

𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒙 +𝒙−𝟏
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑦" + 4𝑦′ + 4𝑦 = 8𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥 Answer: 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙 +
𝟒

3.) Get 𝑦′ and 𝑦“ use 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑦1 = 2 4.) CHECK!

𝑑 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1
𝑒 −2𝑥
39963.92 − 39974.44𝑥 + |𝑥 =1 → E 𝐹 + 4 𝐸 + 4 2 = 8𝑒 2(1) + 1
𝑑𝑥 4

𝑑 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 60.1189 = 60.1124 ✓
−2𝑥 |𝑥 =1 + 10−9 → 𝑀
𝑒 39963.92 − 39974.44𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 4

𝑦 ′ = −5399.195 → 𝐸 −𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒙 +𝒙−𝟏

Thus, the answer is 𝒚 = 𝒆 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙 +
𝟒
𝑀−𝐸
𝑦" = = 21648.89 → 𝐹
10−9
NSCP 2001 STEEL DESIGN BEAM :
MODE 3-2 METHOD

𝑭𝒃
𝑏𝑓
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 0.79 − 0.000762 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑏 = 0.66𝐹𝑦 2𝑡𝑓

𝐹𝑏 = 0.6𝐹𝑦
Compact Non –
Compact
Slender
𝑏𝑓
170 250
2𝑡𝑓
𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦

Use this When Lb ≤ Lc ,

Both Tension and Compression
Check Lc : When Lb > Lc : for Compression

200𝑏𝑓
• 𝐿𝑐 =
𝐹𝑦 703270𝐶𝑏 𝐿𝑏 3516330𝐶𝑏
Smaller When ≤ <
𝐹𝑦 𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑦
Governs
137900
• 𝐿𝑐 = 𝑑 2 𝐹𝑦
𝐿 2

𝐹𝑦 • 𝐹𝑏 = − 𝑟𝑡
𝐹𝑦 ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦
𝐴𝑓 3 10.55 𝑥 106 𝐶𝑏

𝐿 3516330𝐶𝑏
When 𝑟𝑡 > 𝐹𝑦
When Lb > Lc : for Tension
1172000𝐶𝑏
• 𝐹𝑏 = 𝐿 2
≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦
• 𝐹𝑏 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝑟𝑡

𝐿
For any value of ∶
𝑟𝑡

82740𝐶𝑏
• 𝐹𝑏 = 𝐿𝑑 ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦
( 𝐴𝑓)
Critical Buckling Load TWO WAY SLAB FORMULA

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃=
𝐾𝐿 2

𝑊𝑢1
𝑊𝑢2
Minimum Steel Area when fc’ > 32

𝑓𝑐 ′
𝐴𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑑
4𝐹𝑦 𝑊 𝑊∙𝑆
𝑊𝑢1 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 =
3

𝑊∙𝑆 𝑠 2
𝑊𝑢2 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 = 3−
6 𝐿
LENGTH OF CURVE (SIGHT DISTANCE IN FEET) OCCUPANCY RATE, R

When S > L
σ 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
1400 𝑅=
𝐿 = 2𝑆 − 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐴

When S < L 𝑅
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑘 =
𝐿𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝐴𝑆 2
𝐿=
1400

CAPACITY OF SINGLE LANE, C

PEAK HOUR FACTOR (PHF)

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑚/ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝐶=
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑚/𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤, 𝑞 (𝑣𝑝ℎ)
𝑃𝐻𝐹 =
(𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 5 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠)(12)
AMBOT UNSA NI TOTAL INTERFERENCE

𝑓′(𝑐) 𝑓 𝑏 − 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑝𝑟 2 𝑝𝑟 2
= 𝑒𝑟 = +
𝑔′(𝑐) 𝑔 𝑏 − 𝑔(𝑎) 𝐸𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟

@ 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 [𝑎, 𝑏]

THICKNESS OF CAMFER (from Mohr’s Circle)

𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏
𝑥= + cos 2𝜃
𝐿/4 𝐿/4 𝐿/4 𝐿/4 2 2

𝑓𝑏
𝑦= sin 2𝜃
2

𝑅= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

𝑅 = 0.3𝐹𝑢 ∙ 𝑡𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟
19𝑃𝐿3
𝛿𝑚𝑖𝑑 =
384𝐸𝐼
CATENARY

𝑆1 𝑆2
𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑠 2

𝑠
𝑥 = 𝑎 ∙ arcsinh
𝑦1 𝑎
𝑦2
𝑎 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜔 ∙ 𝑦

𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑎 ∙ cosh
𝑎
Solving for rts TRIGONOMETRY “CIS” FUNCTION

𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃

𝐼𝑦 𝐶𝑤
𝑟𝑡𝑠 =
𝑆𝑥
ANGLE BETWEEN TANGENT AND THE RADIUS VECTOR

For double symmetric I-shape, 𝑟

tan 𝛽 =
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝜃

ℎ𝑜 𝐼𝑦
𝑐= ALIEN INTEGRAL
2 𝐶𝑤

𝐼𝑦 ℎ𝑜2 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑎+𝑣
𝐶𝑤 =
4 න = ln +𝑐 𝑣 2 < 𝑎2
𝑎2 − 𝑣 2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑣

𝑑𝑣 1 𝑣−𝑎
න = ln +𝑐 𝑣 2 > 𝑎2
𝑣 2 − 𝑎2 2𝑎 𝑣+𝑎
THREE SPAN LOADED PATTERN LOADING INCASE

MAX SHEAR

𝐷𝐿 = 0.6 𝑤𝐿
𝐿𝐿 = 0.617 𝑤𝐿

MAX MOMENT

𝐷𝐿 = 0.1 𝑤𝐿2
𝐿𝐿 = 0.1167 𝑤𝐿2

ALIEN DIFFERENTIAL POLAR

𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′′ =
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
BASIC LAPLACE TRANSORMS

Assume Value for “S”

 CONCURRENT CABLES (Applicable to two Cables Only) – FC’
SCREW PROBLEMS PSAD

𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑇1
𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, tan 𝜃 = 𝑇2
2𝜋𝑟

𝑇𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒, 𝑇𝑡𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑟 ∙ tan(𝜙 + 𝜃)

𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒, 𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑟 ∙ tan(𝜙 − 𝜃) 𝛼 𝛽

𝜙 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑊 = 𝑇1 sin 𝛼 + 𝑇1 cos 𝛼 tan 𝛽

𝑊 = 𝑇2 sin 𝛽 + 𝑇2 cos 𝛽 tan 𝛼

 SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM (TEST)

Given:
SOLUTION: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡, 𝑥 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟓

𝛽 = 0.85 𝑐 = 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑 = 0.440885 490 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟕 𝒎𝒎

𝑏𝑤 = 310 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 490 𝑚𝑚 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽 600 600 𝑑 − 𝑐
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟐 𝑓𝑠 = = 𝟕𝟔𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂 → 𝐹
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑐

𝑓𝑐 ′ = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽 3 𝐹 − 345

𝜌𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡. = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟗 𝜙 = 0.65 + 0.25 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝟗
𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑦 8 1000 − 345

The beam is reinforced for tension only a.) SOLVE FOR 𝝆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 SOLVE FOR 𝛟𝐌𝐧 :

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑦

a.) Using NSCP 2010, determine the ultimate 𝜋
𝐴𝑠 25 2 (6)
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = = 4 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟗 → 𝐸 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 𝜙𝑅𝑏𝑑 2
moment capacity if the beam is reinforced with 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 310(490) 0.59𝑝𝑓𝑦
six 25-mm-diameter tension steel. 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 𝜙 𝑝𝑓𝑦 1 − 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 2
𝑓𝑐 ′
"𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛“

b.) Using NSCP 2010, determine the ultimate Solve for c:

𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 𝟑𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
moment capacity if the beam is reinforced with 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽 0.85 21 0.85
𝜌= 𝑥 , 𝐸= (𝑥)
nine 25-mm-diameter tension steel. 𝑓𝑦 345
 SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM (TEST)

Given:
SOLUTION: SOLVE FOR 𝛟𝐌𝐧 :

𝑏𝑤 = 310 𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠

b.) SOLVE FOR 𝝆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍
𝑑 = 490 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 25 2 (9) 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 𝜙𝑅𝑏𝑑 2
4
𝑓𝑐 ′ = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟎𝟖 → 𝐸 0.59𝑝𝑓𝑠
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 310(490) 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 𝜙 𝑝𝑓𝑠 1 − 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 2
𝑓𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑐 ′
"𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑“

The beam is reinforced for tension only

If Comp. Controlled, solve for fs: 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 𝟑𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

a.) Using NSCP 2010, determine the ultimate 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽

𝜌=
moment capacity if the beam is reinforced with 𝑓𝑠
six 25-mm-diameter tension steel.
0.85 21 0.85 600
𝐸=
𝑓𝑠 600 + 𝑓𝑠
b.) Using NSCP 2010, determine the ultimate
moment capacity if the beam is reinforced with 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑠 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝟑𝟑𝟒. 𝟖𝟐𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂
nine 25-mm-diameter tension steel.
 BAYOGO ECON RULE

For Present and Future Worth Compound For Gradient (Present or Future Worth)
Interest:

𝑟𝑒𝑓 −𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 −𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑥
𝑊𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐻𝑎𝑣𝑒 1 + 𝑖 𝑊𝑎𝑛𝑡 = ෍ (𝑦) 1 + 𝑖
𝑟𝑒𝑓−𝑒𝑛𝑑

For Annuity (Present or Future Worth)

𝑦 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 → 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 3 − 2)

𝑟𝑒𝑓 −𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑦 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 → 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 3 − 3)

𝑊𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐴 ෍ 1+𝑖 𝑥

𝑟𝑒𝑓−𝑒𝑛𝑑
SUBNORMAL AND SUBTANGENTS IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
 dddex ROTATING VESSEL

Volume of Air :

𝑥2
𝐴𝑥 𝐴 𝑥22 − 𝑥12
න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑥1 ℎ 2ℎ

Where,

𝐴 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘

ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑑

𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ
𝐻
Solving for 𝒚𝟏 ∶

ℎ 𝐻2
𝑦1 = ℎ−
𝐻 2𝑑

Where,
𝐻 = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝑥1
𝑦1
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
SSD ENGLISH UNIT GIVEN OBSTRUCTION

𝑅 𝑀
𝑆𝑆𝐷 = cos −1 1 −
28.65 𝑅

Where,

𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝑅 = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 −
2

𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝑀= + 10
2

SOLUTION

𝑅 = 750 − 6 = 744
𝑀 = 10 + 6 = 16

744 16
𝑆𝑆𝐷 = cos −1 1 − = 309.13 𝑓𝑡
28.65 744
PLAIN SEDIMENTATION

Settling Velocity Detention Time

𝑔 𝑠 − 1 𝑑2 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝑣𝑆 = 𝐷𝑡 =
18𝑣 𝑄

Where Overflow Rate

𝑣𝑆 − 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑔 − 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑄
𝑣𝑜 =
𝑠 = 𝑠. 𝑔. 𝐴
𝑑 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑣 − 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 Sedimentation Efficiency

𝑉𝑠
𝑛= x 100%
𝑉𝑜
 WATER TREATMENT DISENFECTION

TOTAL REQUIREMENTS POWDER DOSE

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒

𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒 =
𝑘𝑔 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒
𝑅 = 𝑄 𝑀𝐿𝐷 𝑥 𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐿

FILTRATION

SURFACE AREA

𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑆𝐴 =
𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
 LENGTH OF CURVE ENGLISH CONSTANTS CREST
SHRINKAGE AND BULKING

ℎ1 = 3.5 ft → default
𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑) ℎ1 = 7.6 𝑓𝑡 → 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘
𝑆𝐻𝑅𝐼𝑁𝐾𝐴𝐺𝐸 𝐹𝐴𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑅 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑘)
ℎ2 = 2.0 𝑓𝑡

V𝑜𝑙. 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒) Yields,

𝐵𝑈𝐿𝐾𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝐹𝐴𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑅 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑘)
𝐴𝑆 2
𝐿=
2158

2158
𝐿 = 2𝑆 −
𝐴
STOPPING SITE DISTANCE IN FEET

1.075 𝑚𝑝ℎ 2 SAG CURVE

𝑆𝑆𝐷 = 1.47𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑡 +
𝑎 ± 𝑔(𝐺%)
𝐴𝑆 2
𝐿=
where 400 + 3.5𝑆

𝑎 − 11.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2 400 + 3.5𝑆

𝐿 = 2𝑆 −
𝐴
ORGANIC LOADING
TRUE STRESS

𝜎
𝐵𝑂𝐷5 (𝑄) 𝜎𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 =
𝑂𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 1 − 𝑅𝐴
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑉)

𝑅𝐴 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

FILTER EFFICIENCY
TRUE STRAIN

1
100 𝜖𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 = ln
𝐸= 0.5 1 − 𝑅𝐴
𝑂𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑘𝑔)
1 + 0.448
𝐹

𝐹 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 1 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑅𝐴 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

BOD – BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND PEAK RUN-OFF

𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑡 = 𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 ) 𝑄 = 𝐶𝐼𝐴

𝐶 − 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

ENGLISH SYSTEM FOR LENGTH OF SPIRAL CURVE GIVEN
VELOCITY (mph)
𝐴1 𝐶1 + 𝐴2 𝐶2 + 𝐴𝑛 𝐶𝑛
𝐶=
σ𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠

1.6𝑉 3
𝐿𝑠 =
𝑅 𝐼 − 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑚/𝑠
NSCP 2001 COLUMNS
SOLVING for Fa
𝑃 𝑀𝑥 𝑐
SOLVE FOR Cc and SR 𝑓𝑎 = 𝑓𝑏𝑥 =
𝛼2 𝐹𝑦 𝐴 𝐼𝑥
𝐹𝑎 = 1 −
2 𝐹𝑆 𝑀𝑦 𝑐
2𝜋 2 𝐸
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑓𝑏𝑦 =
𝐹𝑦 𝐼𝑦

𝑘𝐿
𝑆𝑅 = NOTE!
𝑟 Case 2 (SR > Cc)
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑅𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 ′ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑅𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑒 ′ 𝑦
Case 1 (SR < Cc) 12𝜋 2 𝐸
𝐹𝑎 = → 𝐹𝑒 ′ 𝑥/𝐹𝑒 ′ 𝑦
23 ∙ 𝑆𝑅2
𝑆𝑅
𝛼=
𝐶𝑐
TOTAL RATIO OF ACTUAL TO ALLOWABLE AXIAL AND
BENDING STRESSES
5 3 1
𝐹𝑆 = + 𝛼 − 𝛼3
3 8 8
𝑓𝑎 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝐶𝑚 𝑓𝑏𝑦 𝐶𝑚
+ +
𝐹𝑎 𝑓𝑎 𝑓𝑎
1 − ′ 𝐹𝑏𝑥 1 − ′ 𝐹𝑏𝑦
𝐹𝑒 𝑥 𝐹𝑒 𝑦
USEFULL CONVERSIONS CONCRETE PRESSURE PROBLEM NOV. 2022 MSTE

𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑓 When 𝑹 ≤

𝟕𝒇𝒕
1 ∙ 8.333 = 8.333 𝒔
𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑙
9000𝑅
𝑃 = 150 +
𝑇

𝟕𝒇𝒕
When 𝑹 ≥
𝒔

RIDING COMFORT CRITERION 43400 2800𝑅

𝑃 = 150 + +
𝑇 𝑇

𝐴𝑆 2
𝐿= → 𝐸𝑁𝐺𝐿𝐼𝑆𝐻 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑎ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑡
46.5
SINGLE FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TRUE STRESS

𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘 𝜎

𝜎𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 =
𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 − ℎ𝑟) 1 − 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 %

MULTI-FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY 𝜎
𝜎𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 = 2
1 − 𝜇𝜖
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘
𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑

SAG AND CREST CURVES ELEVATION INTEGRAL

𝑥2
𝐺2 − 𝐺1 𝐺2 − 𝐺1 2
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 = න 𝐺1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐺1 𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑥1 𝐿 2𝐿
PASSING SITE DISTANCE Mean Absolute Deviation

14, 8, 6, 2
1
𝑑1 = 𝑣𝑡 − 𝑚𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2 𝜇 = 7.5

𝑑2 = 𝑣𝑡 σ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 14 − 7.5 + 8 − 7.5 + 6 − 7.5 + |𝑥 − 7.5|

=
𝑛 5
𝑑3 = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑊𝐸𝑅 = 3.5
2
𝑑4 = 𝑑
3 2
A AND B ARE INDEPENDENT IF,

𝑣 − average velocity of the overtaking vehicle

𝑃 𝐴 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 ∙ 𝑃(𝐵)
𝑚 − difference in velocity of overtaking vehicle
and the vehicle in front.

𝑡 − time of initial maneuver

𝑎 − acceleration
SPACE MEAN SPEAD VS TIME MEAN SPEED SPACE MEAN SPEAD VS DENSITY

- Linear Relationship - Linear Relationship

𝜇𝑡 = 0.966𝜇𝑠 + 3.541